REVIEW ON VULVO-VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS AND MEDICINAL PLANTS TARGETING VULVO-VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Vaginal candidiasis, anti-candida activity, Medicinal plants, Treatment
Abstract
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an infection of the Candida genus infecting vagina or vulva with a number of clinical symptoms that can occur acutely, chronically or episodically. An approximate 75 % of women have at least one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis, and 40% to 50% have two or more episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis, followed by vulvar symptoms such as vaginal discharge, itching, burning, pain and odor. The search for anti-Candida agents with new pharmacological targets is considered as the main therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat these types of infections because they are inherently resistant to antimicrobial drugs such as azole derivatives. Purpose of this study is to review the vulvo-vaginal candidiasis medicinal plants used to treat candidiasis. Different databases such as Google scholar and Science direct etc. were searched for collection of data. Various medicinal plants were found effective in the treatment of candidiasis. This review indicates that medicinal plants possess potential anti-candidal properties and suggests screening the potential of plants possessing broad-spectrum anti-candidal effects against emerging Candida infections.
References
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10. Khan A,1 Izhar V,1 Athar M Khan and Amaar M. Frequency of Dyspareunia Associated with Vaginal Candida in Young Sexually Active Females Pakistan J. Mol. Med, 2015; 2(1): 35-37.
11. Yang CC, Cold CJ, et al. Sexually responsive vascular tissue of the vulva. BJU Int. 2006;97(4):766–72.
12. O’Connell HE, Eizenberg N, et al. The anatomy of the distal vagina: towards unity. J Sex Med. 2008;5(8):1883–91.
13. Boris S, and Barbes C. Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens. Microb. Infect.2000; 2:543-546.
14. O'Hanlon, D, T. Moench, and Cone R 2011. In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed with lactic acid but not hydrogen peroxide. BMC Infect. Dis 2011; 11:200.
15. Baeten JM, Hassan WM, Chohan V, Richardson BA, Mandaliya K, Ndinya-Achola JO, Jaoko W, and McClelland RS. Prospective study of correlates of vaginal Lactobacillus colonisation among high-risk HIV-1 seronegative women. Sex. Transm. Infect. 2009; 85:348-353.
16. Martin R, and Suarez JE. Biosynthesis and degradation of H2O2 by vaginal lactobacilli. Environ. Microbiol 2010; 76:400-405.
17. Fidel P, Jr, Sobel JD. Immunopathogenesis of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Clin Micro Rev 1996; 9(1):335-348.
18. Braun BR, Johnson AD. Control of Filament Formation in Candida Albicans by the Transcriptional Repressor TUP1. Science. 1997; 277:105-109.
19. Naglik JR, Challacombe SJ, Hube B. Candida albicans Sectreted Aspartyl Proteinases In Virulence and Pathogenesis. Micro Mol Bio Rev. 2003; (673): 400-428.
20. Fidel PL. History and Update on Host Defense Against Vaginal Candidiasis. Am J Repro Immuno 2007; 57:2-12.
21. Fidel PL: Immunity to Candida. Oral Dis 2002; 8:69–75.
22. Barousse MM, Espinosa T, Dunlap K, Fidel PL. Vaginal Epithelial Cell Anti-Candida albicans Activity Is Associated with Protection against Symptomatic Vaginal Candidiasis. Infect Immun. 2005; 73(11): 7765-7767.
23. Pappas PG, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62(4): 409 417
24. Mendling W, Brasch J. "Guideline vulvovaginal candidosis (2010) of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Working Group for Infections and Infectimmunology in Gynecology and Obstetrics, the German Society of Dermatology, the Board of German Dermatologists and the German Speaking Mycological Society". Mycoses. 2012; 55 Suppl 3: 1–13.
25. Sobel JD, Kapernick PS, Zervos M, Reed BD, Hooton T, Soper D, et al. Treatment of complicated Candida vaginitis: comparison of single and sequential doses of fluconazole. Am J ObstetGynecol2001;185:363–9.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59: 61–63.
27. Ara N, Nur MH, Amran MS, Wahid MII, Ahmed M. In vitroantimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of leaves and flower extracts from Lippia alba. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 2009; 12(1):87-90.
28. Al-Bari MA, Sayeed MA, Rahman MS, Mossadik MA. Characterization and antimicrobial activities of a phenolic acid derivative produced by Streptomyces bangladeshiensisa novel species collected in Bangladesh. Res J Med Sci 2006; 1:77-81.
29. Muschietti L, Derita M, Sülsen V, Muñoz J, Ferraro G, Zacchino S, Martino V. In vitro antifungal assay of traditional Argentine medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 102:233-238.
30. Fan SR, Liu XP, Li JW. Clinical characteristics of vulvovaginal candidiasis and antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species isolates among patients in Southern China from 2003 to 2006. J ObstetGynaecol Res 2008; 34(4):561-566.
31. De Toledo CEM, Britta EA, Ceole LF, Silva ER, De Mello JCP, FilhO BPD. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of medicinal plants of the Brazilian cerrado, using Brazilian cachac, as an extractor liquid. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 133:420-425.
32. Odds FC. Candida species and virulence. ASM News 1994; 60:313–318.
33. Bhavan PS, Rajkumar R, Radhakrishnan S, Sreenivasan C, Kannan S. Culture and identification of Candida albicans from vaginal ulcer and separation of enolase on SDS-page. Int J Biol 2010; 2(1):84-93.
34. O'Dwyer DT, McElduff P, Peterson P, Perbeentupa J, Crack PA. Pituitary autoantibodies in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). Acta Biomed 2007; 78:248-254.
35. Sasidharan S, Zuraini Z, Latha LY, Suryani S. Fungicidal effect and oral acute toxicity of Psophocarpustetragonolobusroot extract. Pharm Biol 2008; 46(4):261-265.
36. Motsei ML, Lindsey KL, Van Staden J, Jager AK. Screening of traditionally used South African plants for antifungal activity against Candida albicans. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 86:235-241.
37. Samanta MK, Mukherjee, Prasad PK, Suresh B. Development of natural products. Eastern Pharmacist 2000; 23-27.
38. Aliero A, Aliero BL, Buhari U. Preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial screening of Scadoxusmultiflorus. Int J Pure Appl Sci 2008; 2:13-17.
39. Jacquelyn GB. Microbiology principles and exploration. 5th ed. USA: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2002.
40. Abu Arra Basma, Zakaria Zuraini, SreenivasanSasidharan. A transmission electron microscopy study of the diversity of Candida albicans cells induced by Euphorbia hirtaL. leaf extract in vitro. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2011; 20- 22.
41. Rajeh MA, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Latha LY, Amutha S. Assessment of Euphorbia hirtaL. leaf, flower, stem and root extracts for their antibacterial and antifungal activity and brine shrimp lethality. Molecules 2010; 15:6008-6018.
42. Moussa A, Noureddine D, Saad A, Abdelmalek M and Salima B. The mixture of natural honey and Peganum harmala seeds against Candida albicans by well diffusion method. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012; 1-4.
43. Tallarida RJ. Drug synergism: its detection and applications. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 298(3): 865-872.
44. Charles,et al. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of lozenges containing extract of garlic and ginger. International Journal of Health Research 2010; 3(2):105-110.
45. Arumugam N, Kandasamy S, Sekar M. In-vitro antifungal activity of HybanthusenneaspermusF Muell. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2012; 4(2):594-596.
46. Ahmad SI, Capoor M and Khatoona F. Phytochemical analysis and growth inhibiting effects of Cinnamomum cassia bark on some pathogenic fungal isolates. J. Chem. Pharm. Res 2013; 5(3):25-32.
47. Singariya P,Kumar P and Krishan, Mourya K. Estimation and bio activity of arial parts of Withaniasomnifera against the bacterial and fungal microbes. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2012; 4(3):553-557.
48. Pahadia A, Gawde R, Shikha Agrawal. Antimicrobial activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Areca catechu. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Erudition May 2013, 3(1): 18-25
49. Anibal PC et al. Antifungal activity of the ethanolic extracts of PunicagranatumL. and evaluation of the morphological and structural modifications of its compounds upon the cells of Candida spp. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 44, 3, 839-848 (2013)
50. Jameel NM, Mejdad AA. Antifungal Activity of Some Plant Extracts Against Two Yeasts Isolates In Vitro. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 2014 RJPBCS 5(2) Page No. 1993
51. Baharuddin NS, Abdullah H, Abdul Wahab WA. Anti-Candida activity of Quercus infectoria gall extracts against Candida species. J Pharm Bioall Sci 2015;7:15-20
52. KR, Radhika Joshi R. Antimicrobial Activity of Amomum subulatumand Elettariacardamomum Against Dental Caries Causing Microorganisms Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2009; 13: 840-49.
2. Dabas PS. An approach to etiology, diagnosis and management of different types of candidiasis J. Yeast Fungal Res 2013; 4(6): 63-74.
3. Paul L, Fidel (2004). History and new insights into host defense against vaginal candidiasis. Elsevier 12(5):220-227.
4. Dovnik AZ, Golle AG, Novak D, Arko ND, Takaè AI, Takaè. Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: a review of the literature. Acta Dermatovenerol APA 2015; 24:5-7
5. Peters BM, Yano J, Noverr MC, Fidel PR Jr. Candida vaginitis: when opportunism knocks, the host responds. PLoSPathog. 2014;10: 1003965.
6. Sobel, J.D. "Pathogenesis and Treatment of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis". Clinical Infectious Diseases 1992; 14 (1):148–S153.
7. Nyirjesy P. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Bacterial Vaginosis Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2008; 22: 637–652.
8. Jamil B, Bokhari H, Imran M, Tauseef M, Bokhari M, Saeed A, Bokhari MAM, Hussain Z, Khalid T, Abbasi SAA. Candidiasis: Prevalence and resistance profiling in a tertiary care hospital of PakistanJ Pak Med AssocVol. 67, No. 5, May 2017
9. Parveen N, Munir AA, Din I and Majeed R. Frequency of Vaginal Candidiasis in Pregnant Women Attending Routine Antenatal Clinic Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2008;18 (3): 154-157
10. Khan A,1 Izhar V,1 Athar M Khan and Amaar M. Frequency of Dyspareunia Associated with Vaginal Candida in Young Sexually Active Females Pakistan J. Mol. Med, 2015; 2(1): 35-37.
11. Yang CC, Cold CJ, et al. Sexually responsive vascular tissue of the vulva. BJU Int. 2006;97(4):766–72.
12. O’Connell HE, Eizenberg N, et al. The anatomy of the distal vagina: towards unity. J Sex Med. 2008;5(8):1883–91.
13. Boris S, and Barbes C. Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens. Microb. Infect.2000; 2:543-546.
14. O'Hanlon, D, T. Moench, and Cone R 2011. In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed with lactic acid but not hydrogen peroxide. BMC Infect. Dis 2011; 11:200.
15. Baeten JM, Hassan WM, Chohan V, Richardson BA, Mandaliya K, Ndinya-Achola JO, Jaoko W, and McClelland RS. Prospective study of correlates of vaginal Lactobacillus colonisation among high-risk HIV-1 seronegative women. Sex. Transm. Infect. 2009; 85:348-353.
16. Martin R, and Suarez JE. Biosynthesis and degradation of H2O2 by vaginal lactobacilli. Environ. Microbiol 2010; 76:400-405.
17. Fidel P, Jr, Sobel JD. Immunopathogenesis of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Clin Micro Rev 1996; 9(1):335-348.
18. Braun BR, Johnson AD. Control of Filament Formation in Candida Albicans by the Transcriptional Repressor TUP1. Science. 1997; 277:105-109.
19. Naglik JR, Challacombe SJ, Hube B. Candida albicans Sectreted Aspartyl Proteinases In Virulence and Pathogenesis. Micro Mol Bio Rev. 2003; (673): 400-428.
20. Fidel PL. History and Update on Host Defense Against Vaginal Candidiasis. Am J Repro Immuno 2007; 57:2-12.
21. Fidel PL: Immunity to Candida. Oral Dis 2002; 8:69–75.
22. Barousse MM, Espinosa T, Dunlap K, Fidel PL. Vaginal Epithelial Cell Anti-Candida albicans Activity Is Associated with Protection against Symptomatic Vaginal Candidiasis. Infect Immun. 2005; 73(11): 7765-7767.
23. Pappas PG, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62(4): 409 417
24. Mendling W, Brasch J. "Guideline vulvovaginal candidosis (2010) of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Working Group for Infections and Infectimmunology in Gynecology and Obstetrics, the German Society of Dermatology, the Board of German Dermatologists and the German Speaking Mycological Society". Mycoses. 2012; 55 Suppl 3: 1–13.
25. Sobel JD, Kapernick PS, Zervos M, Reed BD, Hooton T, Soper D, et al. Treatment of complicated Candida vaginitis: comparison of single and sequential doses of fluconazole. Am J ObstetGynecol2001;185:363–9.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59: 61–63.
27. Ara N, Nur MH, Amran MS, Wahid MII, Ahmed M. In vitroantimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of leaves and flower extracts from Lippia alba. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 2009; 12(1):87-90.
28. Al-Bari MA, Sayeed MA, Rahman MS, Mossadik MA. Characterization and antimicrobial activities of a phenolic acid derivative produced by Streptomyces bangladeshiensisa novel species collected in Bangladesh. Res J Med Sci 2006; 1:77-81.
29. Muschietti L, Derita M, Sülsen V, Muñoz J, Ferraro G, Zacchino S, Martino V. In vitro antifungal assay of traditional Argentine medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 102:233-238.
30. Fan SR, Liu XP, Li JW. Clinical characteristics of vulvovaginal candidiasis and antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species isolates among patients in Southern China from 2003 to 2006. J ObstetGynaecol Res 2008; 34(4):561-566.
31. De Toledo CEM, Britta EA, Ceole LF, Silva ER, De Mello JCP, FilhO BPD. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of medicinal plants of the Brazilian cerrado, using Brazilian cachac, as an extractor liquid. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 133:420-425.
32. Odds FC. Candida species and virulence. ASM News 1994; 60:313–318.
33. Bhavan PS, Rajkumar R, Radhakrishnan S, Sreenivasan C, Kannan S. Culture and identification of Candida albicans from vaginal ulcer and separation of enolase on SDS-page. Int J Biol 2010; 2(1):84-93.
34. O'Dwyer DT, McElduff P, Peterson P, Perbeentupa J, Crack PA. Pituitary autoantibodies in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). Acta Biomed 2007; 78:248-254.
35. Sasidharan S, Zuraini Z, Latha LY, Suryani S. Fungicidal effect and oral acute toxicity of Psophocarpustetragonolobusroot extract. Pharm Biol 2008; 46(4):261-265.
36. Motsei ML, Lindsey KL, Van Staden J, Jager AK. Screening of traditionally used South African plants for antifungal activity against Candida albicans. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 86:235-241.
37. Samanta MK, Mukherjee, Prasad PK, Suresh B. Development of natural products. Eastern Pharmacist 2000; 23-27.
38. Aliero A, Aliero BL, Buhari U. Preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial screening of Scadoxusmultiflorus. Int J Pure Appl Sci 2008; 2:13-17.
39. Jacquelyn GB. Microbiology principles and exploration. 5th ed. USA: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2002.
40. Abu Arra Basma, Zakaria Zuraini, SreenivasanSasidharan. A transmission electron microscopy study of the diversity of Candida albicans cells induced by Euphorbia hirtaL. leaf extract in vitro. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2011; 20- 22.
41. Rajeh MA, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Latha LY, Amutha S. Assessment of Euphorbia hirtaL. leaf, flower, stem and root extracts for their antibacterial and antifungal activity and brine shrimp lethality. Molecules 2010; 15:6008-6018.
42. Moussa A, Noureddine D, Saad A, Abdelmalek M and Salima B. The mixture of natural honey and Peganum harmala seeds against Candida albicans by well diffusion method. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012; 1-4.
43. Tallarida RJ. Drug synergism: its detection and applications. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 298(3): 865-872.
44. Charles,et al. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of lozenges containing extract of garlic and ginger. International Journal of Health Research 2010; 3(2):105-110.
45. Arumugam N, Kandasamy S, Sekar M. In-vitro antifungal activity of HybanthusenneaspermusF Muell. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2012; 4(2):594-596.
46. Ahmad SI, Capoor M and Khatoona F. Phytochemical analysis and growth inhibiting effects of Cinnamomum cassia bark on some pathogenic fungal isolates. J. Chem. Pharm. Res 2013; 5(3):25-32.
47. Singariya P,Kumar P and Krishan, Mourya K. Estimation and bio activity of arial parts of Withaniasomnifera against the bacterial and fungal microbes. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2012; 4(3):553-557.
48. Pahadia A, Gawde R, Shikha Agrawal. Antimicrobial activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Areca catechu. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Erudition May 2013, 3(1): 18-25
49. Anibal PC et al. Antifungal activity of the ethanolic extracts of PunicagranatumL. and evaluation of the morphological and structural modifications of its compounds upon the cells of Candida spp. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 44, 3, 839-848 (2013)
50. Jameel NM, Mejdad AA. Antifungal Activity of Some Plant Extracts Against Two Yeasts Isolates In Vitro. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 2014 RJPBCS 5(2) Page No. 1993
51. Baharuddin NS, Abdullah H, Abdul Wahab WA. Anti-Candida activity of Quercus infectoria gall extracts against Candida species. J Pharm Bioall Sci 2015;7:15-20
52. KR, Radhika Joshi R. Antimicrobial Activity of Amomum subulatumand Elettariacardamomum Against Dental Caries Causing Microorganisms Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2009; 13: 840-49.
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Published
Aug 21, 2024
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How to Cite
REVIEW ON VULVO-VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS AND MEDICINAL PLANTS TARGETING VULVO-VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS. (2024). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 1129-1138. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i8.7538
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Author Biographies
Sabira Sultana
Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Naheed Akhtar
Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Pharmacy Department, University of Poonch Rawalakot, AJK, Pakistan
Naheed Mumtaz
Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJK, Pakistan
Iqra Zulfiqar
Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Islamabad
Zara Asghar
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
Gull Naz
Institute of Microbiology Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Shehla Akbar
Department of Pharmacognosy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur
Amrat Sareen
Department of Biology, HITEC School and Colleges, Taxila Cantt, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Sidra Meer
New Indus Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
How to Cite
REVIEW ON VULVO-VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS AND MEDICINAL PLANTS TARGETING VULVO-VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS. (2024). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 1129-1138. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i8.7538