ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CINNAMOMUM VERUM PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS ISOLATED FROM DIARRHEAGENIC CHILDREN
Main Article Content
Keywords
diarrheagenic children, Multi-Drug Resistant, plant essential oils, Cinnamomum verum
Abstract
Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is emerging problem worldwide due to different bacterial mechanisms to resist the stress occurred due to antibiotics. This could result into a variety of complications including infections that are challenging to treat with antibiotics, causing longer hospital stays, more severe illnesses and increased mortality rates. Similarly, antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis is also increasing everyday leading more enhanced resistance.
Method: In this study, we have isolated the E. faecalis from the stool samples of diarrheagenic children followed by biochemical characterization using multiple biochemical tests. However, to further confirm the specie and strain, we have use 16S ribotyping while antibiotic resistance is evaluated by antibiotic sensitivity tests. The plants essential oils are extracted and prepared followed by its agar well diffusion test to determine its efficacy. In addition, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is performed to measure its lowest functional concentration. Furthermore, cytotoxicity analysis of mammalian cells is determined through MTT assay.
Results: The biochemical and molecular characterization confirmed the ten isolates as E. faecalis while antibiotic sensitivity test confirms it as Multi-Drug Resistant isolate. The extracted plant essential oils are evaluated by agar well diffusion tests and found appreciable results of Cinnamomum verum, Nigella sativa and Allium sativum. However, the MIC results only supported Cinnamomum verum for further analysis. Cytotoxicity of all fractions was assessed by MTT and IC50 were 28.28, 14.10 and 28.04mg/mL for n-hexane; n-hexane plus chloroform and ethyl acetate tested by MTT assay, respectively.
Conclusion: It is confirmed that plant essential oil of C. verum is much effective as antibacterial agent with cytoprotective effects on mammalian cells. Therefore, it is recommended to use as antibacterial agent or further evaluation of bioactive compounds.
References
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3. Arumugam, U., Stalin, N., & Rebecca, G. P. (2017). Isolation, molecular identification and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis from diseased tilapia. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci, 6(6), 136-146.
4. Atal, C., Sharma, M., Kaul, A., & Khajuria, A. (1986). Immunomodulating agents of plant origin. I: Preliminary screening. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 18(2), 133-141.
5. Azeredo, C. M., Santos, T. G., Maia, B. H., & Soares, M. J. (2014). In vitro biological evaluation of eight different essential oils against Trypanosoma cruzi, with emphasis on Cinnamomum verum essential oil. BMC Complement Altern Med, 14, 309. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-309
6. Badri, W., El Asbahani, A., Miladi, K., Baraket, A., Agusti, G., Nazari, Q. A., . . . Elaissari, A. (2018). Poly (ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles loaded with indomethacin and Nigella sativa L. essential oil for the topical treatment of inflammation. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 46, 234-242.
7. Benbelaïd, F., Khadir, A., Abdoune, M. A., Bendahou, M., Muselli, A., & Costa, J. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against oral multidrug–resistant Enterococcus faecalis in both planktonic and biofilm state. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 4(6), 463-472.
8. Berman, D. M., Karhadkar, S. S., Hallahan, A. R., Pritchard, J. I., Eberhart, C. G., Watkins, D. N., . . . Olson, J. M. (2002). Medulloblastoma growth inhibition by hedgehog pathway blockade. Science, 297(5586), 1559-1561.
9. Blasi, F., Mantero, M., & Aliberti, S. (2012). Antibiotics as immunomodulant agents in COPD. Current opinion in pharmacology, 12(3), 293-299.
10. Bouki, C., Venieri, D., & Diamadopoulos, E. (2013). Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 91, 1-9.
11. Boyer, J., & Liu, R. H. (2004). Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutrition journal, 3, 1-15.
12. Cassel, E., Vargas, R., Martinez, N., Lorenzo, D., & Dellacassa, E. (2009). Steam distillation modeling for essential oil extraction process. Industrial crops and products, 29(1), 171-176.
13. Castillo-Rojas, G., Mazari-Hiríart, M., Ponce de León, S., Amieva-Fernández, R. I., Agis-Juárez, R. A., Huebner, J., & López-Vidal, Y. (2013). Comparison of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from water and clinical samples: antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relationships. PLoS One, 8(4), e59491.
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15. Clarridge III, J. E. (2004). Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 17(4), 840-862.
16. Clokie, M. R., Kropinski, A. M., & Lavigne, R. (2009). Bacteriophages: Springer.
17. Day, A. M., Sandoe, J. A., Cove, J. H., & Phillips‐Jones, M. (2001). Evaluation of a biochemical test scheme for identifying clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 33(5), 392-396.
18. Dhiman, G., & Kaur, A. (2019). STOA: a bio-inspired based optimization algorithm for industrial engineering problems. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 82, 148-174.
19. Dorman, H. D., & Deans, S. G. (2000). Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol, 88(2), 308-316.
20. Dutra, R. C., Pittella, F., Dittz, D., Marcon, R., Pimenta, D. S., Lopes, M. T., & Raposo, N. R. (2012). Chemical composition and cytotoxicity activity of the essential oil of Pterodon emarginatus. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 22, 971-978.
21. Ebani, V. V., Nardoni, S., Bertelloni, F., Pistelli, L., & Mancianti, F. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of five essential oils against bacteria and fungi responsible for urinary tract infections. Molecules, 23(7), 1668.
22. Flanagan, D. (2017). Enterococcus faecalis and dental implants. Journal of Oral Implantology, 43(1), 8-11.
23. Gajan, E. B., Aghazadeh, M., Abashov, R., Milani, A. S., & Moosavi, Z. (2009). Microbial flora of root canals of pulpally-infected teeth: Enterococcus faecalis a prevalent species. Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects, 3(1), 24.
24. Golob, M., Pate, M., Kušar, D., Dermota, U., Avberšek, J., Papić, B., & Zdovc, I. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from humans and retail red meat. BioMed research international, 2019.
25. Harmsen, H., Prieur, D., & Jeanthon, C. (1997). Group-specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes to identify thermophilic bacteria in marine hydrothermal vents. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63(10), 4061-4068.
26. Harwood, V., Delahoya, N., Ulrich, R., Kramer, M., Whitlock, J., Garey, J., & Lim, D. (2004). Molecular confirmation of Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium from clinical, faecal and environmental sources. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 38(6), 476-482.
27. Hassan, A., Rahman, S., Deeba, F., & Mahmud, S. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts having hepatoprotective effects. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(1), 020-023.
28. He, Q., Hou, Q., Wang, Y., Li, J., Li, W., Kwok, L.-Y., . . . Zhong, Z. (2018). Comparative genomic analysis of Enterococcus faecalis: insights into their environmental adaptations. BMC genomics, 19, 1-12.
29. Iwu, C. D., Korsten, L., & Okoh, A. I. (2020). The incidence of antibiotic resistance within and beyond the agricultural ecosystem: A concern for public health. Microbiologyopen, 9(9), e1035.
30. Kaskatepe, B., Kiymaci, M., Simsek, D., Erol, H., & Erdem, S. (2016). Comparison of the contents and antimicrobial activities of commercial and natural cinnamon oils. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 78(4), 541-546.
31. Kim, D. H., Chung, Y. S., Park, Y. K., Yang, S.-J., kyung Lim, S., Park, Y. H., & Park, K. T. (2016). Antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolated from horses in Korea. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases, 48, 6-13.
32. Lamb, H. M., Figgitt, D. P., & Faulds, D. (1999). Quinupristin/dalfopristin: a review of its use in the management of serious gram-positive infections. Drugs, 58, 1061-1097.
33. Laxminarayan, R., Duse, A., Wattal, C., Zaidi, A. K., Wertheim, H. F., Sumpradit, N., . . . Goossens, H. (2013). Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13(12), 1057-1098.
34. LeBel, G., Haas, B., Adam, A.-A., Veilleux, M.-P., Lagha, A. B., & Grenier, D. (2017). Effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark essential oil on the halitosis-associated bacterium Solobacterium moorei and in vitro cytotoxicity. Archives of oral biology, 83, 97-104.
35. Leclercq, R., & Courvalin, P. (1991). Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 35(7), 1267-1272.
36. Liu, F., Jin, P., Gong, H., Sun, Z., Du, L., & Wang, D. (2020). Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of thyme oil against foodborne multiple antibiotics-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Poult Sci, 99(10), 5127-5136.
37. Loubet, P., Ranfaing, J., Dinh, A., Dunyach-Remy, C., Bernard, L., Bruyère, F., . . . Sotto, A. (2020). Alternative therapeutic options to antibiotics for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Frontiers in microbiology, 11, 1509.
38. Magaldi, S., Mata-Essayag, S., De Capriles, C. H., Pérez, C., Colella, M., Olaizola, C., & Ontiveros, Y. (2004). Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing. International journal of infectious diseases, 8(1), 39-45.
39. Magiorakos, A.-P., Srinivasan, A., Carey, R. B., Carmeli, Y., Falagas, M., Giske, C., . . . Olsson-Liljequist, B. (2012). Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clinical microbiology and infection, 18(3), 268-281.
40. Moellering Jr, R. C. (1992). Emergence of Enterococcus as a significant pathogen. Clinical infectious diseases, 1173-1176.
41. Mollazadeh, H., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2016). Cinnamon effects on metabolic syndrome: a review based on its mechanisms. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 19(12), 1258.
42. Morse, S. S. (2001). Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases: Springer.
43. Moura, I., Torres, C., Silva, N., Somalo, S., Igrejas, G., & Poeta, P. (2013). Genomic description of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and enterococci isolates from healthy Lusitano horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 33(12), 1057-1063.
44. Mulyaningsih, S., Sporer, F., Zimmermann, S., Reichling, J., & Wink, M. (2010). Synergistic properties of the terpenoids aromadendrene and 1, 8-cineole from the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Phytomedicine, 17(13), 1061-1066.
45. Nair, H. K., Tatavilis, N., Pospíšilová, I., Kučerová, J., & Cremers, N. A. (2020). Medical-grade honey kills antibiotic-resistant bacteria and prevents amputation in diabetics with infected ulcers: a prospective case series. Antibiotics, 9(9), 529.
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Jun 8, 2024
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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CINNAMOMUM VERUM PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS ISOLATED FROM DIARRHEAGENIC CHILDREN. (2024). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 651-669. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6545
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Author Biographies
Muhammad Ikram
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
Usman Arif
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Ayesha Ashraf
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad.
Rabiah Ashraf
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Muhammad Jamal Khan Gadi
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Tasawar Abbas
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Nighat Batool
Department of Pharmacy Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang Haripur
Amina Farrukh Alavi
Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Maleeha Saleem
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Iqra Zulfiqar
Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Maria Nazir
Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Sidra Qayyum
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Muhammad Amir Haneef
Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Pashma Nawaz
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Samran Sardar
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Safdar Ali
Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
How to Cite
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CINNAMOMUM VERUM PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS ISOLATED FROM DIARRHEAGENIC CHILDREN. (2024). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 651-669. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6545