A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF POLYMERS IN CREATING SCAFFOLDS FOR TISSUE REGENERATION, DETAILING THEIR PROPERTIES, ADVANTAGES, AND CHALLENGES
Main Article Content
Keywords
biocompatibility, polymers, tissue engineering, regeneration
Abstract
The human skin, the largest and most exposed organ, is prone to various damages, including burns, wounds, and tumours. The complexity of the skin's healing process, especially in cases of deep burns or injuries, has spurred interest in tissue engineering as a potential solution.
Objective: This review explores the advancements and techniques in tissue engineering that facilitate skin regeneration. Emphasis is placed on current strategies such as 3D printing, polymer scaffolds, biodesigned dressings, and other innovative approaches.
Methods: A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted to compile the latest developments and techniques in skin tissue engineering. Key aspects of tissue regeneration, including biocompatibility, polymers, and various tissue engineering methods, were explored.
Results: Significant strides have been made in tissue engineering, with techniques like 3D bioprinting offering precision in creating skin-like structures. Various methods, such as inkjet and extrusion-based bioprinting, have been detailed, each presenting its advantages and challenges. Polymer scaffolds have also shown promise in providing mechanical support and facilitating cell growth. Additionally, advancements in laser technology and stereolithography have further enhanced the precision and viability of bio-printed tissues.
Conclusion: Tissue engineering holds immense potential to revolutionize the treatment of skin lesions. As techniques continue to evolve, the future of skin regeneration appears promising, with the potential for personalized, patient-specific treatments that address the unique challenges of various skin conditions.
References
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2. Abdollahiyan, P., Oroojalian, F., & Mokhtarzadeh, A. (2021). The triad of nanotechnology, cell signalling, and scaffold implantation for the successful repair of damaged organs: An overview on soft-tissue engineering. Journal of controlled release, 332, 460-492.
3. Agarwal, S., Saha, S., Balla, V. K., Pal, A., Barui, A., & Bodhak, S. (2020). Current developments in 3D bioprinting for tissue and organ regeneration–a review. Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, 6, 589171.
4. Alderfer, L., Wei, A., & Hanjaya-Putra, D. (2018). Lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration. Journal of Biological Engineering, 12, 1-26.
5. Aleemardani, M., Trikić, M. Z., Green, N. H., & Claeyssens, F. (2021). The importance of mimicking dermal-epidermal junction for skin tissue engineering: a review. Bioengineering, 8(11), 148.
6. Aljohani, W., Ullah, M. W., Zhang, X., & Yang, G. (2018). Bioprinting and its applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. International journal of biological macromolecules, 107, 261-275.
7. Amirsadeghi, A., Jafari, A., Eggermont, L. J., Hashemi, S.-S., Bencherif, S. A., & Khorram, M. (2020). Vascularization strategies for skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials Science, 8(15), 4073-4094.
8. Bacakova, L., Zikmundova, M., Pajorova, J., Broz, A., Filova, E., Blanquer, A., . . . Jencova, V. (2019). Nanofibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering and wound healing based on synthetic polymers. Applications of nanobiotechnology, 1.
9. Beheshtizadeh, N., Lotfibakhshaiesh, N., Pazhouhnia, Z., Hoseinpour, M., & Nafari, M. (2020). A review of 3D bio-printing for bone and skin tissue engineering: a commercial approach. Journal of Materials Science, 55(9), 3729-3749.
10. Bhardwaj, N., Chouhan, D., & Mandal, B. B. (2018). 3D functional scaffolds for skin tissue engineering Functional 3D tissue engineering scaffolds (pp. 345-365): Elsevier.
11. Borrelli, M. R., Hu, M. S., Longaker, M. T., & Lorenz, H. P. (2020). Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in craniofacial reconstruction and facial aesthetics. The Journal of craniofacial surgery, 31(1), 15.
12. Conese, M., Annacontini, L., Carbone, A., Beccia, E., Cecchino, L. R., Parisi, D., . . . Mastrangelo, F. (2020). The role of adipose-derived stem cells, dermal regenerative templates, and platelet-rich plasma in tissue engineering-based treatments of chronic skin wounds. Stem cells international, 2020.
13. Cui, L., Liang, J., Liu, H., Zhang, K., & Li, J. (2020). Nanomaterials for angiogenesis in skin tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 26(3), 203-216.
14. Dhasmana, A., Singh, S., Kadian, S., & Singh, L. (2018). Skin tissue engineering: principles and advances. J Dermatol Skin, 1.
15. Dzobo, K., Thomford, N. E., Senthebane, D. A., Shipanga, H., Rowe, A., Dandara, C., . . . Motaung, K. S. C. M. (2018). Advances in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering: innovation and transformation of medicine. Stem Cells International, 2018.
16. Farhadihosseinabadi, B., Farahani, M., Tayebi, T., Jafari, A., Biniazan, F., Modaresifar, K., . . . Tayebi, L. (2018). Amniotic membrane and its epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells as an appropriate source for skin tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology, 46(sup2), 431-440.
17. Golberg, A., Villiger, M., Felix Broelsch, G., Quinn, K. P., Albadawi, H., Khan, S., . . . Bei, M. (2018). Skin regeneration with all accessory organs following ablation with irreversible electroporation. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 12(1), 98-113.
18. Goodarzi, P., Falahzadeh, K., Nematizadeh, M., Farazandeh, P., Payab, M., Larijani, B., . . . Arjmand, B. (2018). Tissue engineered skin substitutes. Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 3: Stem Cells, Bio-materials and Tissue Engineering, 143-188.
19. Grounds, M. D. (2018). Obstacles and challenges for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Australian nuances. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 45(4), 390-400.
20. Haldar, S., Sharma, A., Gupta, S., Chauhan, S., Roy, P., & Lahiri, D. (2019). Bioengineered smart trilayer skin tissue substitute for efficient deep wound healing. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 105, 110140.
21. Hosseini, M., & Shafiee, A. (2021). Engineering bioactive scaffolds for skin regeneration. Small, 17(41), 2101384.
22. Im, H., Kim, S. H., Kim, S. H., & Jung, Y. (2018). Skin regeneration with a scaffold of predefined shape and bioactive peptide hydrogels. Tissue Engineering Part A, 24(19-20), 1518-1530.
23. Keirouz, A., Chung, M., Kwon, J., Fortunato, G., & Radacsi, N. (2020). 2D and 3D electrospinning technologies for the fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering: A review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 12(4), e1626.
24. Kim, B. S., Kwon, Y. W., Kong, J.-S., Park, G. T., Gao, G., Han, W., . . . Cho, D.-W. (2018). 3D cell printing of in vitro stabilized skin model and in vivo pre-vascularized skin patch using tissue-specific extracellular matrix bioink: A step towards advanced skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 168, 38-53.
25. Kwon, S. G., Kwon, Y. W., Lee, T. W., Park, G. T., & Kim, J. H. (2018). Recent advances in stem cell therapeutics and tissue engineering strategies. Biomaterials Research, 22(1), 1-8.
26. Lanza, R., Langer, R., Vacanti, J. P., & Atala, A. (2020). Principles of tissue engineering: Academic Press.
27. Madni, A., Kousar, R., Naeem, N., & Wahid, F. (2021). Recent advancements in applications of chitosan-based biomaterials for skin tissue engineering. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 6(1), 11-25.
28. Mantha, S., Pillai, S., Khayambashi, P., Upadhyay, A., Zhang, Y., Tao, O., . . . Tran, S. D. (2019). Smart hydrogels in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Materials, 12(20), 3323.
29. Martín Piedra, M. Á., Alfonso-Rodríguez, C. A., Zapater Latorre, A., Durand-Herrera, D., Chato Astrain, J., Campos, F., . . . Garzón Bello, I. J. (2019). Effective use of mesenchymal stem cells in human skin substitutes generated by tissue engineering.
30. Matai, I., Kaur, G., Seyedsalehi, A., McClinton, A., & Laurencin, C. T. (2020). Progress in 3D bioprinting technology for tissue/organ regenerative engineering. Biomaterials, 226, 119536.
31. Milan, P. B., Pazouki, A., Joghataei, M. T., Mozafari, M., Amini, N., Kargozar, S., . . . Samadikuchaksaraei, A. (2020). Decellularization and preservation of human skin: A platform for tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery. Methods, 171, 62-67.
32. Monavarian, M., Kader, S., Moeinzadeh, S., & Jabbari, E. (2019). Regenerative scar-free skin wound healing. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 25(4), 294-311.
33. Nosrati, H., Khodaei, M., Alizadeh, Z., & Banitalebi-Dehkordi, M. (2021). Cationic, anionic and neutral polysaccharides for skin tissue engineering and wound healing applications. International journal of biological macromolecules, 192, 298-322.
34. Nour, S., Imani, R., Chaudhry, G. R., & Sharifi, A. M. (2021). Skin wound healing assisted by angiogenic targeted tissue engineering: A comprehensive review of bioengineered approaches. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 109(4), 453-478.
35. Nourian Dehkordi, A., Mirahmadi Babaheydari, F., Chehelgerdi, M., & Raeisi Dehkordi, S. (2019). Skin tissue engineering: wound healing based on stem-cell-based therapeutic strategies. Stem cell research & therapy, 10(1), 1-20.
36. Park, K. M., Shin, Y. M., Kim, K., & Shin, H. (2018). Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 2017: a year in review. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 24(5), 327-344.
37. Pina, S., Ribeiro, V. P., Marques, C. F., Maia, F. R., Silva, T. H., Reis, R. L., & Oliveira, J. M. (2019). Scaffolding strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Materials, 12(11), 1824.
38. Przekora, A. (2020). A concise review on tissue-engineered artificial skin grafts for chronic wound treatment: can we reconstruct functional skin tissue in vitro? Cells, 9(7), 1622.
39. Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh, A., Annabi, N., Khalilov, R., Akbarzadeh, A., Samiei, M., Alizadeh, E., . . . Montaseri, A. (2018). Recent advances in biomedical applications of scaffolds in wound healing and dermal tissue engineering. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology, 46(4), 691-705.
40. Rahmati, M., Blaker, J. J., Lyngstadaas, S. P., Mano, J. F., & Haugen, H. J. (2020). Designing multigradient biomaterials for skin regeneration. Materials Today Advances, 5, 100051.
41. Ramos, T., & Moroni, L. (2020). Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 2019: the role of biofabrication—a year in review. Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods, 26(2), 91-106.
42. Riha, S. M., Maarof, M., & Fauzi, M. B. (2021). Synergistic effect of biomaterial and stem cell for skin tissue engineering in cutaneous wound healing: A concise review. Polymers, 13(10), 1546.
43. Sahana, T., & Rekha, P. (2018). Biopolymers: Applications in wound healing and skin tissue engineering. Molecular biology reports, 45, 2857-2867.
44. Selvan, N. K., Shanmugarajan, T., & Uppuluri, V. N. V. A. (2020). Hydrogel based scaffolding polymeric biomaterials: Approaches towards skin tissue regeneration. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 55, 101456.
45. Sharma, P., Kumar, P., Sharma, R., Bhatt, V. D., & Dhot, P. (2019). Tissue engineering; current status & futuristic scope. Journal of medicine and life, 12(3), 225.
46. Shpichka, A., Butnaru, D., Bezrukov, E. A., Sukhanov, R. B., Atala, A., Burdukovskii, V., . . . Timashev, P. (2019). Skin tissue regeneration for burn injury. Stem cell research & therapy, 10, 1-16.
47. Talikowska, M., Fu, X., & Lisak, G. (2019). Application of conducting polymers to wound care and skin tissue engineering: A review. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 135, 50-63.
48. Tarassoli, S. P., Jessop, Z. M., Al-Sabah, A., Gao, N., Whitaker, S., Doak, S., & Whitaker, I. S. (2018). Skin tissue engineering using 3D bioprinting: An evolving research field. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 71(5), 615-623.
49. Ude, C. C., Miskon, A., Idrus, R. B. H., & Abu Bakar, M. B. (2018). Application of stem cells in tissue engineering for defense medicine. Military Medical Research, 5, 1-18.
50. Wang, R., Wang, Y., Yao, B., Hu, T., Li, Z., Huang, S., & Fu, X. (2019). Beyond 2D: 3D bioprinting for skin regeneration. International Wound Journal, 16(1), 134-138.
51. Weng, T., Wu, P., Zhang, W., Zheng, Y., Li, Q., Jin, R., . . . Han, C. (2020). Regeneration of skin appendages and nerves: current status and further challenges. Journal of translational medicine, 18(1), 1-17.
52. Weng, T., Zhang, W., Xia, Y., Wu, P., Yang, M., Jin, R., . . . Han, C. (2021). 3D bioprinting for skin tissue engineering: Current status and perspectives. Journal of tissue engineering, 12, 20417314211028574.
53. Yahya, E. B., Amirul, A., HPS, A. K., Olaiya, N. G., Iqbal, M. O., Jummaat, F., . . . Adnan, A. (2021). Insights into the role of biopolymer aerogel scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Polymers, 13(10), 1612.
54. Yang, R., Yang, S., Zhao, J., Hu, X., Chen, X., Wang, J., . . . Xiong, K. (2020). Progress in studies of epidermal stem cells and their application in skin tissue engineering. Stem cell research & therapy, 11(1), 1-13.
55. Yu, J. R., Navarro, J., Coburn, J. C., Mahadik, B., Molnar, J., Holmes IV, J. H., . . . Fisher, J. P. (2019). Current and future perspectives on skin tissue engineering: key features of biomedical research, translational assessment, and clinical application. Advanced healthcare materials, 8(5), 1801471.
56. Zheng, C. X., Sui, B. D., Hu, C. H., Qiu, X. Y., Zhao, P., & Jin, Y. (2018). Reconstruction of structure and function in tissue engineering of solid organs: Toward simulation of natural development based on decellularization. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 12(6), 1432-1447.
57. Zhou, F., Hong, Y., Liang, R., Zhang, X., Liao, Y., Jiang, D., . . . Peng, Z. (2020). Rapid printing of bio-inspired 3D tissue constructs for skin regeneration. Biomaterials, 258, 120287.
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Feb 9, 2024
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Sudhair Abbas Bangash, Riffat Sanaullah, Hemraj Budhathoki, Sergio Rodrigo Oliveira Souza Lima, Iftikhar Ahmad Khan, Rabia Taj, Saima Zaheer, & Saba Nosheen. (2024). A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF POLYMERS IN CREATING SCAFFOLDS FOR TISSUE REGENERATION, DETAILING THEIR PROPERTIES, ADVANTAGES, AND CHALLENGES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(2), 390–406. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i2.4367
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Sudhair Abbas Bangash
Faculty of Life Science, Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Riffat Sanaullah
Registered Nurse, Mph, Master's in Public, Health
Hemraj Budhathoki
Department of Pharmacy, Purbanchal University, Nepal
Sergio Rodrigo Oliveira Souza Lima
Director of The Surgery Institute, Department of General Surgery/ Plastic Surgery, Bahia Hospital, Medical Center, Brazil.
Iftikhar Ahmad Khan
Ph.D Scholar, Institute of Chemical Science, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan.
Rabia Taj
Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Saima Zaheer
Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Sargodha, Pakistan
Saba Nosheen
Assistant Editor, Research Journal of Innovative Ideas and Thoughts.