“FROM ANCIENT REMEDIES TO MODERN MARVELS: UNVEILING THE MEDICINAL SECRETS OF NYCTANTHES ARBORTRISTIS AND PIPER BETLE LINN. LEAVES - A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW”
Main Article Content
Keywords
Betel Leaf and Parijat
Abstract
Modern pharmacology has long drawn inspiration from the rich history of traditional medicinal herbs. The therapeutic potential of two such plants, Nyctanthes arbortristis and Piper betel Linn, is explored in depth in this review. These plant species continue to fascinate scientists in the modern scientific environment because of their numerous uses in traditional medical procedures. The 'Night-flowering Jasmine,' also known as Nyctanthes arbortristis, is filled with a wealth of bioactive substances. We examine its analgesic, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities to provide light on its potential in the treatment of numerous diseases. We also look into the historical applications of Nyctanthes arbortristis and how well they align with current knowledge. The ‘Betel Leaf’ often referred to as Piper betel Linn, has a long history in traditional medicine, notably in Asia. The pharmacological effects of Piper betel, such as its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, are shown in this review. By bridging the gap between conventional wisdom and cutting-edge research, we demonstrate the medicinal use of this amazing plant. We also go through the difficulties and possibilities of utilizing the medical potential of Nyctanthes arbortristis and Piper betel Linn in the twenty-first century. This thorough investigation is a useful tool for academics, professionals, and amateurs who want to learn more about these botanical wonders and use them into contemporary medicine.
References
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9. Shandhar HK, Kaur M. An update on Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. Journal of Internationale Pharmaceutical Science, 2011; 1:77-86.
10. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, Singh B, Singh MP. Indian medicinal plants, 1975; 1(2):2392-93.
11. Karandeep Kaur R. Rai. Review on Betel Leaf Used in Various Ailments. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 2019; 6(8): 259-267.
12. Betel leaf farming, planting, care, harvesting guide by Jagdish 2015 http://www.agrifarming.in/betel-leaf farming-information.
13. Rekha VPB, Kollipara M, Gupta BRSSS, Bharath Y, Pulicherla KK. A review on Piper Betle Linn: Nature's promising medicinal reservoir. American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2014; 1(5):276-289.
14. Sunil Kumar Shah. Piper Betle: Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Nutritional Value in Health Management. Int. J. Pharm. Sci, 2016; 38(2): 181-189.
15. Santosh Kumar Srivastava et.al. Medicinal Properties of Harsingar (Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Linn.): A Review. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 2021; 9(1):3406-3410.
16. Tandon JS, Srivastava V, Guru PY. Iridoids: A New Class of Leishmanicidal Agents from Nyctanthes arbortristis. J Nyctanthes arbortristis Prod, 1991; 4(1):1102-04.
17. Kulkarni D.M. Review of Nyctanthes Arbortristis as A Medicinal Plant. Ind. J. Res. Methods Pharm. Sci, 2022; 1(2):21-26.
18. Tuntiwachwuttiku P, Rayanil K, Taylor WC. Chemical constituents from the flowers of Nyctanthes arbortristis. Science Asia, 2003; 29(1):21-30.
19. Jain PK, Pandey. A The wonder of Ayurvedic medicine Nyctanthes arbortristis. Int J Herb Med, 2016; 9(1):9-17.
20. Kumari S, Singh R, Gurav NP, Mehta N. Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from stem of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn and effect of different fractions on phytopathogens. Asian J Chem, 2017; 29(1):787-791.
21. Nirmal Sunil A, Pal Subodh C, Subhash CM, Anuja NP. Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity of B-sitosterol Isolated from Nyctanthes arbortristis leaves. Inflammopharmacology A Pharmacology Journal, 2012; 20(2):219-224.
22. Sali V, Patil P, Bairagi V. Assessment of pharmacognostic, phytochemical and antibacterial potential of fruit of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Journal of Pharmacognosy Phytochem, 2014; 2(1):203-212.
23. Santosh J, Manojkumar. A review on: Nyctanthes Arbortristis Linn. rejuvenating herbs. Int J Res Pharm Sci, 2016; 1(1):54-62.
24. Mahida Y, Mohan JSS. Screening of plants for their potential antibacterial activity against Staphyllococcus and Salmonella spp. Nat Prod Rad, 2007; 6(4):301-305.
25. Hukkeri VI et.al. Hepatoprotective activity of the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Ind J Pharm Sci, 2006; 68(4):542-543.
26. Rathee JS, Hassarajani SA, Chattopadhyay S. Antioxidant activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract. Food Chem, 2007; 103(1):1350-1357.
27. Thangavelu NR, Thomas S. In-vitro anti-oxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of leaves and stems of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Night flowering Jasmine). Int J Bio Med Res, 2010; 1(4):188-192.
28. Adebajo AC et.al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some Nigerian medicinal plants. African J Trad CAM, 2007; 4(2):173-184.
29. Girach RD, Aminuddin SA, Siddiqui PA & Khan SA. Ethnomedicinal studies on Harsinghar (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.) - A less known medicinal plant in Unani medicine. Hamdard Med, 1994; 37(2):60-66.
30. Vats M, Sharma N, Sardana S. Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. (Oleaceae). Int J Pharmacognosy Phytochem Res, 2009; 1(1):12-14.
31. Khatu na, Haue me, Mosaddik ma. Laboratory evaluation of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. Flower extract and its isolated compound against common filarial vector, culex quinquefasciatu. J bio sci, 2001; 4(5):585-87.
32. Balasubramanian M et.al. Study on phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Nyctanthes-arbor tristis. J Chem Pharm Res, 2012; 4(3):1686-95.
33. Prasad MP et.al. In-Vitro Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. Against Human Pathogens Inter Nyctanthes arbortristisional. Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience, 2014; 4(1):1-5.
34. Tandon JS, Srivastava V, Guru PY. Iridoids: A New Class of Leishmanicidal Agents from Nyctanthes arbortristis. J Nyctanthes arbortristis Prod, 1991; 4(1):1102-04.
35. Karnik SR, Tathed PS, Antarkar DS, Gidse CS, Vaidya RA, et.al. Antimalarial activity and clinical safety of traditionally used Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2008; 7(1):330-334.
36. Sharma V, Pooja Marwaha A. Hypoglycemic activity of methanolic extract of Nyctanthus arbortristis Linn. root in alloxan induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011; 3(3): 210-212.
37. Rathee JS, Hassarajani SA, Chattopadhyay A. Antioxidant activity of Nyctanthus arbor-tristis leaf extract. Food chem, 2007; 103(4): 1350-1357.
38. Jain PK, Pandey A. The wonder of Ayurvedic medicine-Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Int J Herbal Med, 2016; 4(4):9-17.
39. Jain R, Mittal M. A review on pharmacological and chemical documentation of N. arbor-tristis Linn. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicine, 2011; 6(5):187-202.
40. Singh UK, Guru PY, Sen AB, Tandon JS. Antileishmanial activity of traditional plants against Leishmania donovani in golden hamsters. Int J Pharmacognosy, 1992; 30(1):289-295.
41. Laghate P, Gram purohit ND, Miranda S. Antihepatotoxic activity of the leaves of Nyctanthes arbortristis L., In: Nyctanthes arbortristisional Convention on current Herbal Drugs and Annual Conference of Indian Society of Pharmacognosy; Herb: The Nyctanthes arbortristisural alter Nyctanthes arbortristisive, Gandhinagar, 2003.
42. Agrawal, J. & Pal, A. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn-a critical ethnopharmacological review. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013; 146(3):645-658.
43. Akki, K.S., Krishnamurthy, G., Bhoja naik, H.S. Phytochemical investigations and in vitro evaluation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extracts for antioxidant property. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2009; 2(1):752-759.
44. evaluation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extracts for antioxidant property. Journal of Pharmacy
45. Research 2009; 2, 752–759.
46. Chauhan, Ekta Singh Jaya Aishwarya. A Review: Nutraceuticals Properties of Piper betel (Paan) AJPCT, 2016; 5(4):28-41.
47. Wendy Voon WY, Ghali NA, Rukayadi Y, Meor Hussin AS. Application of betel leaves (Piper Betle L.) extract for preservation of homemade chili bio. Int Food Res J, 2014; 21(6):2399‐2403.
48. Arambewela L, Kumaratunga KGA, Dias K. Studies on Piper Betle of Sri Lanka. J Natl Sci Foundation Sri Lanka, 2005; 33(2):133-140.
49. Guha P. Betel leaf: The neglected green gold of India. J Human Ecol. 2006; 19(2):87‐93.
50. Jayaweera DMA. Medicinal Plants Used in Ceylon. National Science Council of Sri Lanka, 1982; 5(1):201-209.
51. Guha P, Jain RK. Status report on production, processing, and marketing of betel leaf (Piper Betle L.). Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, IIT, Kharagpur, India, 15‐22.
52. Kumar N. Betel vine (Piper Betle) Cultivation: A unique case of plant establishment under anthropogenically regulated microclimatic conditions. Indian J Hist Sci, 1999; 34(1):19‐32.
53. Chaveerach A, Mokkamul P, Sudmoon R, Tanee T. Ethnobotany of the genus Piper (Piperaceae) in Thailand. Ethnobotany Res Appl. 2006; 4(1):223‐231.
54. Chibber HM. (1913). The morphology and histology of Piper Betle, Linn.(The Betel‐vine). Bot J Linn Soc, 1913; 41(283):357‐383.
55. Kanjwani D.G., Marathe T.P., Chiplunkar S.V. and Sathaye S.S. Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extract of Piper betel. Scand J. Immunol, 2008; 67(6):589-93.
56. Sharma R.K, Goyal A.K and Bhat R.A; Antifertility Activity of Plants Extracts on Female Reproduction: A Review. IJPBS, 2013; 3(1):493-514.
57. Chahal J., Ohlyan R., Kandale A., Walia A. and Puri S. Introduction, phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activity of genus piper: A review. IJCPR, 2011; 2(2):130-144.
58. Arawwala L., Arambewela L. and Ratnasooriya W. Gastro protective effect of Piper betel Linn. leaves grown in Srilanka. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med., 2014; 5(1):38-42.
59. Pal M, Chandrashekar K. Mosquito repellent activity of Piper betel Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Science, 2010; 1(6):313-315.
60. Wirotesangthong M. et.al: Inhibitory effects of Piper Betle on the production of allergic mediators by bone marrow-derived mast cells and lung epithelial cells. International immunopharmacology, 2008; 8(3):453-470.
2. Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Tolulope J. Ashaolu, S. R. Nelatury, Sarhan M. Musa. Traditional Indian Medicine. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 2019; 3(2):321-322.
3. Rangika BS, Dayananda PD, Peiris DC. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of aqueous extract of flowers from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. in male mice. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2015; 15(1):1-9.
4. Kiew R, Bass. Nyctanthes is a member of the Oleaceae. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Plant Sci.), 1984; 93(3):349-358.
5. Maliha Uroos, Zaigham Abbas, Shumaila Sattar, Nigarish Umer, Arham Shabbir, Shafiq-ur-Rehman et.al. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Ameliorated FCA-Induced Experimental Arthritis: A Comparative Study among Different Extracts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017; 4(1):1-13.
6. Ashwani Kumar, Beenu Rathi, Vani Tyagi. Systemic Review on Anti-sciatica Plant “Night Jasmine”. Int J Curr Microbial Appl Sci, 2017; 6(1):1018-1035.
7. Lakshika Sharma et.al. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.: ‘‘An Unexplored Plant of Enormous Possibilities for Economic Revenue’’. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci, 2021; 9(1):241-255.
8. Nainesh R. Modi. Traditional Medicinal Uses, Phytochemical Profile and Pharmacological Activities of Nyctanthes Arbortris. Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences (RJLBPCS), 2019; 5(2):1003-1023.
9. Shandhar HK, Kaur M. An update on Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. Journal of Internationale Pharmaceutical Science, 2011; 1:77-86.
10. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, Singh B, Singh MP. Indian medicinal plants, 1975; 1(2):2392-93.
11. Karandeep Kaur R. Rai. Review on Betel Leaf Used in Various Ailments. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 2019; 6(8): 259-267.
12. Betel leaf farming, planting, care, harvesting guide by Jagdish 2015 http://www.agrifarming.in/betel-leaf farming-information.
13. Rekha VPB, Kollipara M, Gupta BRSSS, Bharath Y, Pulicherla KK. A review on Piper Betle Linn: Nature's promising medicinal reservoir. American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2014; 1(5):276-289.
14. Sunil Kumar Shah. Piper Betle: Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Nutritional Value in Health Management. Int. J. Pharm. Sci, 2016; 38(2): 181-189.
15. Santosh Kumar Srivastava et.al. Medicinal Properties of Harsingar (Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Linn.): A Review. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 2021; 9(1):3406-3410.
16. Tandon JS, Srivastava V, Guru PY. Iridoids: A New Class of Leishmanicidal Agents from Nyctanthes arbortristis. J Nyctanthes arbortristis Prod, 1991; 4(1):1102-04.
17. Kulkarni D.M. Review of Nyctanthes Arbortristis as A Medicinal Plant. Ind. J. Res. Methods Pharm. Sci, 2022; 1(2):21-26.
18. Tuntiwachwuttiku P, Rayanil K, Taylor WC. Chemical constituents from the flowers of Nyctanthes arbortristis. Science Asia, 2003; 29(1):21-30.
19. Jain PK, Pandey. A The wonder of Ayurvedic medicine Nyctanthes arbortristis. Int J Herb Med, 2016; 9(1):9-17.
20. Kumari S, Singh R, Gurav NP, Mehta N. Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from stem of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn and effect of different fractions on phytopathogens. Asian J Chem, 2017; 29(1):787-791.
21. Nirmal Sunil A, Pal Subodh C, Subhash CM, Anuja NP. Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity of B-sitosterol Isolated from Nyctanthes arbortristis leaves. Inflammopharmacology A Pharmacology Journal, 2012; 20(2):219-224.
22. Sali V, Patil P, Bairagi V. Assessment of pharmacognostic, phytochemical and antibacterial potential of fruit of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Journal of Pharmacognosy Phytochem, 2014; 2(1):203-212.
23. Santosh J, Manojkumar. A review on: Nyctanthes Arbortristis Linn. rejuvenating herbs. Int J Res Pharm Sci, 2016; 1(1):54-62.
24. Mahida Y, Mohan JSS. Screening of plants for their potential antibacterial activity against Staphyllococcus and Salmonella spp. Nat Prod Rad, 2007; 6(4):301-305.
25. Hukkeri VI et.al. Hepatoprotective activity of the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Ind J Pharm Sci, 2006; 68(4):542-543.
26. Rathee JS, Hassarajani SA, Chattopadhyay S. Antioxidant activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract. Food Chem, 2007; 103(1):1350-1357.
27. Thangavelu NR, Thomas S. In-vitro anti-oxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of leaves and stems of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Night flowering Jasmine). Int J Bio Med Res, 2010; 1(4):188-192.
28. Adebajo AC et.al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some Nigerian medicinal plants. African J Trad CAM, 2007; 4(2):173-184.
29. Girach RD, Aminuddin SA, Siddiqui PA & Khan SA. Ethnomedicinal studies on Harsinghar (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.) - A less known medicinal plant in Unani medicine. Hamdard Med, 1994; 37(2):60-66.
30. Vats M, Sharma N, Sardana S. Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. (Oleaceae). Int J Pharmacognosy Phytochem Res, 2009; 1(1):12-14.
31. Khatu na, Haue me, Mosaddik ma. Laboratory evaluation of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. Flower extract and its isolated compound against common filarial vector, culex quinquefasciatu. J bio sci, 2001; 4(5):585-87.
32. Balasubramanian M et.al. Study on phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Nyctanthes-arbor tristis. J Chem Pharm Res, 2012; 4(3):1686-95.
33. Prasad MP et.al. In-Vitro Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. Against Human Pathogens Inter Nyctanthes arbortristisional. Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience, 2014; 4(1):1-5.
34. Tandon JS, Srivastava V, Guru PY. Iridoids: A New Class of Leishmanicidal Agents from Nyctanthes arbortristis. J Nyctanthes arbortristis Prod, 1991; 4(1):1102-04.
35. Karnik SR, Tathed PS, Antarkar DS, Gidse CS, Vaidya RA, et.al. Antimalarial activity and clinical safety of traditionally used Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2008; 7(1):330-334.
36. Sharma V, Pooja Marwaha A. Hypoglycemic activity of methanolic extract of Nyctanthus arbortristis Linn. root in alloxan induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011; 3(3): 210-212.
37. Rathee JS, Hassarajani SA, Chattopadhyay A. Antioxidant activity of Nyctanthus arbor-tristis leaf extract. Food chem, 2007; 103(4): 1350-1357.
38. Jain PK, Pandey A. The wonder of Ayurvedic medicine-Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Int J Herbal Med, 2016; 4(4):9-17.
39. Jain R, Mittal M. A review on pharmacological and chemical documentation of N. arbor-tristis Linn. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicine, 2011; 6(5):187-202.
40. Singh UK, Guru PY, Sen AB, Tandon JS. Antileishmanial activity of traditional plants against Leishmania donovani in golden hamsters. Int J Pharmacognosy, 1992; 30(1):289-295.
41. Laghate P, Gram purohit ND, Miranda S. Antihepatotoxic activity of the leaves of Nyctanthes arbortristis L., In: Nyctanthes arbortristisional Convention on current Herbal Drugs and Annual Conference of Indian Society of Pharmacognosy; Herb: The Nyctanthes arbortristisural alter Nyctanthes arbortristisive, Gandhinagar, 2003.
42. Agrawal, J. & Pal, A. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn-a critical ethnopharmacological review. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013; 146(3):645-658.
43. Akki, K.S., Krishnamurthy, G., Bhoja naik, H.S. Phytochemical investigations and in vitro evaluation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extracts for antioxidant property. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2009; 2(1):752-759.
44. evaluation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extracts for antioxidant property. Journal of Pharmacy
45. Research 2009; 2, 752–759.
46. Chauhan, Ekta Singh Jaya Aishwarya. A Review: Nutraceuticals Properties of Piper betel (Paan) AJPCT, 2016; 5(4):28-41.
47. Wendy Voon WY, Ghali NA, Rukayadi Y, Meor Hussin AS. Application of betel leaves (Piper Betle L.) extract for preservation of homemade chili bio. Int Food Res J, 2014; 21(6):2399‐2403.
48. Arambewela L, Kumaratunga KGA, Dias K. Studies on Piper Betle of Sri Lanka. J Natl Sci Foundation Sri Lanka, 2005; 33(2):133-140.
49. Guha P. Betel leaf: The neglected green gold of India. J Human Ecol. 2006; 19(2):87‐93.
50. Jayaweera DMA. Medicinal Plants Used in Ceylon. National Science Council of Sri Lanka, 1982; 5(1):201-209.
51. Guha P, Jain RK. Status report on production, processing, and marketing of betel leaf (Piper Betle L.). Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, IIT, Kharagpur, India, 15‐22.
52. Kumar N. Betel vine (Piper Betle) Cultivation: A unique case of plant establishment under anthropogenically regulated microclimatic conditions. Indian J Hist Sci, 1999; 34(1):19‐32.
53. Chaveerach A, Mokkamul P, Sudmoon R, Tanee T. Ethnobotany of the genus Piper (Piperaceae) in Thailand. Ethnobotany Res Appl. 2006; 4(1):223‐231.
54. Chibber HM. (1913). The morphology and histology of Piper Betle, Linn.(The Betel‐vine). Bot J Linn Soc, 1913; 41(283):357‐383.
55. Kanjwani D.G., Marathe T.P., Chiplunkar S.V. and Sathaye S.S. Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extract of Piper betel. Scand J. Immunol, 2008; 67(6):589-93.
56. Sharma R.K, Goyal A.K and Bhat R.A; Antifertility Activity of Plants Extracts on Female Reproduction: A Review. IJPBS, 2013; 3(1):493-514.
57. Chahal J., Ohlyan R., Kandale A., Walia A. and Puri S. Introduction, phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activity of genus piper: A review. IJCPR, 2011; 2(2):130-144.
58. Arawwala L., Arambewela L. and Ratnasooriya W. Gastro protective effect of Piper betel Linn. leaves grown in Srilanka. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med., 2014; 5(1):38-42.
59. Pal M, Chandrashekar K. Mosquito repellent activity of Piper betel Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Science, 2010; 1(6):313-315.
60. Wirotesangthong M. et.al: Inhibitory effects of Piper Betle on the production of allergic mediators by bone marrow-derived mast cells and lung epithelial cells. International immunopharmacology, 2008; 8(3):453-470.
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Jan 14, 2024
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Jainam B. Khatsuriya, Kuntupalli Sandhya Rani, & Dr. Pragnesh Patani. (2024). “FROM ANCIENT REMEDIES TO MODERN MARVELS: UNVEILING THE MEDICINAL SECRETS OF NYCTANTHES ARBORTRISTIS AND PIPER BETLE LINN. LEAVES - A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW”. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 2154–2164. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i1.4440
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Author Biographies
Jainam B. Khatsuriya
Student, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad.
Kuntupalli Sandhya Rani
Assistant Professor, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Pragnesh Patani
Principal and Professor, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad