HEAD AND NECK CANCER RISK AND HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS: BRADFORD HILL CRITERIA BASED EVALUATION
Main Article Content
Keywords
Head and neck cancer (HNC), Bradford Hill criteria, Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Abstract
The involvement of human papillomavirus (HPV) has effectively been decoded in Head and neck cancer (HNC) worldwide with contradicting findings. Although the different groups of researchers explored the potential association of HPV with HNC using statistical meta-analysis, however, the association remained still controversial due to the major shortcomings of meta-analysis. Therefore, we arranged the present study to investigate a potential link of HPV with HNC using an additional method (Bradford Hill criteria) which helps to get a more clear picture. Methodology: Initially using PubMed, we extracted all of the studies that associated HPV to HNC. Then, to assess the potential association of HPV with HNC, an examination of the available data on HPV in HNC, normal/benign samples was done using all the major Bradford Hill criteria postulates. Furthermore, to improve the authenticity of our findings, we have also critically evaluated the methodologies of the identified studies to check the possibility of false-negative and false-positive results. Results: After a careful assessment of the previous studies against Bradford Hill criteria postulates, we observed that all the major postulates were not fulfilled. Conclusion: Therefore, our findings recommended no casual association of HPV with HNC.
References
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3. Usman M, Hameed Y, Ahmad M. Does human papillomavirus cause human colorectal cancer? Applying Bradford Hill criteria postulates. ecancermedicalscience. 2020;14.
4. Pai SI, Westra WH. Molecular pathology of head and neck cancer: implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2009;4:49-70.
5. Yasir M, Nawaz A, Ghazanfar S, Okla M, Chaudhary A, Al WH, et al. Anti-bacterial activity of essential oils against multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens isolated from raw milk. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2022;84:e259449.
6. Khalil T, Okla M, Al-Qahtani W, Ali F, Zahra M, Shakeela Q, et al. Tracing probiotic producing bacterial species from gut of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), South-East-Asia. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2022;84:e259094.
7. Aboagye E, Agyemang-Yeboah F, Duduyemi BM, Obirikorang C. Human papillomavirus detection in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas at a tertiary hospital in sub-Saharan Africa. The Scientific World Journal. 2019;2019.
8. Zhang L, Sahar A, Li C, Chaudhary A, Yousaf I, Saeedah M, et al. A detailed multi-omics analysis of GNB2 gene in human cancers. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2022;84.
9. Hameed Y, Ejaz S. TP53 lacks tetramerization and N-terminal domains due to novel inactivating mutations detected in leukemia patients. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2021;17(4):931-7.
10. Ullah L, Hameed Y, Ejaz S, Raashid A, Iqbal J, Ullah I, et al. Detection of novel infiltrating ductal carcinoma-associated BReast CAncer gene 2 mutations which alter the deoxyribonucleic acid-binding ability of BReast CAncer gene 2 protein. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2020;16(6):1402-7.
11. Hameed Y, Usman M, Liang S, Ejaz S. Novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of colorectal cancer: capable to overcome the heterogeneity-specific barrier and valid for global applications. Plos one. 2021;16(9):e0256020.
12. Zhu X, Tang L, Mao J, Hameed Y, Zhang J, Li N, et al. Decoding the mechanism behind the pathogenesis of the focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.2022.
13. Usman M, Hameed Y, Ahmad M, Iqbal MJ, Maryam A, Mazhar A, et al. SHMT2 is associated with tumor purity, CD8+ T immune cells infiltration, and a novel therapeutic target in four different human cancers. Current Molecular Medicine. 2023;23(2):161-76.
14. de Abreu PM, Có ACG, Azevedo PL, do Valle IB, de Oliveira KG, Gouvea SA, et al. Frequency of HPV in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. BMC cancer. 2018;18(1):1-8.
15. Attner P, Du J, Näsman A, Hammarstedt L, Ramqvist T, Lindholm J, et al. The role of human papillomavirus in the increased incidence of base of tongue cancer. International journal of cancer. 2010;126(12):2879-84.
16. Baig S, Zaman U, Lucky MH. Human papilloma virus 16/18: Fabricator of trouble in oral squamous cell carcinoma. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2018;69:115-9.
17. García-Milián R, Hernández H, Panadé L, Rodríguez C, González N, Valenzuela C, et al. Detection and typing of human papillomavirus DNA in benign and malignant tumours of laryngeal epithelium. Acta Otolaryngol. 1998 Sep;118(5):754-8.
18. Hameed Y, Usman M, Ahmad M. Does mouse mammary tumor-like virus cause human breast cancer? Applying Bradford Hill criteria postulates. Bulletin of the National Research Centre. 2020;44(1):1-13.
19. Mao J, Huang X, Okla MK, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Mubarak A, Hameed Z, et al. Risk Factors for TERT promoter mutations with papillary thyroid carcinoma patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.2022.
20. Sial N, Rehman JU, Saeed S, Ahmad M, Hameed Y, Atif M, et al. Integrative analysis reveals methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1-like as an independent shared diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in five different human cancers. Bioscience Reports. 2022;42(1):BSR20211783.
21. Hameed A, Condò C, Tauseef I, Idrees M, Ghazanfar S, Farid A, et al. Isolation and characterization of a cholesterol-lowering bacteria from Bubalus bubalis raw milk. Fermentation. 2022;8(4):163.
22. Ahmad M, Hameed Y, Khan M, Usman M, Rehman A, Abid U, et al. Up-regulation of GINS1 highlighted a good diagnostic and prognostic potential of survival in three different subtypes of human cancer. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2021;84.
23. Fedak KM, Bernal A, Capshaw ZA, Gross S. Applying the Bradford Hill criteria in the 21st century: how data integration has changed causal inference in molecular epidemiology. Emerging themes in epidemiology. 2015;12(1):1-9.
24. Anaya-Saavedra G, Ramírez-Amador V, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, García-Cuellar CM, Guido-Jiménez M, Méndez-Martínez R, et al. High association of human papillomavirus infection with oral cancer: a case-control study. Archives of medical research. 2008;39(2):189-97.
25. Balaram P, Nalinakumari KR, Abraham E, Balan A, Hareendran NK, Bernard HU, et al. Human papillomaviruses in 91 oral cancers from Indian betel quid chewers--high prevalence and multiplicity of infections. Int J Cancer. 1995;61(4):450-4.
26. Boy S, Rensburg EJV, Engelbrecht S, Dreyer L, Van Heerden M, Van Heerden W. HPV detection in primary intra‐oral squamous cell carcinomas–commensal, aetiological agent or contamination? Journal of oral pathology & medicine. 2006;35(2):86-90.
27. Cao J, Zhang ZY, Patima, Zhang YX, Chen WT. Human papillomavirus infection and p53 alteration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Chin J Dent Res. 2000;3(3):44-9.
28. Charfi L, Jouffroy T, de Cremoux P, Le Peltier N, Thioux M, Fréneaux P, et al. Two types of squamous cell carcinoma of the palatine tonsil characterized by distinct etiology, molecular features and outcome. Cancer letters. 2008;260(1-2):72-8.
29. Chaudhary AK, Pandya S, Mehrotra R, Bharti AC, Singh M, Singh M. Comparative study between the Hybrid Capture II test and PCR based assay for the detection of human papillomavirus DNA in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Virology Journal. 2010;7(1):253.
30. Chen F, Yan L, Liu F, Huang J, Liu F, Wu J, et al. Oral human papillomavirus infection, sexual behaviors and risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma in southeast of China: a case-control study. Journal of clinical virology. 2016;85:7-12.
31. Chernock RD, Zhang Q, El-Mofty SK, Thorstad WL, Lewis JS. Human papillomavirus–related squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: a comparative study in whites and African Americans. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 2011;137(2):163-9.
32. Dillner J, Knekt P, Schiller J, Hakulinen T. Prospective seroepidemiological evidence that human papillomavirus type 16 infection is a risk factor for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Bmj. 1995;311(7016):1346.
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Jan 27, 2024
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Kinza Khan, Rizwana Sultan, Syed Qaswar Ali Shah, Zahid Farooq, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Hafsa Munir, & Jamal Muhammad Khan. (2024). HEAD AND NECK CANCER RISK AND HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS: BRADFORD HILL CRITERIA BASED EVALUATION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 1536–1546. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i1.4213
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Author Biographies
Kinza Khan
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur - Pakistan
Rizwana Sultan
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur - Pakistan
Syed Qaswar Ali Shah
Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur - Pakistan
Zahid Farooq
Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur - Pakistan
Najeeb Ur Rehman
Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur - Pakistan
Hafsa Munir
Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur - Pakistan
Jamal Muhammad Khan
Department of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur - Pakistan