ANALYSIS OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND PERCEIVED STRESS IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS)
Main Article Content
Keywords
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Disease
Abstract
This research study is designed to investigate the impact of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) on the psychological well-being of women in the Kambar Shahdadkot district. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), a prevalent endocrine illness marked by hormonal imbalances and reproductive irregularities, has been linked to an increased occurrence of mental health Challenges.
The study collects and analyses data using a qualitative research approach. The sample consists of women between 20 to 40 years old. The sampling technique is the Snowball sampling type. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews. The study used a phenomenological approach to get the live experiences of the participants. The study results revealed an elevated rate of anxiety and depression among women with PCOS, suggesting a bidirectional relationship between the physiological aspects of the Syndrome and mental well-being. It is recommended that integrating mental health considerations into the clinical management of PCOS is crucial, necessitating collaborative efforts among gynecologists, endocrinologists, and mental health professionals to provide holistic care that addresses both the physical and psychological dimensions of this complex Syndrome.
References
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8. Buriro, S. A., Mirjat, M. A., Pathan, R. L., Chandio, I., Lashari, A. A., & Gul, H. (2023). Eco-Friendly Pedagogies for STEM Education: A Review. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture, 34, 3018-3044.
9. Buriro, S. A., Muhammad, S., Rtd, M. M. P., Channar, H. B., Memon, S. A., & Chandio, I. (2023). Analysis of infectious communicable and non-communicable diseases in Pakistan: A systematic review. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(18), 2207-2217.
10. Bossuyt, P. M. (2023). Patient-centred outcomes of imaging tests: recommendations for patients, clinicians and researchers. BMJ quality & safety, 32(9), 536-545.
11. Çoban, Ö. G., Tulacı, Ö. D., Adanır, A. S., & Önder, A. (2019). Psychiatric disorders, self-esteem, and quality of life in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 32(6), 600-604.
12. Condorelli, R. A., Calogero, A. E., Di Mauro, M., & La Vignera, S. (2017). PCOS and diabetes mellitus: from insulin resistance to altered beta pancreatic function, a link in evolution. Gynecological Endocrinology, 33(9), 665-667.
13. Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., & Dunaif, A. (2012). Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocrine reviews, 33(6), 981-1030.
14. Ee, C., Pirotta, S., Mousa, A., Moran, L., & Lim, S. (2021). Providing lifestyle advice to women with PCOS: an overview of practical issues affecting success. BMC endocrine disorders.
15. Farkas, J., Rigó, A., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Psychological aspects of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological Endocrinology, 30(2), 95-99.
16. Hashim, H. A. (2016). Twenty years of ovulation induction with metformin for PCOS; what is the best available evidence?. Reproductive biomedicine online, 32(1), 44-53.
17. Hart, R. (2008). PCOS and infertility. Panminerva medica, 50(4), 305-314.
18. Holton, S., Hammarberg, K., & Johnson, L. (2018). Fertility concerns and related information needs and preferences of women with PCOS. Human reproduction open, 2018(4), hoy019.
19. Himelein, M. J., & Thatcher, S. S. (2006). Polycystic ovary syndrome and mental health: a review. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 61(11), 723-732.
20. Kamenov, Z., & Gateva, A. (2020). Inositols in PCOS. Molecules, 25(23), 5566.
21. Kriedt, K. J., Alchami, A., & Davies, M. C. (2019). PCOS: diagnosis and management of related infertility. Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, 29(1), 1-5.
22. Kyrou, I., Weickert, M. O., & Randeva, H. S. (2015). Diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Endocrinology and diabetes: Case studies, questions and commentaries, 99-113.
23. Lau, G. M., Elghobashy, M., Thanki, M., Ibegbulam, S., Latthe, P., Gillett, C. D., ... & PCOS SEva Working Group. (2022). A systematic review of lived experiences of people with polycystic ovary syndrome highlights the need for holistic care and co-creation of educational resources. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 1064937.
24. Livadas, S., & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2013). Polycystic ovary syndrome: definitions, phenotypes and diagnostic approach. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 40, 1-21.
25. Kerchner, A., Lester, W., Stuart, S. P., & Dokras, A. (2009). Risk of depression and other mental health disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal study. Fertility and sterility, 91(1), 207-212.
26. Khmil, M., Khmil, S., & Marushchak, M. (2020). Hormone imbalance in women with infertility caused by polycystic ovary syndrome: is there a connection with body mass index?. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(B), 731-737.
27. Maizes, V., Rakel, D., & Niemiec, C. (2009). Integrative medicine and patient-centered care. Explore, 5(5), 277-289.
28. Malik, M., Latif, F., & Hussain, A. (2020). Health related quality of life and depression among women with poly cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Pakistan. British Journal of Medical and Health Research, 7(12), 28-43.
29. Morgante, G., Massaro, M. G., Di Sabatino, A., Cappelli, V., & De Leo, V. (2018). Therapeutic approach for metabolic disorders and infertility in women with PCOS. Gynecological Endocrinology, 34(1), 4-9.
30. Naqvi, S. M. A. S., Bhattarai, J. B., Li, H., & Wang, X. W. (2019). Polycystic ovarian Syndrome and female infertility. Yangtze Medicine, 4(1), 11-27.
31. Öztürk, R., Herbell, K., Morton, J., & Bloom, T. (2021). "The worst time of my life": Treatment‐related stress and unmet needs of women living with infertility. Journal of community psychology, 49(5), 1121-1133.
32. Papadakis, G., Kandaraki, E. A., Garidou, A., Koutsaki, M., Papalou, O., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., & Peppa, M. (2021). Tailoring treatment for PCOS phenotypes. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 16(1), 9-18.
33. Papalou, O., & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2017). The role of stress in PCOS. Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism, 12(1), 87-95.
34. Podfigurna-Stopa, A., Luisi, S., Regini, C., Katulski, K., Centini, G., Meczekalski, B., & Petraglia, F. (2015). Mood disorders and quality of life in polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological endocrinology, 31(6), 431-434.
35. Regidor, P. A., de la Rosa, X., Müller, A., Mayr, M., Gonzalez Santos, F., Gracia Banzo, R., & Rizo, J. M. (2022). PCOS: A chronic disease that fails to produce adequately specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). Biomedicines, 10(2), 456.
36. Salajegheh, Z., Ahmadi, A., Shahrahmani, H., Jahani, Y., Alidousti, K., Nasiri Amiri, F., & Salari, Z. (2023). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) effects on the worries of women with poly cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). BMC psychiatry, 23(1), 1-8.
37. Stefanaki, C., Bacopoulou, F., Livadas, S., Kandaraki, A., Karachalios, A., Chrousos, G. P., & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2015). Impact of a mindfulness stress management program on stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Stress, 18(1), 57-66.
38. Tay, C. T., Moran, L. J., Wijeyaratne, C. N., Redman, L. M., Norman, R. J., Teede, H. J., & Joham, A. E. (2018, January). Integrated model of care for polycystic ovary syndrome. In Seminars in Reproductive Medicine (Vol. 36, No. 01, pp. 086-094). Thieme Medical Publishers.
39. Teede, H., Deeks, A., & Moran, L. (2010). Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive, and metabolic manifestations that impacts health across the lifespan. BMC medicine, 8(1), 1-10.
40. Thompson, M. J., Suchsland, M. Z., Hardy, V., Lavallee, D. C., Lord, S., Devine, E. B., ... &
41. Teede, H. J., Tay, C. T., Laven, J. J., Dokras, A., Moran, L. J., Piltonen, T. T., ... & Joham, A. E. (2023). Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. European journal of endocrinology, 189(2), G43-G64.
42. van Hooff, M. H., Voorhorst, F. J., Kaptein, M. B., Hirasing, R. A., Koppenaal, C., & Schoemaker, J. (2000). Polycystic ovaries in adolescents and the relationship with menstrual cycle patterns, luteinizing hormone, androgens, and insulin. Fertility and sterility, 74(1), 49-58.
43. Weiner, C. L., Primeau, M., & Ehrmann, D. A. (2004). Androgens and mood dysfunction in women: comparison of women with polycystic ovarian Syndrome to healthy controls. Psychosomatic medicine, 66(3), 356-362.
44. Wekker, V., Van Dammen, L., Koning, A., Heida, K. Y., Painter, R. C., Limpens, J., ... & Hoek, A. (2020). Long-term cardiometabolic disease risk in women with PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 26(6), 942-960.
45. Woodward, A., Broom, D., Harrop, D., Lahart, I., Carter, A., Dalton, C., ... & Klonizakis, M. (2019). The effects of physical exercise on cardiometabolic outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome not taking the oral contraceptive pill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 18, 597-612.
46. Yokota, R., Okuhara, T., Okada, H., Goto, E., Sakakibara, K., & Kiuchi, T. (2022, July). Association between stigma and anxiety, depression, and psychological distress among Japanese women undergoing infertility treatment. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 1300). MDPI.
47. Zaikova, A. V. (2021). " Betrayed by My Body": The Views of Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome on Their Experiences in Their Intimate Partner Relationships (Doctoral dissertation, Adler University).
48. Zehravi, M., Maqbool, M., & Ara, I. (2021). Depression and anxiety in women with polycystic ovarian Syndrome: a literature survey. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 33(6), 367-373.
2. Azziz, R., Carmina, E., Chen, Z., Dunaif, A., Laven, J. S., Legro, R. S., ... & Yildiz, B. O. (2016). Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nature reviews Disease primers, 2(1), 1-18.
3. Badawy, A., & Elnashar, A. (2011). Treatment options for polycystic ovary syndrome. International journal of women's health, 25-35.
4. Barnard, L., Ferriday, D., Guenther, N., Strauss, B., Balen, A. H., & Dye, L. (2007). Quality of life and psychological well being in polycystic ovary syndrome. Human reproduction, 22(8), 2279-2286.
5. Barry, J. A., & Barry, J. A. (2019). Treatments for Improving Psychological Health in PCOS. Psychological Aspects of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 191-224.
6. Behboodi Moghadam, Z., Fereidooni, B., Saffari, M., & Montazeri, A. (2018). Measures of health-related quality of life in PCOS women: a systematic review. International journal of women's health, 397-408.
7. Boivin, M. J., Fatehi, F., Phillips-Chan, A. E., Richardson, J. R., Summers, A. N., & Foley, S. A. (2020). Exploratory study of a screening measure for polycystic ovarian Syndrome, quality of life assessment, and neuropsychological evaluation. BMC Women's Health, 20, 1-12.
8. Buriro, S. A., Mirjat, M. A., Pathan, R. L., Chandio, I., Lashari, A. A., & Gul, H. (2023). Eco-Friendly Pedagogies for STEM Education: A Review. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture, 34, 3018-3044.
9. Buriro, S. A., Muhammad, S., Rtd, M. M. P., Channar, H. B., Memon, S. A., & Chandio, I. (2023). Analysis of infectious communicable and non-communicable diseases in Pakistan: A systematic review. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(18), 2207-2217.
10. Bossuyt, P. M. (2023). Patient-centred outcomes of imaging tests: recommendations for patients, clinicians and researchers. BMJ quality & safety, 32(9), 536-545.
11. Çoban, Ö. G., Tulacı, Ö. D., Adanır, A. S., & Önder, A. (2019). Psychiatric disorders, self-esteem, and quality of life in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 32(6), 600-604.
12. Condorelli, R. A., Calogero, A. E., Di Mauro, M., & La Vignera, S. (2017). PCOS and diabetes mellitus: from insulin resistance to altered beta pancreatic function, a link in evolution. Gynecological Endocrinology, 33(9), 665-667.
13. Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., & Dunaif, A. (2012). Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocrine reviews, 33(6), 981-1030.
14. Ee, C., Pirotta, S., Mousa, A., Moran, L., & Lim, S. (2021). Providing lifestyle advice to women with PCOS: an overview of practical issues affecting success. BMC endocrine disorders.
15. Farkas, J., Rigó, A., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Psychological aspects of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological Endocrinology, 30(2), 95-99.
16. Hashim, H. A. (2016). Twenty years of ovulation induction with metformin for PCOS; what is the best available evidence?. Reproductive biomedicine online, 32(1), 44-53.
17. Hart, R. (2008). PCOS and infertility. Panminerva medica, 50(4), 305-314.
18. Holton, S., Hammarberg, K., & Johnson, L. (2018). Fertility concerns and related information needs and preferences of women with PCOS. Human reproduction open, 2018(4), hoy019.
19. Himelein, M. J., & Thatcher, S. S. (2006). Polycystic ovary syndrome and mental health: a review. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 61(11), 723-732.
20. Kamenov, Z., & Gateva, A. (2020). Inositols in PCOS. Molecules, 25(23), 5566.
21. Kriedt, K. J., Alchami, A., & Davies, M. C. (2019). PCOS: diagnosis and management of related infertility. Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, 29(1), 1-5.
22. Kyrou, I., Weickert, M. O., & Randeva, H. S. (2015). Diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Endocrinology and diabetes: Case studies, questions and commentaries, 99-113.
23. Lau, G. M., Elghobashy, M., Thanki, M., Ibegbulam, S., Latthe, P., Gillett, C. D., ... & PCOS SEva Working Group. (2022). A systematic review of lived experiences of people with polycystic ovary syndrome highlights the need for holistic care and co-creation of educational resources. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 1064937.
24. Livadas, S., & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2013). Polycystic ovary syndrome: definitions, phenotypes and diagnostic approach. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 40, 1-21.
25. Kerchner, A., Lester, W., Stuart, S. P., & Dokras, A. (2009). Risk of depression and other mental health disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal study. Fertility and sterility, 91(1), 207-212.
26. Khmil, M., Khmil, S., & Marushchak, M. (2020). Hormone imbalance in women with infertility caused by polycystic ovary syndrome: is there a connection with body mass index?. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(B), 731-737.
27. Maizes, V., Rakel, D., & Niemiec, C. (2009). Integrative medicine and patient-centered care. Explore, 5(5), 277-289.
28. Malik, M., Latif, F., & Hussain, A. (2020). Health related quality of life and depression among women with poly cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Pakistan. British Journal of Medical and Health Research, 7(12), 28-43.
29. Morgante, G., Massaro, M. G., Di Sabatino, A., Cappelli, V., & De Leo, V. (2018). Therapeutic approach for metabolic disorders and infertility in women with PCOS. Gynecological Endocrinology, 34(1), 4-9.
30. Naqvi, S. M. A. S., Bhattarai, J. B., Li, H., & Wang, X. W. (2019). Polycystic ovarian Syndrome and female infertility. Yangtze Medicine, 4(1), 11-27.
31. Öztürk, R., Herbell, K., Morton, J., & Bloom, T. (2021). "The worst time of my life": Treatment‐related stress and unmet needs of women living with infertility. Journal of community psychology, 49(5), 1121-1133.
32. Papadakis, G., Kandaraki, E. A., Garidou, A., Koutsaki, M., Papalou, O., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., & Peppa, M. (2021). Tailoring treatment for PCOS phenotypes. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 16(1), 9-18.
33. Papalou, O., & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2017). The role of stress in PCOS. Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism, 12(1), 87-95.
34. Podfigurna-Stopa, A., Luisi, S., Regini, C., Katulski, K., Centini, G., Meczekalski, B., & Petraglia, F. (2015). Mood disorders and quality of life in polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological endocrinology, 31(6), 431-434.
35. Regidor, P. A., de la Rosa, X., Müller, A., Mayr, M., Gonzalez Santos, F., Gracia Banzo, R., & Rizo, J. M. (2022). PCOS: A chronic disease that fails to produce adequately specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). Biomedicines, 10(2), 456.
36. Salajegheh, Z., Ahmadi, A., Shahrahmani, H., Jahani, Y., Alidousti, K., Nasiri Amiri, F., & Salari, Z. (2023). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) effects on the worries of women with poly cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). BMC psychiatry, 23(1), 1-8.
37. Stefanaki, C., Bacopoulou, F., Livadas, S., Kandaraki, A., Karachalios, A., Chrousos, G. P., & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2015). Impact of a mindfulness stress management program on stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Stress, 18(1), 57-66.
38. Tay, C. T., Moran, L. J., Wijeyaratne, C. N., Redman, L. M., Norman, R. J., Teede, H. J., & Joham, A. E. (2018, January). Integrated model of care for polycystic ovary syndrome. In Seminars in Reproductive Medicine (Vol. 36, No. 01, pp. 086-094). Thieme Medical Publishers.
39. Teede, H., Deeks, A., & Moran, L. (2010). Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive, and metabolic manifestations that impacts health across the lifespan. BMC medicine, 8(1), 1-10.
40. Thompson, M. J., Suchsland, M. Z., Hardy, V., Lavallee, D. C., Lord, S., Devine, E. B., ... &
41. Teede, H. J., Tay, C. T., Laven, J. J., Dokras, A., Moran, L. J., Piltonen, T. T., ... & Joham, A. E. (2023). Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. European journal of endocrinology, 189(2), G43-G64.
42. van Hooff, M. H., Voorhorst, F. J., Kaptein, M. B., Hirasing, R. A., Koppenaal, C., & Schoemaker, J. (2000). Polycystic ovaries in adolescents and the relationship with menstrual cycle patterns, luteinizing hormone, androgens, and insulin. Fertility and sterility, 74(1), 49-58.
43. Weiner, C. L., Primeau, M., & Ehrmann, D. A. (2004). Androgens and mood dysfunction in women: comparison of women with polycystic ovarian Syndrome to healthy controls. Psychosomatic medicine, 66(3), 356-362.
44. Wekker, V., Van Dammen, L., Koning, A., Heida, K. Y., Painter, R. C., Limpens, J., ... & Hoek, A. (2020). Long-term cardiometabolic disease risk in women with PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 26(6), 942-960.
45. Woodward, A., Broom, D., Harrop, D., Lahart, I., Carter, A., Dalton, C., ... & Klonizakis, M. (2019). The effects of physical exercise on cardiometabolic outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome not taking the oral contraceptive pill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 18, 597-612.
46. Yokota, R., Okuhara, T., Okada, H., Goto, E., Sakakibara, K., & Kiuchi, T. (2022, July). Association between stigma and anxiety, depression, and psychological distress among Japanese women undergoing infertility treatment. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 1300). MDPI.
47. Zaikova, A. V. (2021). " Betrayed by My Body": The Views of Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome on Their Experiences in Their Intimate Partner Relationships (Doctoral dissertation, Adler University).
48. Zehravi, M., Maqbool, M., & Ara, I. (2021). Depression and anxiety in women with polycystic ovarian Syndrome: a literature survey. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 33(6), 367-373.
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Dec 11, 2023
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Saeeda Anjum Buriro, Shakeel Ahmed Memon, Zafar Iqbal, Irshad Chandio, Husan Bano Channar, & Dharti Shahnawaz Thebo. (2023). ANALYSIS OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND PERCEIVED STRESS IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(19), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i19.3668
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Author Biographies
Saeeda Anjum Buriro
Ph.D Scholar, University of Sindh Jamshoro
Shakeel Ahmed Memon
Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Government College University Hyderabad, Sindh Pakistan
Zafar Iqbal
Associate Professor and Principal Jinnah College of Nursing Sohail University Karachi Sindh Pakistan
Irshad Chandio
Ph.D Scholar, University of Sindh Jamshoro
Husan Bano Channar
Assistant Professor Peoples’ Nursing School, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences Jamshoro
Dharti Shahnawaz Thebo
Ph.D Scholar, University of Sindh Jamshoro