Antioxidant Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles with Chlorhexidine- An In vitro Study
Main Article Content
Keywords
Endodontic Irrigants, Root Canal Treatment,Chitosan, Chitosan nanoparticles , Natural Irrigant, Anti oxidant, free radical species, oxidative stress
Abstract
Introduction: Oxygen, an essential ingredient for life, has the ability to both enhance and degrade physical health. The deadly effects of oxygen were unknown until Gershman's free radical hypothesis of oxygen toxicity was published in 1954.OS and RNS are widely known for serving a dual function as both harmful and beneficial species.ROS are extremely reactive molecules produced by the metabolism of oxygen.During oxidative stress, ROS levels rise dramatically, causing severe damage to cell components. ROS are cytotoxic and have been linked to the pathogenesis of a number of human disorders.Chitosan has been shown to effectively scavenge various types of radical species, indicating a broad range of uses.
Materials and Methods: The chitosan was obtained and plain chitosan with chlorhexidine, chitosan nanoparticles with chlorhexidine was prepared.To measure the antioxidant activity 10 μL-50μL ( increasing the quantity by 10μL) of the nanoparticles were added to five separate test tubes. To every test tube, DPPH of 1ml quantity was added. Next, a 50% methanol solution containing 10 μL-50μL (increasing the quantity by 10μL) chitosan solution was added to the five test tubes containing chitosan solution respectively and % of inhibition was calculated
Results: Nanochitosan with chlorhexidine shows higher anti-oxidant activity when compared to plain chitosan.Its activity increases with increase in dosage.Antioxidant activity of chitosan nanoparticles and plain chitosan exhibit a pattern of increasing activity with increasing concentration, with the highest percentage of inhibition observed at a concentration of 50 μl. The antioxidant activity of the nanoparticles also increases as the dosage increases.
Conclusion: The use of this novel irrigant in the field of endodontics would reduce the postoperative pain and overall improve the experience of the patients undergoing endodontic treatment in the future.
References
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2. Tučkutė S, Pranevičius L, Pranevičius L, Urbonavičius M. On the Oxygen Transport Mechanism in Titanium Thin Films under Irradiation by Molecular Water Ions [Internet]. Vol. 19, Materials Science. 2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.1.3822
3. Stone B. Free Radicals: The Role of Antioxidants and Pro-Oxidants in Cancer Development. 2014. 185 p.
4. Rivas-Domínguez A, Pastor N, Martínez-López L, Colón-Pérez J, Bermúdez B, Orta ML. The Role of DNA Damage Response in Dysbiosis-Induced Colorectal Cancer. Cells [Internet]. 2021 Jul 29;10(8). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10081934
5. J LTH, Hercogova J LT. New Therapeutic Opportunities in Dermatology: Low Dose Cytokines Treatment for Vitiligo [Internet]. Vol. s3, Journal of Pigmentary Disorders. 2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2376-0427.s3-001
6. Nagendrappa G. An appreciation of free radical chemistry 3. Free radicals in diseases and health [Internet]. Vol. 10, Resonance. 2005. p. 65–74. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02834649
7. Vallyathan V, Shi X. The Role of Oxygen Free Radicals in Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases [Internet]. Vol. 105, Environmental Health Perspectives. 1997. p. 165. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3433405
8. Murugaboopathy V, Saravankumar R, Mangaiyarkarasi R, Kengadaran S, Samuel SR, Rajeshkumar S. Efficacy of marine algal extracts against oral pathogens - A systematic review. Indian J Dent Res. 2021 Oct-Dec;32(4):524–7.
9. Chapple ILC. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases [Internet]. Vol. 24, Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1997. p. 287–96. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.1997.tb00760.x
10. Reactive Oxygen Species and Programmed Cell Death [Internet]. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Higher Plants. 2010. p. 81–94. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439854082-8
11. Nishanthine C, Miglani R, R I, Poorni S, Srinivasan MR, Robaian A, et al. Evaluation of Fluoride Release in Chitosan-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements. Int Dent J. 2022 Dec;72(6):785–91.
12. Pandiyan I, Sri SD, Indiran MA, Rathinavelu PK, Prabakar J, Rajeshkumar S. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity of -mediated selenium nanoparticles: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2022 Jun 13;25(3):241–5.
13. Ramamurthy S, Thiagarajan K, Varghese S, Kumar R, Karthick BP, Varadarajan S, et al. Assessing the Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Crude Extract. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2022 Apr 1;23(4):437–42.
14. Janani K, Teja KV, Ajitha P. Cytotoxicity of oregano essential oil and calcium hydroxide on L929 fibroblast cell: A molecular level study. J Conserv Dent. 2021 Sep-Oct;24(5):457–63.
15. From Reactive Oxygen Species to Reactive Brominating Species: Fenton Chemistry for Oxidative Bromination [Internet]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01709.s001
16. Kong H, Chandel NS. Reactive oxygen species and cancer [Internet]. Oxidative Stress. 2020. p. 619–37. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818606-0.00030-4
17. Kamath KA, Nasim I, Rajeshkumar S. Evaluation of the re-mineralization capacity of a gold nanoparticle-based dental varnish: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2020 Jul-Aug;23(4):390–4.
18. Website [Internet]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351419001_Ecofriendly_Synthesis_Characterisation_and_Antibacterial_Activity_Of_Curcumin_Mediated_Silver_Nanoparticles
19. Cristiana F, Elena A. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Living Cells. BoD – Books on Demand; 2018. 218 p.
20. Schmidt HHH, Ghezzi P, Cuadrado A. Reactive Oxygen Species: Network Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications. Springer Nature; 2021. 425 p.
21. Ahmad SI. Reactive Oxygen Species in Biology and Human Health. CRC Press; 2017. 543 p.
22. Patlevič P, Vašková J, Švorc P, Vaško L, Švorc P. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense in human gastrointestinal diseases [Internet]. Vol. 5, Integrative Medicine Research. 2016. p. 250–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2016.07.004
23. Madkour LH. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms. Academic Press; 2020. 780 p.
24. Gowder SJT. Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress. BoD – Books on Demand; 2015. 330 p.
25. Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense [Internet]. Vol. 5, World Allergy Organization Journal. 2012. p. 9–19. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wox.0b013e3182439613
26. Sahiner UM, Birben E, Erzurum S, Sackesen C, Kalayci O. Oxidative Stress in Asthma [Internet]. Vol. 4, World Allergy Organization Journal. 2011. p. 151–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wox.0b013e318232389e
27. Bhattacharyya A, Chattopadhyay R, Mitra S, Crowe SE. Oxidative Stress: An Essential Factor in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Diseases [Internet]. Vol. 94, Physiological Reviews. 2014. p. 329–54. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00040.2012
28. Pittayapruek P, Meephansan J, Prapapan O, Komine M, Ohtsuki M. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Photoaging and Photocarcinogenesis [Internet]. Vol. 17, International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016. p. 868. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17060868
29. Hosoda S, Meephansan J, Karakawa M, Oshio T, Tsuda H, Komine M, et al. Retinoids regulates the production of matrix metalloproteinases in the human epidermal keratinocyte cell line HaCaT [Internet]. Vol. 69, Journal of Dermatological Science. 2013. p. e24. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.11.372
30. Yoo SJ, Go E, Kim YE, Lee S, Kwon J. Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis [Internet]. Vol. 23, Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2016. p. 340. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4078/jrd.2016.23.6.340
31. Mirshafiey A, Mohsenzadegan M. The role of reactive oxygen species in immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008 Dec;7(4):195–202.
32. Aranaz I, Mengibar M, Harris R, Panos I, Miralles B, Acosta N, et al. Functional Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan [Internet]. Vol. 3, Current Chemical Biology. 2009. p. 203–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187231309788166415
33. Aranaz I, Mengibar M, Harris R, Miralles B, Acosta N, Calderon L, et al. Role of Physicochemical Properties of Chitin and Chitosan on their Functionality [Internet]. Vol. 8, Current Chemical Biology. 2014. p. 27–42. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/221279680801141112095704
34. El-Naggar MM, Abou-Elmagd WSI, Suloma A, El-Shabaka HA, Khalil MT, Abd El-Rahman FA. Optimization and Physicochemical Characterization of Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles Extracted from the Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Wastes [Internet]. Vol. 38, Journal of Shellfish Research. 2019. p. 385. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.038.0220
35. Samar MM, Mahdy Samar M, El-Kalyoubi MH, Khalaf MM, Abd El-Razik MM. Physicochemical, functional, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of chitosan extracted from shrimp wastes by microwave technique [Internet]. Vol. 58, Annals of Agricultural Sciences. 2013. p. 33–41. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2013.01.006
36. Harding D, Sashiwa H. Advances in Marine Chitin and Chitosan. MDPI; 2018. 485 p.
37. Hajji S, Younes I, Rinaudo M, Jellouli K, Nasri M. Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Chitosans Extracted from Three Different Marine Sources [Internet]. Vol. 177, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2015. p. 18–35. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-015-1724-x
38. Younes I, Hajji S, Frachet V, Rinaudo M, Jellouli K, Nasri M. Chitin extraction from shrimp shell using enzymatic treatment. Antitumor, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of chitosan [Internet]. Vol. 69, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2014. p. 489–98. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.013
39. Nandakumar M, Nasim I. Effect of intracanal cryotreated sodium hypochlorite on postoperative pain after root canal treatment - A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Conserv Dent. 2020 Nov 5;23(2):131–6.
40. Chang SH, Wu CH, Tsai GJ. Effects of chitosan molecular weight on its antioxidant and antimutagenic properties [Internet]. Vol. 181, Carbohydrate Polymers. 2018. p. 1026–32. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.047
41. Chang SH, Lin HTV, Wu GJ, Tsai GJ. pH Effects on solubility, zeta potential, and correlation between antibacterial activity and molecular weight of chitosan [Internet]. Vol. 134, Carbohydrate Polymers. 2015. p. 74–81. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.072
42. Božič M, Gorgieva S, Kokol V. Laccase-mediated functionalization of chitosan by caffeic and gallic acids for modulating antioxidant and antimicrobial properties [Internet]. Vol. 87, Carbohydrate Polymers. 2012. p. 2388–98. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.006
43. Lišková J, Douglas TEL, Beranová J, Skwarczyńska A, Božič M, Samal SK, et al. Chitosan hydrogels enriched with polyphenols: Antibacterial activity, cell adhesion and growth and mineralization [Internet]. Vol. 129, Carbohydrate Polymers. 2015. p. 135–42. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.043
44. Sousa F, Guebitz GM, Kokol V. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan enzymatically functionalized with flavonoids [Internet]. Vol. 44, Process Biochemistry. 2009. p. 749–56. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2009.03.009
45. Xie W, Xu P, Liu Q. Antioxidant activity of water-soluble chitosan derivatives [Internet]. Vol. 11, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2001. p. 1699–701. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00285-2
46. Jose J, Palanivelu A, Subbaiyan H. Cytotoxicity evaluation of calcium hypochlorite and other commonly used root canal irrigants against human gingival fibroblast cells: An in vitro evaluation. Dent Med Probl. 2021 Jan-Mar;58(1):31–7.
47. Rajendran R, Nair KR, Sandhya R, Ashik PM, Veedu RP, Saleem S. Evaluation of remineralization potential and cytotoxicity of a novel strontium-doped nanohydroxyapatite paste: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2020 Jul-Aug;23(4):330–6.
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Jun 6, 2023
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Anjali Sankar, Sindhu Ramesh, S.Rajeshkumar, & Nishitha Arun. (2023). Antioxidant Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles with Chlorhexidine- An In vitro Study. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.005
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