Anti Inflammatory Activity Of Chitosan Nanoparticles With Chlorhexidine- An Invitro Study
Main Article Content
Keywords
Endodontic Irrigants, Root Canal Treatment,Chitosan, Chitosan nanoparticles , Natural Irrigant, Anti inflammatory
Abstract
Introduction: One of the primary goals of root canal therapy is to relieve the discomfort associated with permanently injured pulps. Root canal therapy is the sole option for saving a tooth with irreversible pulpitis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications can be used to treat inflammation (NSAIDs).All NSAIDs have the potential to induce severe adverse effects such as stomach ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, renal failure, heart attacks, and strokes.The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan nanoparticles with chlorhexidine.
Materials and Methods: The chitosan was obtained and plain chitosan with chlorhexidine, chitosan nanoparticles with chlorhexidine was prepared. The anti-inflammatory activity for Chitosan nanoparticles was tested by the following convention proposed by Muzushima and Kabayashi. Diclofenac Sodium was used as the standard.DMSO is used as a control. Percentage of protein denaturation was determined.
Results: Anti-inflammatory activity of plain chitosan and nano chitosan showed an incremental pattern with increase in concentration, where the percentage of inhibition is high at 50μl. Its activity increases with increase in dosage. Nanochitosan with chlorhexidine shows higher anti-inflammatory activity when compared to plain chitosan.
Conclusion: The use of this novel irrigant in the field of endodontics would reduce the postoperative pain, the use of NSAID’s and overall improve the experience of the patients undergoing endodontic treatment in the future.
References
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2. Patel B. Endodontic Diagnosis, Pathology, and Treatment Planning: Mastering Clinical Practice. Springer; 2015. 315 p.
3. Kamath KA, Nasim I, Rajeshkumar S. Evaluation of the re-mineralization capacity of a gold nanoparticle-based dental varnish: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2020 Jul-Aug;23(4):390–4.
4. Murugaboopathy V, Saravankumar R, Mangaiyarkarasi R, Kengadaran S, Samuel SR, Rajeshkumar S. Efficacy of marine algal extracts against oral pathogens - A systematic review. Indian J Dent Res. 2021 Oct-Dec;32(4):524–7.
5. NSAID, rofecoxib NSAID, ibuprofen NSAID, diclofenacNSAID’s getemd? [Internet]. Vol. 38, MFM. 2000. p. 228–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03057625
6. Waldfogel J. Selecting an NSAID [Internet]. Pain. 2022. p. 71–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197542873.003.0009
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8. Kumar M, Singla R, Gill GS, Kalra T, Jain N. Evaluating Combined Effect of Oral Premedication with Ibuprofen and Dexamethasone on Success of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Mandibular Molars with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. J Endod. 2021 May;47(5):705–10.
9. Al-Rawhani AH, Gawdat SI, Wanees Amin SA. Effect of Diclofenac Potassium Premedication on Postendodontic Pain in Mandibular Molars with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Trial. J Endod. 2020 Aug;46(8):1023–31.
10. Stamos A, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Fowler S, Beck M. An Evaluation of Ibuprofen Versus Ibuprofen/Acetaminophen for Postoperative Endodontic Pain in Patients With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis and Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis. Anesth Prog. 2019 Winter;66(4):192–201.
11. Nishanthine C, Miglani R, R I, Poorni S, Srinivasan MR, Robaian A, et al. Evaluation of Fluoride Release in Chitosan-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements. Int Dent J. 2022 Dec;72(6):785–91.
12. Pandiyan I, Sri SD, Indiran MA, Rathinavelu PK, Prabakar J, Rajeshkumar S. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity of -mediated selenium nanoparticles: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2022 Jun 13;25(3):241–5.
13. Ramamurthy S, Thiagarajan K, Varghese S, Kumar R, Karthick BP, Varadarajan S, et al. Assessing the Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Crude Extract. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2022 Apr 1;23(4):437–42.
14. Janani K, Teja KV, Ajitha P. Cytotoxicity of oregano essential oil and calcium hydroxide on L929 fibroblast cell: A molecular level study. J Conserv Dent. 2021 Sep-Oct;24(5):457–63.
15. Aksoy F, Ege B. The effect of pretreatment submucosal injections of tramadol and dexamethasone on post-endodontic pain in mandibular molar teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int Endod J. 2020 Feb;53(2):176–85. 16. Attar S, Bowles WR, Baisden MK, Hodges JS, McClanahan SB. Evaluation of pretreatment analgesia and endodontic treatment for postoperative endodontic pain. J Endod. 2008 Jun;34(6):652–5.
17. Rosenberg PA. Endodontic Pain: Diagnosis, Causes, Prevention and Treatment. Springer; 2014. 183 p.
18. Parirokh M, Yosefi MH, Nakhaee N, Manochehrifar H, Abbott PV, Reza Forghani F. Effect of bupivacaine on postoperative pain for inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia after single-visit root canal treatment in teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2012 Aug;38(8):1035–9.
19. Fedorowicz Z, Nasser M, Sequeira-Byron P, de Souza RF, Carter B, Heft M. Irrigants for non-surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD008948.
20. Basrani B. Endodontic Irrigation: Chemical disinfection of the root canal system. Springer; 2015. 316 p.
21. Website [Internet]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351419001_Ecofriendly_Synthesis_Characterisation_and_Antibacterial_Activity_Of_Curcumin_Mediated_Silver_Nanoparticles
22. Website [Internet]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351419001_Ecofriendly_Synthesis_Characterisation_and_Antibacterial_Activity_Of_Curcumin_Mediated_Silver_Nanoparticles
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24. Davydova VN, Kalitnik AA, Markov PA, Volod’ko AV, Popov SV, Ermak IM. [Cytokine-inducing and anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan and its low-molecular derivative]. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 2016 Sep;52(5):460–6.
25. Berrada M. Chitin and Chitosan: Physicochemical Properties and Industrial Applications. BoD – Books on Demand; 2021. 290 p.
26. Friedman AJ, Phan J, Schairer DO, Champer J, Qin M, Pirouz A, et al. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan-alginate nanoparticles: a targeted therapy for cutaneous pathogens. J Invest Dermatol. 2013 May;133(5):1231–9.
27. Oliveira MI, Santos SG, Oliveira MJ, Torres AL, Barbosa MA. Chitosan drives anti-inflammatory macrophage polarisation and pro-inflammatory dendritic cell stimulation. Eur Cell Mater. 2012 Jul 24;24:136–52; discussion 152–3.
28. Chung MJ, Park JK, Park YI. Anti-inflammatory effects of low-molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharides in IgE–antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells and asthma model mice [Internet]. Vol. 12, International Immunopharmacology. 2012. p. 453–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.027
29. Li Y, Liu H, Xu QS, Du YG, Xu J. Chitosan oligosaccharides block LPS-induced O-GlcNAcylation of NF-κB and endothelial inflammatory response. Carbohydr Polym. 2014 Jan;99:568–78.
30. Ma P, Liu HT, Wei P, Xu QS, Bai XF, Du YG, et al. Chitosan oligosaccharides inhibit LPS-induced over-expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 macrophage cells through blockade of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways [Internet]. Vol. 84, Carbohydrate Polymers. 2011. p. 1391–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.045
31. Yang EJ, Kim JG, Kim JY, Kim S, Lee N, Hyun CG. Anti-inflammatory effect of chitosan oligosaccharides in RAW 264.7 cells [Internet]. Vol. 5, Open Life Sciences. 2010. p. 95–102. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-009-0066-5
32. Jose J, Palanivelu A, Subbaiyan H. Cytotoxicity evaluation of calcium hypochlorite and other commonly used root canal irrigants against human gingival fibroblast cells: An in vitro evaluation. Dent Med Probl. 2021 Jan-Mar;58(1):31–7.
33. Li Y, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Mei Y. Anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse osteoarthritis model of a mixture of glucosamine and chitooligosaccharides produced by bi-enzyme single-step hydrolysis [Internet]. Vol. 8, Scientific Reports. 2018. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24050-6
34. Nandakumar M, Nasim I. Effect of intracanal cryotreated sodium hypochlorite on postoperative pain after root canal treatment - A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Conserv Dent. 2020 Nov 5;23(2):131–6.
35. Nandakumar M, Nasim I. Effect of intracanal cryotreated sodium hypochlorite on postoperative pain after root canal treatment - A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Conserv Dent. 2020 Nov 5;23(2):131–6.
36. Rajendran R, Nair KR, Sandhya R, Ashik PM, Veedu RP, Saleem S. Evaluation of remineralization potential and cytotoxicity of a novel strontium-doped nanohydroxyapatite paste: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2020 Jul-Aug;23(4):330–6.
37. Sairaman S, Nivedhitha MS, Shrivastava D, Al Onazi MA, Algarni HA, Mustafa M, et al. Biocompatibility and antioxidant activity of a novel carrageenan based injectable hydrogel scaffold incorporated with Cissus quadrangularis: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health. 2022 Sep 5;22(1):377.
38. Neelakantan P, Grotra D, Sharma S. Retreatability of 2 mineral trioxide aggregate-based root canal sealers: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis. J Endod. 2013 Jul;39(7):893–6.
39. Aldhuwayhi S, Mallineni SK, Sakhamuri S, Thakare AA, Mallineni S, Sajja R, et al. Covid-19 Knowledge and Perceptions Among Dental Specialists: A Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire Survey. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021 Jul 7;14:2851–61.
40. Sheriff KAH, Ahmed Hilal Sheriff K, Santhanam A. Knowledge and Awareness towards Oral Biopsy among Students of Saveetha Dental College [Internet]. Vol. 11, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018. p. 543. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00101.4
41. Markov A, Thangavelu L, Aravindhan S, Zekiy AO, Jarahian M, Chartrand MS, et al. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a valuable source for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021 Mar 18;12(1):192.
42. Jayaraj G, Ramani P, Herald J. Sherlin, Premkumar P, Anuja N. Inter-observer agreement in grading oral epithelial dysplasia – A systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 27, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology. 2015. p. 112–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoms.2014.01.006
43. Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV, Raghunandhakumar S, Elumalai P. A novel COVID-19 and its effects on cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res. 2020 Jul;43(7):729–30.
44. Li Z, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Bolla SR, Lakshmanan H, Kumaran S, et al. Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway [Internet]. Vol. 203, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2020. p. 111773. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773
45. Gan H, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Zheng L, Xie X, Veeraraghavan VP, et al. Zingerone induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and prevents 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in experimental rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2019 Oct;33(10):e22387.
46. Dua K, Wadhwa R, Singhvi G, Rapalli V, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, et al. The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress. Drug Dev Res. 2019 Sep;80(6):714–30.
47. Mohan M, Jagannathan N. Oral field cancerization: an update on current concepts. Oncol Rev. 2014 Mar 17;8(1):244.
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Jun 6, 2023
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Anjali Sankar, Sindhu Ramesh, S.Rajeshkumar, & Nishitha Arun. (2023). Anti Inflammatory Activity Of Chitosan Nanoparticles With Chlorhexidine- An Invitro Study. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.004
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