Evaluation Of Antibacterial Efficacy Of Carica Papaya Leaf and Seed Extract Against Enterococcus faecalis
Main Article Content
Keywords
Carica papaya leaf extract, seed extract, calcium hydroxide, E.faecalis, disk diffusion, zone of inhibition, medical, health
Abstract
Introduction: Carica papaya is a well known medicinal plant. Its medicinal value is especially attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. Various parts of papaya are used as a cure for various diseases.
Aim: To determine the antimicrobial activity of papaya leaf and seed extract against endodontic pathogens.
Materials and Method: The antibacterial efficacy of C.papaya leaf and seed extract was determined using the zone of inhibition agar disk diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined using broth dilution method.
Results: E.faecalis showed sensitivity for Papaya leaf, seed extract and calcium hydroxide. The zone of inhibition was significantly greater for Papaya leaf extract when compared to papaya seed extract and calcium hydroxide at 25μg/mL, 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL (p<0.05). Both papaya leaf and seed showed the highest zone of inhibition at 100μg/mL. The test results showed potent effects of the Papaya leaf extract with MIC at 25μg/mL and For papaya seed extract MBC at 50μg/mL for E.faecalis.
Conclusion: Carica papaya leaf and seed showed prominent antibacterial efficacy against E.faecalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration of C.papaya leaf extract was 25μg/mL whereas for C.papaya seed extract was 50μg/mL. C.papaya leaf extract showed significant antibacterial efficacy against E.faecalis when compared to C.papaya seed extract and Calcium hydroxide. There was no significant difference in antibacterial efficacy between papaya seed extract and calcium hydroxide against E.faecalis.
References
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[Internet]. Vol. 4, International Research Journal Of Pharmacy. 2013. p. 101–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.04817
2. Sujith IL, Teja KV, Ramesh S. Assessment of irrigant flow and apical pressure in simulated canals of single-rooted teeth with different root canal tapers and apical preparation sizes: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2021 Jul-Aug;24(4):314–22.
3. Vasanthi V, Divya B, Ramadoss R, Deena P, Annasamy RK, Rajkumar K. Quantification of inflammatory, angiogenic, and fibrous components of reactive oral lesions with an insight into the pathogenesis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2022 Dec 22;26(4):600.
4. Rhodes JS. Advanced Endodontics: Clinical Retreatment and Surgery. CRC Press; 2005. 218 p.
5. S DPA, Solete P, Jeevanandan G, Syed AA, Almahdi S, Alzhrani M, et al. Effect of Various Irrigant Activation Methods and Its Penetration in the Apical Third of Root Canal-In Vitro Study. Eur J Dent. 2023 Feb;17(1):57–61.
6. Anjum V, Ansari SH, Naquvi KJ, Arora P. Physico-Chemical And Phytochemical Evaluation Of Carica Papaya Linn. Unripe Fruits [Internet]. Vol. 4, International Research Journal Of Pharmacy. 2013. p. 101–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.04817
7. Mello VJ, Gomes MTR, Lemos FO, Delfino JL, Andrade SP, Lopes MTP, et al. The gastric ulcer protective and healing role of cysteine proteinases from Carica candamarcensis [Internet]. Vol. 15, Phytomedicine. 2008. p. 237–44. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.06.004
8. Lopes HP, Elias CN, Vedovello GAF, Bueno CES, Mangelli M, Siqueira JF. Torsional Resistance of Retreatment Instruments [Internet]. Vol. 37, Journal of Endodontics. 2011. p. 1442–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.004
9. Endodontic retreatment—Case selection and technique. Part 2: Treatment planning for retreatment. J Endod. 1988 Dec 1;14(12):607–14.
10. Kim S. Color Atlas of Microsurgery in Endodontics. 2001. 200 p.
11. Teja KV, Kaligotla AV, Gummuluri S. Antibacterial Efficacy of Conventional Versus Herbal Products on Streptococcus mutans in Adult Population- a Systematic Review & Meta-analysis. BDS. 2020 Sep 30;23(4):18p – 18p.
12. Sagare SV, Chandra P, Kaur T, Ganorkar O, Khade A, Mehta SD. A comparative study of the efficacy of WaveOne and NeoEndo retreatment file system for the removal of Gutta percha from the root canal. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021 Nov;13(Suppl 2):S1682–5.
13. Hima Sandeep A, Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics,
Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences. Prevalence and associated factors of root canal treated mandibular anterior teeth with and without post endodontic crowns. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2019 Nov 30;87–91.
14. Phytochemical Screening, Chromatographic Studies and Antibacterial Activity of Carica Papaya Leaves Extracts [Internet]. Vol. 3, International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products. 2017. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-7999.0301002
15. Khayat B, Jouanny G. Microsurgical Endodontics. Quintessence Publishing (IL); 2019.
16. Ma J, Al-Ashaw AJ, Shen Y, Gao Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, et al. Efficacy of ProTaper Universal Rotary Retreatment system for gutta-percha removal from oval root canals: a micro-computed tomography study. J Endod. 2012 Nov;38(11):1516–20.
17. Indi S, Desai SR, Hambire A, Mustafa M, Almokhatieb AA, Abuelqomsan MAS, et al. Comparison of the Time Required by Six Different Retreatment Techniques for Retrieval of Gutta-Percha: An In Vitro Study [Internet]. European Journal of General Dentistry. 2022. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1750089
18. Siddique R, Nivedhitha MS, Ranjan M, Jacob B, Solete P. Comparison of antibacterial effectiveness of three rotary file system with different geometry in infected root canals before and after instrumentation-a double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. BDJ Open. 2020 Jun 8;6:8.
19. Harborne JB. The wealth of India, raw materials, volume 1a, revised edition: produced and published by the Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, Hillside Road, New Delhi, 110012, 1985. 512 pp. $47 [Internet]. Vol. 26, Phytochemistry. 1987. p. 2654–2654. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)83907-2
20. Jose J, Palanivelu A, Subbaiyan H. Cytotoxicity evaluation of calcium hypochlorite and other commonly used root canal irrigants against human gingival fibroblast cells: An in vitro evaluation. Dent Med Probl. 2021 Jan-Mar;58(1):31–7.
21. Teja KV, Kaligotla AV, Gummuluri S. Antibacterial Efficacy of Conventional Versus Herbal Products on Streptococcus mutans in Adult Population- a Systematic Review & Meta-analysis. BDS. 2020 Sep 30;23(4):18p – 18p.
22. Uma Maheswari TN, Chaithanya M, Rajeshkumar S. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of lycopene, raspberry, green tea herbal formulation mediated silver nanoparticle. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol. 2021;33(4):397.
23. Njoku PC, Akumefula MI. Phytochemical and Nutrient Evaluation of Spondias Mombin Leaves. Pak J Nutr. 2007 Jun 1;6(6):613–5.
24. Canini A, Alesiani D, D’Arcangelo G, Tagliatesta P. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of phenolic compounds from Carica papaya L. leaf [Internet]. Vol. 20, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2007. p. 584–90. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2007.03.009
25. Kulkarni S, Wahane K, Daokar S, Patil K, Patel K, Thorat T. An assessment of the efficacy of a rotary and a reciprocating retreatment file system for removal of gutta-percha from root canals: An in vitro cone-beam computed tomography study. Endodontology. 2021;33(1):20.
26. Azim AA, Wang HH, Tarrosh M, Azim KA, Piasecki L. Comparison between Single-file Rotary Systems: Part 1—Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects in Endodontic Retreatment [Internet]. Vol. 44, Journal of Endodontics. 2018. p. 1720–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.022
27. Sagare SV, Chandra P, Kaur T, Ganorkar O, Khade A, Mehta SD. A comparative study of the efficacy of WaveOne and NeoEndo retreatment file system for the removal of Gutta percha from the root canal. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021 Nov;13(Suppl 2):S1682–5.
28. Janani K, Teja KV, Ajitha P, Sandhya R. Evaluation of tissue inflammatory response of four intracanal medicament - An animal study. J Conserv Dent. 2020 Dec 4;23(3):216–20.
29. Udoh P, Essien I, Udoh F. Effects ofCarica papaya (paw paw) seeds extract on the morphology of pituitary-gonadal axis of male Wistar rats [Internet]. Vol. 19, Phytotherapy Research. 2005. p. 1065–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1388
30. Peter JK, Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, JSBB, SHIATS- Deemed to be University, Naini, UP, et al. Antibacterial Activity of Seed and Leaf Extract of Carica Papaya var. Pusa dwarf Linn [Internet]. Vol. 9, IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2014. p. 29–37. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3008-09272937
31. Khayat B, Jouanny G. Microsurgical Endodontics. Quintessence Publishing (IL); 2019.
32. Ma J, Al-Ashaw AJ, Shen Y, Gao Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, et al. Efficacy of ProTaper Universal Rotary Retreatment system for gutta-percha removal from oval root canals: a micro-computed tomography study. J Endod. 2012 Nov;38(11):1516–20.
33. Indi S, Desai SR, Hambire A, Mustafa M, Almokhatieb AA, Abuelqomsan MAS, et al. Comparison of the Time Required by Six Different Retreatment Techniques for Retrieval of Gutta-Percha: An In Vitro Study [Internet]. European Journal of General Dentistry. 2022. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1750089
34. Siddique R, Nivedhitha MS, Ranjan M, Jacob B, Solete P. Comparison of antibacterial effectiveness of three rotary file system with different geometry in infected root canals before and after instrumentation-a double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. BDJ Open. 2020 Jun 8;6:8.
35. Siddique R, Nivedhitha MS. Effectiveness of rotary and reciprocating systems on microbial reduction: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent. 2019 Mar-Apr;22(2):114–22.
36. Narayanan LL, Vaishnavi C. Endodontic microbiology. J Conserv Dent. 2010 Oct;13(4):233–9.
37. Pinheiro ET, Gomes BPFA, Ferraz CCR, Sousa ELR, Teixeira FB, Souza-Filho FJ. Microorganisms from canals of root-filled teeth with periapical lesions. Int Endod J. 2003 Jan;36(1):1–11.
38. Rôças IN, Siqueira JF Jr, Santos KRN. Association of Enterococcus faecalis with different forms of periradicular diseases. J Endod. 2004 May;30(5):315–20.
39. Endodontic retreatment—Case selection and technique. Part 2: Treatment planning for retreatment. J Endod. 1988 Dec 1;14(12):607–14.
40. A statistical analysis of surgical and nonsurgical endodontic retreatment cases. J Endod. 1989 Jun 1;15(6):261–6.
41. Results of endodontic retreatment: A randomized clinical study comparing surgical and nonsurgical procedures. J Endod. 1999 Dec 1;25(12):814–7.
42. Panchal V, Gurunathan D, Muralidharan NP. Comparison of antibacterial efficacy of cinnamon extract, neem extract as irrigant and sodium hypochlorite against : An study. Indian J Dent Res. 2020 Jan-Feb;31(1):124–8.
43. Lim TK. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012. 835 p.
44. Bhagavaldas MC, Diwan A, Kusumvalli S, Pasha S, Devale M, Chava DC. Efficacy of two rotary retreatment systems in removing Gutta-percha and sealer during endodontic retreatment with or without solvent: A comparative study. J Conserv Dent. 2017 Jan-Feb;20(1):12–6.
45. Sundar S, Varghese A, Datta KJ, Natanasabapathy V. Effect of guided conservative endodontic access and different file kinematics on debris extrusion in mesial root of the mandibular molars: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2022 Sep 12;25(5):547–54.
46. Kulkarni S, Wahane K, Daokar S, Patil K, Patel K, Thorat T. An assessment of the efficacy of a rotary and a reciprocating retreatment file system for removal of gutta-percha from root canals: An in vitro cone-beam computed tomography study. Endodontology. 2021;33(1):20.
47. Azim AA, Wang HH, Tarrosh M, Azim KA, Piasecki L. Comparison between Single-file Rotary Systems: Part 1—Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects in Endodontic Retreatment [Internet]. Vol. 44, Journal of Endodontics. 2018. p. 1720–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.022
48. Rodrigues CT, Duarte MAH, de Almeida MM, de Andrade FB, Bernardineli N. Efficacy of CM-Wire, M-Wire, and Nickel-Titanium Instruments for Removing Filling Material from Curved Root Canals: A Micro–Computed Tomography Study [Internet]. Vol. 42, Journal of Endodontics. 2016. p. 1651–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.08.012
49. Divya S, Jeevanandan G, Sujatha S, Subramanian EMG, Ravindran V. Comparison of quality of obturation and post-operative pain using manual vs rotary files in primary teeth - A randomised clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2019 Nov-Dec;30(6):904–8.
50. Bartosz G. Food Oxidants and Antioxidants: Chemical, Biological, and Functional Properties. CRC Press; 2013. 568 p.
51. Evaluation of an Ultrasonic Technique to Remove Fractured Rotary Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments from Root Canals: Clinical Cases. J Endod. 2003 Nov 1;29(11):764–7.
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Jun 6, 2023
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Nishitha Arun, Sindhu Ramesh, & Anjali Sankar. (2023). Evaluation Of Antibacterial Efficacy Of Carica Papaya Leaf and Seed Extract Against Enterococcus faecalis. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.003
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