Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Property Of Carica Papaya Leaf And Seed Extract - An Invitro Study
Main Article Content
Keywords
Carica papaya, papaya seed extract, papaya leaf extract, anti-inflammatory property, antioxidant property, medical, health
Abstract
Introduction: Carica papaya is widely known for its medicinal properties. Various parts of papaya such as the seeds, leaves, fruit, and latex are used worldwide therapeutically for maintaining health and also treatment of diseases. Literature has also reported the prominent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of C.papaya. The aim of the study is to comparatively evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of c.papaya leaf and seed extracts.
Materials and Method: The C.papaya seed and leaf extracts were prepared by adding 300mg of the shade dried powder to 300mL of ethanol and placing it in a shaker for 24 hours. The Ant-inflammatory activity was determined using Albumin Denaturation Assay. The Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH Assay.
Results: C.papaya leaf extract showed higher anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant properties at 100,200 and 300μL compared to standard and at all concentrations compared to C.papaya seed extract.
Conclusion: C.papaya leaf extract showed superior anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties compared to C.papaya seed extract at all concentrations. The concentration, the method of extraction and solvent used plays an important role in the activity of the phytochemicals present in extract. Further cell line and animal studies are necessary to validate the clinical use of these phytochemicals present in C.papaya extract.
References
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28. Focho DA, Newu MC, Anjah MG, Nwana FA, Ambo FB. Ethnobotanical survey of trees in Fundong, Northwest Region, Cameroon. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2009 Jun 25;5:17.
29. Evaluation of an Ultrasonic Technique to Remove Fractured Rotary Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments from Root Canals: Clinical Cases. J Endod. 2003 Nov 1;29(11):764–7.
30. Natanasabapathy V, Durvasulu A, Krithikadatta J, Namasivayam A, Deivanayagam K, Manali S, et al. Current Trends in the Use of Irrigant Activation Techniques Among Endodontists & Post-Graduate Dental Students in India -A Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Based Survey. Eur Endod J. 2020 May 22;5(2):73–80.
31. Cheynier V, Comte G, Davies KM, Lattanzio V, Martens S. Plant phenolics: recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2013 Nov;72:1–20.
32. Nasim I, Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600077, India. Effect of
nanoparticles based root canal disinfectants on Enterococcus faecalis - A systematic review. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2021 Jun 30;2898–904.
33. Sagare SV, Chandra P, Kaur T, Ganorkar O, Khade A, Mehta SD. A comparative study of the efficacy of WaveOne and NeoEndo retreatment file system for the removal of Gutta percha from the root canal. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021 Nov;13(Suppl 2):S1682–5.
34. Hima Sandeep A, Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences. Prevalence and associated factors of root canal treated mandibular anterior teeth with and without post endodontic crowns. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2019 Nov 30;87–91.
35. Bradley JR. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease [Internet]. Vol. 214, The Journal of Pathology. 2008. p. 149–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.2287
36. Pratheebha C, Gayathri R, Veeraraghavan VP, Kavitha S. Knowledge, awareness, and perception on root canal treatment among South Indian population - A survey. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2022 Nov;13(Suppl 1):S302–7.
37. Kulkarni S, Wahane K, Daokar S, Patil K, Patel K, Thorat T. An assessment of the efficacy of a rotary and a reciprocating retreatment file system for removal of gutta-percha from root canals: An in vitro cone-beam computed tomography study. Endodontology. 2021;33(1):20.
38. Azim AA, Wang HH, Tarrosh M, Azim KA, Piasecki L. Comparison between Single-file Rotary Systems: Part 1—Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects in Endodontic Retreatment [Internet]. Vol. 44, Journal of Endodontics. 2018. p. 1720–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.022
39. Rodrigues CT, Duarte MAH, de Almeida MM, de Andrade FB, Bernardineli N. Efficacy of CM-Wire, M-Wire, and Nickel-Titanium Instruments for Removing Filling Material from Curved Root Canals: A Micro–Computed Tomography Study [Internet]. Vol. 42, Journal of Endodontics. 2016. p. 1651–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.08.012
40. Divya S, Jeevanandan G, Sujatha S, Subramanian EMG, Ravindran V. Comparison of quality of obturation and post-operative pain using manual vs rotary files in primary teeth - A randomised clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2019 Nov-Dec;30(6):904–8.
41. Desser L, Holomanova D, Zavadova E, Pavelka K, Mohr T, Herbacek I. Oral therapy with proteolytic enzymes decreases excessive TGF-β levels in human blood [Internet]. Vol. 47, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2001. p. S10–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002800170003
42. Endodontic retreatment—Case selection and technique. Part 2: Treatment planning for retreatment. J Endod. 1988 Dec 1;14(12):607–14.
43. A statistical analysis of surgical and nonsurgical endodontic retreatment cases. J Endod. 1989 Jun 1;15(6):261–6.
44. Results of endodontic retreatment: A randomized clinical study comparing surgical and nonsurgical procedures. J Endod. 1999 Dec 1;25(12):814–7.
45. Panchal V, Gurunathan D, Muralidharan NP. Comparison of antibacterial efficacy of cinnamon extract, neem extract as irrigant and sodium hypochlorite against : An study. Indian J Dent Res. 2020 Jan-Feb;31(1):124–8.
46. Chen W, Wahl SM. Manipulation of TGF-β to control autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases [Internet]. Vol. 1, Microbes and Infection. 1999. p. 1367–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(99)00249-x
47. Rhodes JS. Advanced Endodontics: Clinical Retreatment and Surgery. CRC Press; 2005. 218 p.
48. S DPA, Solete P, Jeevanandan G, Syed AA, Almahdi S, Alzhrani M, et al. Effect of Various Irrigant Activation Methods and Its Penetration
in the Apical Third of Root Canal-In Vitro Study. Eur J Dent. 2023 Feb;17(1):57–61.
49. Mabley J, Gordon S, Pacher P. Nicotine Exerts an Anti-inflammatory Effect in a Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury [Internet]. Vol. 34, Inflammation. 2011. p. 231–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-010-9228-x
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51. Rhodes JS. Advanced Endodontics: Clinical Retreatment and Surgery. CRC Press; 2005. 218 p.
52. Antony D, Subramanian A, Nivedhitha M, Solete P, Balasubramaniam A. Post-endodontic pain with different engine-driven endodontic instruments in multi-visit root canal therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Oral Health. 2022;14(1):1.
53. Bhagavaldas MC, Diwan A, Kusumvalli S, Pasha S, Devale M, Chava DC. Efficacy of two rotary retreatment systems in removing Gutta-percha and sealer during endodontic retreatment with or without solvent: A comparative study. J Conserv Dent. 2017 Jan-Feb;20(1):12–6.
54. Sundar S, Varghese A, Datta KJ, Natanasabapathy V. Effect of guided conservative endodontic access and different file kinematics on debris extrusion in mesial root of the mandibular molars: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2022 Sep 12;25(5):547–54.
2. Pinnamaneni R. Nutritional And Medicinal Value Of Papaya (Carica Papaya Linn.) [Internet]. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017. p. 2559–78. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20178-9947
3. Zhang JM, An J. Cytokines, inflammation, and pain. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Spring;45(2):27–37.
4. Yasasve M, Manjusha M, Saravanan M. Polymorphism in pro-inflammatory cytokines and their genetic susceptibility towards oral precancerous lesions and oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2022 Oct;133:106027.
5. Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases [Internet]. Vol. 38, Choice Reviews Online. 2001. p. 38–3317. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.38-3317
6. Khayat B, Jouanny G. Microsurgical Endodontics. Quintessence Publishing (IL); 2019.
7. Ma J, Al-Ashaw AJ, Shen Y, Gao Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, et al. Efficacy of ProTaper Universal Rotary Retreatment system for gutta-percha removal from oval root canals: a micro-computed tomography study. J Endod. 2012 Nov;38(11):1516–20.
8. Indi S, Desai SR, Hambire A, Mustafa M, Almokhatieb AA, Abuelqomsan MAS, et al. Comparison of the Time Required by Six Different Retreatment Techniques for Retrieval of Gutta-Percha: An In Vitro Study [Internet]. European Journal of General Dentistry. 2022. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1750089
9. Wong R. Conventional endodontic failure and retreatment. Dent Clin North Am. 2004 Jan;48(1):265–89.
10. Nivedhitha N, Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental college and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. Comparing the effectiveness of various irrigant activation techniques with conventional needle irrigation - A systematic review. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2021 May 30;2626–31.
11. Siddique R, Nivedhitha MS, Jacob B. Quantitative analysis for detection of toxic elements in various irrigants, their combination (precipitate), and para-chloroaniline: An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry study. J Conserv Dent. 2019 Jul-Aug;22(4):344–50.
12. Ganea D. Studying the Immune System ImmunoBiology: The Immune System in Health and Diseases Charles A. Janeway, Jr. Paul Travers [Internet]. Vol. 46, BioScience. 1996. p. 215–215. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1312747
13. Sujith IL, Teja KV, Ramesh S. Assessment of irrigant flow and apical pressure in simulated canals of single-rooted teeth with different root canal tapers and apical preparation sizes: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2021 Jul-Aug;24(4):314–22.
14. Zhang JM, An J. Cytokines, Inflammation, and Pain [Internet]. Vol. 45, International Anesthesiology Clinics. 2007. p. 27–37. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aia.0b013e318034194e
15. Iqbal A, Karobari MI, Alam MK, Khattak O, Alshammari SM, Adil AH, et al. Evaluation of root canal morphology in permanent maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in Saudi subpopulation using two classification systems: a CBCT study. BMC Oral Health. 2022 May 10;22(1):171.
16. MacDonald-Wicks LK, Wood LG, Garg ML. Methodology for the determination of biological antioxidant capacityin vitro: a review [Internet]. Vol. 86, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2006. p. 2046–56. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2603
17. Lopes HP, Elias CN, Vedovello GAF, Bueno CES, Mangelli M, Siqueira JF. Torsional Resistance of Retreatment Instruments [Internet]. Vol. 37, Journal of Endodontics. 2011. p. 1442–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.004
18. Endodontic retreatment—Case selection and technique. Part 2: Treatment planning for retreatment. J Endod. 1988 Dec 1;14(12):607–14.
19. Kim S. Color Atlas of Microsurgery in Endodontics. 2001. 200 p.
20. Teja KV, Kaligotla AV, Gummuluri S. Antibacterial Efficacy of Conventional Versus Herbal Products on Streptococcus mutans in Adult Population- a Systematic Review & Meta-analysis. BDS. 2020 Sep 30;23(4):18p – 18p.
21. Kadiri O, Olawoye B, Fawale OS, Adalumo OA. Nutraceutical and Antioxidant Properties of the Seeds, Leaves and Fruits of Carica papaya: Potential Relevance to Humans Diet, the Food Industry and the Pharmaceutical Industry - A Review [Internet]. Vol. 4, Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 2016. p. 1039. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i12.1039-1052.569
22. Kulkarni S, Wahane K, Daokar S, Patil K, Patel K, Thorat T. An assessment of the efficacy of a rotary and a reciprocating retreatment file system for removal of gutta-percha from root canals: An in vitro cone-beam computed tomography study. Endodontology. 2021;33(1):20.
23. Azim AA, Wang HH, Tarrosh M, Azim KA, Piasecki L. Comparison between Single-file Rotary Systems: Part 1—Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects in Endodontic Retreatment [Internet]. Vol. 44, Journal of Endodontics. 2018. p. 1720–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.022
24. Sagare SV, Chandra P, Kaur T, Ganorkar O, Khade A, Mehta SD. A comparative study of the efficacy of WaveOne and NeoEndo retreatment file system for the removal of Gutta percha from the root canal. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021 Nov;13(Suppl 2):S1682–5.
25. Janani K, Teja KV, Ajitha P, Sandhya R. Evaluation of tissue inflammatory response of four intracanal medicament - An animal study. J Conserv Dent. 2020 Dec 4;23(3):216–20.
26. Thomas E, Vandebroek I, Sanca S, Van Damme P. Cultural significance of medicinal plant families and species among Quechua farmers in Apillapampa, Bolivia [Internet]. Vol. 122, Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2009. p. 60–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.021
27. Sen TA, Kundak AA, Guraksin O, Demir T, Narci A. Acute rheumatic carditis associated with Schoenlein-Henoch vasculitis [Internet]. Vol. 10, Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi/The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology. 2010. p. 465–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/akd.2010.149
28. Focho DA, Newu MC, Anjah MG, Nwana FA, Ambo FB. Ethnobotanical survey of trees in Fundong, Northwest Region, Cameroon. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2009 Jun 25;5:17.
29. Evaluation of an Ultrasonic Technique to Remove Fractured Rotary Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments from Root Canals: Clinical Cases. J Endod. 2003 Nov 1;29(11):764–7.
30. Natanasabapathy V, Durvasulu A, Krithikadatta J, Namasivayam A, Deivanayagam K, Manali S, et al. Current Trends in the Use of Irrigant Activation Techniques Among Endodontists & Post-Graduate Dental Students in India -A Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Based Survey. Eur Endod J. 2020 May 22;5(2):73–80.
31. Cheynier V, Comte G, Davies KM, Lattanzio V, Martens S. Plant phenolics: recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2013 Nov;72:1–20.
32. Nasim I, Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600077, India. Effect of
nanoparticles based root canal disinfectants on Enterococcus faecalis - A systematic review. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2021 Jun 30;2898–904.
33. Sagare SV, Chandra P, Kaur T, Ganorkar O, Khade A, Mehta SD. A comparative study of the efficacy of WaveOne and NeoEndo retreatment file system for the removal of Gutta percha from the root canal. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021 Nov;13(Suppl 2):S1682–5.
34. Hima Sandeep A, Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences. Prevalence and associated factors of root canal treated mandibular anterior teeth with and without post endodontic crowns. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2019 Nov 30;87–91.
35. Bradley JR. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease [Internet]. Vol. 214, The Journal of Pathology. 2008. p. 149–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.2287
36. Pratheebha C, Gayathri R, Veeraraghavan VP, Kavitha S. Knowledge, awareness, and perception on root canal treatment among South Indian population - A survey. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2022 Nov;13(Suppl 1):S302–7.
37. Kulkarni S, Wahane K, Daokar S, Patil K, Patel K, Thorat T. An assessment of the efficacy of a rotary and a reciprocating retreatment file system for removal of gutta-percha from root canals: An in vitro cone-beam computed tomography study. Endodontology. 2021;33(1):20.
38. Azim AA, Wang HH, Tarrosh M, Azim KA, Piasecki L. Comparison between Single-file Rotary Systems: Part 1—Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects in Endodontic Retreatment [Internet]. Vol. 44, Journal of Endodontics. 2018. p. 1720–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.022
39. Rodrigues CT, Duarte MAH, de Almeida MM, de Andrade FB, Bernardineli N. Efficacy of CM-Wire, M-Wire, and Nickel-Titanium Instruments for Removing Filling Material from Curved Root Canals: A Micro–Computed Tomography Study [Internet]. Vol. 42, Journal of Endodontics. 2016. p. 1651–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.08.012
40. Divya S, Jeevanandan G, Sujatha S, Subramanian EMG, Ravindran V. Comparison of quality of obturation and post-operative pain using manual vs rotary files in primary teeth - A randomised clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2019 Nov-Dec;30(6):904–8.
41. Desser L, Holomanova D, Zavadova E, Pavelka K, Mohr T, Herbacek I. Oral therapy with proteolytic enzymes decreases excessive TGF-β levels in human blood [Internet]. Vol. 47, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2001. p. S10–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002800170003
42. Endodontic retreatment—Case selection and technique. Part 2: Treatment planning for retreatment. J Endod. 1988 Dec 1;14(12):607–14.
43. A statistical analysis of surgical and nonsurgical endodontic retreatment cases. J Endod. 1989 Jun 1;15(6):261–6.
44. Results of endodontic retreatment: A randomized clinical study comparing surgical and nonsurgical procedures. J Endod. 1999 Dec 1;25(12):814–7.
45. Panchal V, Gurunathan D, Muralidharan NP. Comparison of antibacterial efficacy of cinnamon extract, neem extract as irrigant and sodium hypochlorite against : An study. Indian J Dent Res. 2020 Jan-Feb;31(1):124–8.
46. Chen W, Wahl SM. Manipulation of TGF-β to control autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases [Internet]. Vol. 1, Microbes and Infection. 1999. p. 1367–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(99)00249-x
47. Rhodes JS. Advanced Endodontics: Clinical Retreatment and Surgery. CRC Press; 2005. 218 p.
48. S DPA, Solete P, Jeevanandan G, Syed AA, Almahdi S, Alzhrani M, et al. Effect of Various Irrigant Activation Methods and Its Penetration
in the Apical Third of Root Canal-In Vitro Study. Eur J Dent. 2023 Feb;17(1):57–61.
49. Mabley J, Gordon S, Pacher P. Nicotine Exerts an Anti-inflammatory Effect in a Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury [Internet]. Vol. 34, Inflammation. 2011. p. 231–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-010-9228-x
50. Zhou Y, Zuo X, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhao H, Xiao X. Nicotine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Internet]. Vol. 32, Rheumatology International. 2012. p. 97–104. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-010-1549-4
51. Rhodes JS. Advanced Endodontics: Clinical Retreatment and Surgery. CRC Press; 2005. 218 p.
52. Antony D, Subramanian A, Nivedhitha M, Solete P, Balasubramaniam A. Post-endodontic pain with different engine-driven endodontic instruments in multi-visit root canal therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Oral Health. 2022;14(1):1.
53. Bhagavaldas MC, Diwan A, Kusumvalli S, Pasha S, Devale M, Chava DC. Efficacy of two rotary retreatment systems in removing Gutta-percha and sealer during endodontic retreatment with or without solvent: A comparative study. J Conserv Dent. 2017 Jan-Feb;20(1):12–6.
54. Sundar S, Varghese A, Datta KJ, Natanasabapathy V. Effect of guided conservative endodontic access and different file kinematics on debris extrusion in mesial root of the mandibular molars: An study. J Conserv Dent. 2022 Sep 12;25(5):547–54.
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Jun 6, 2023
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Nishitha Arun, Sindhu Ramesh, & Anjali Sankar. (2023). Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Property Of Carica Papaya Leaf And Seed Extract - An Invitro Study. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.002
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