AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS AND BIOCHAR ON MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.) UNDER INDUCED DROUGHT STRESS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Biochar, Antioxidant enzymes, osmolytes, Brassinosteroids, Drought
Abstract
Plant growth and development are impeded by abiotic stresses that interfere with physiological processes. This study aimed to assess the distinct and combined effects of biochar and brassinosteroids (BRs) on Rio Grande and Amitabh-004 tomato plants under water deficit stress. Results showed that biochar has porous morphology with significant water absorption and retention capability as inveterate by SEM. EDX of biochar illustrated the existence of various essential elements including carbon (75.04%), oxygen (13.57%), nitrogen (5.66%), potassium (2.43%), and calcium (1.52%). Similarly, Co-application of biochar and BRs quenched the drought stress by triggering antioxidant-enzymes including POD, APX, CAT and SOD accompanied with photosynthetic pigments boosting and amplification of osmolytes including proline, sugar and proteins for the better survival of plants under stress. Furthermore, HPLC of Gallic acid was identified at the retention time of 2.307 with peak area 63.25 and Vitamin-C at 3.15 retention times with peak area of 34.27 in all treatments of both varieties supplemented with different stresses along with biochar and BRs. Furthermore, Drought-stress significantly affects the agronomic feature of tomato plants such as leaf area, fresh biomasses of leaf, root and shoot, root length. Physicochemical characteristics i.e., pH, soil moisture, and percent field capacity are also adversely affected by water deficit stress. The principal component of physiological attributes was found to have 20.51% followed by 17.93%, 14.70%, 11.68% and 10.69%. Conclusively, the study emphasizes the potential of biochar and BRs to alleviate drought stress and enhance physio-biochemical attributes, thereby promoting improved plant growth under water deficit conditions.
References
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21. Joseph S, Anawar HM, Storer P, Blackwell P, Chee CHIA, Yun LIN, Solaiman ZM. 2015. Effects of enriched biochars containing magnetic iron nanoparticles on mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth, nutrient uptake and soil quality improvement. Pedosphere, 25(5), 749-760.
22. Khan I, Awan SA, Ikram R, Rizwan M, Akhtar N, Yasmin H, Ilyas N. 2021. Effects of 24‐epibrassinolide on plant growth, antioxidants defense system, and endogenous hormones in two wheat varieties under drought stress. Physiologia Plantarum, 172(2), 696-706.
23. Lalarukh I, Amjad SF, Mansoora N, Al-Dhumri SA, Alshahri AH, Almutari MM, Abdelhafez AA. 2022. Integral effects of brassinosteroids and timber waste biochar enhances the drought tolerance capacity of wheat plant. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1-10.
24. Lalay G, Ullah S, Ahmed I. 2022. Physiological and biochemical responses of Brassica napus L. to drought‐induced stress by the application of biochar and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Microscopy Research and Technique, 85(4), 1267-1281.
25. Li J, Yang P, Kang J, Gan Y, Yu J, Calderón-Urrea A, Xie J. 2016. Transcriptome analysis of pepper (Capsicum annuum) revealed a role of 24-epibrassinolide in response to chilling. Frontiers in plant science, 7, 1281.
26. Lowry OH. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J biol Chem, 193, 265-275.
27. Nafees M, Ullah S, Ahmed I. 2022. Modulation of drought adversities in Vicia faba by the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biochar. Microscopy Research and Technique, 85(5), 1856-1869.
28. Nazir F, Fariduddin Q, Hussain A, Khan TA. 2021. Brassinosteroid and hydrogen peroxide improve photosynthetic machinery, stomatal movement, root morphology and cell viability and reduce Cu-triggered oxidative burst in tomato. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 207, 111081.
29. Nazir F, Hussain A, Fariduddin Q. 2019. Interactive role of epibrassinolide and hydrogen peroxide in regulating stomatal physiology, root morphology, photosynthetic and growth traits in Solanum lycopersicum L. under nickel stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 162, 479-495.
30. Oh E, Zhu JY, Wang ZY. 2012. Interaction between BZR1 and PIF4 integrates brassinosteroid and environmental responses. Nature cell biology, 14(8), 802-809.
31. Ozturk M, Turkyilmaz Unal B, García‐Caparrós P, Khursheed A, Gul A, Hasanuzzaman M. 2021. Osmoregulation and its actions during the drought stress in plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 172(2), 1321-1335.
32. Petruccelli R, Bonetti A, Traversi ML, Faraloni C, Valagussa M, Pozzi A. 2015. Influence of biochar application on nutritional quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Crop and Pasture Science, 66(7), 747-755.
33. Saif-ul-malook MA, Ali Q, Mumtaz A. 2014. Inheritance of yield related traits in maize (Zea mays) under normal and drought conditions. Nat Sci, 12, 36-49.
34. Salimi F, Shekari F, Hamzei J. 2016. Methyl jasmonate improves salinity resistance in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) by increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 38(1), 1-14.
35. Seneviratne M, Weerasundara L, Ok YS, Rinklebe J, Vithanage M. 2017. Phytotoxicity attenuation in Vigna radiata under heavy metal stress at the presence of biochar and N fixing bacteria. Journal of Environmental Management, 186, 293-300.
36. Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, Zheng B. 2019. Response of phenylpropanoid pathway and the role of polyphenols in plants under abiotic stress. Molecules, 24(13), 2452.
37. Soares TFSN, dos Santos Dias DCF, Oliveira AMS, Ribeiro DM. dos Santos Dias LA 2020. Exogenous brassinosteroids increase lead stress tolerance in seed germination and seedling growth of Brassica juncea L. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 193, 110296.
38. Srinivasan P, Sarmah, AK. 2015. Characterisation of agricultural waste-derived biochars and their sorption potential for sulfamethoxazole in pasture soil: a spectroscopic investigation. Science of the Total Environment, 502, 471-480.
39. Tyburski J, Dunajska K, Mazurek P, Piotrowska B, Tretyn A. 2009. Exogenous auxin regulates H2O2 metabolism in roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings affecting the expression and activity of CuZn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 31(2), 249-260.
40. Ullah N, Ditta A, Khalid A, Mehmood S, Rizwan MS, Ashraf M, Iqbal MM. 2020. Integrated effect of algal biochar and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on physiology and growth of maize under deficit irrigations. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 20(2), 346-356.
41. Wei LJ, Deng XG, Zhu T, Zheng T, Li PX, Wu JQ, Lin HH. 2015. Ethylene is involved in brassinosteroids induced alternative respiratory pathway in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings response to abiotic stress. Frontiers in plant science, 6, 982.
42. Yang P, Wang Y, Li J, Bian Z. 2019. Effects of brassinosteroids on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen metabolism in pepper seedlings under chilling stress. Agronomy, 9(12), 839.
43. Zafar-ul-Hye M, Tahzeeb-ul-Hassan M, Wahid A, Danish S, Khan MJ, Fahad S, Datta R. 2021. Compost mixed fruits and vegetable waste biochar with ACC deaminase rhizobacteria can minimize lead stress in mint plants. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-20.
44. Zaid A, Mohammad F, Fariduddin Q. 2020. Plant growth regulators improve growth, photosynthesis, mineral nutrient and antioxidant system under cadmium stress in menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 26(1), 25-39.
45. Zhao M, Yuan L, Wang J, Xie S, Zheng Y, Nie L, Wang C. 2019. Transcriptome analysis reveals a positive effect of brassinosteroids on the photosynthetic capacity of wucai under low temperature. BMC genomics, 20(1), 1-19.
46. Zhang S, Jia L, Wang S. 2010. Determination of β-carotene in corn by in-tube SPME coupled to micro-LC. Chromatographia, 72, 1231−1233.
47. Asch F, Dingkuhn M, Sow A, Audebert A. 2005. Drought-induced changes in rooting patterns and assimilate partitioning between root and shoot in upland rice. Field Crops Research, 93(2–3): 223–236.
48. Shah AN, Yang G, Tanveer M, Iqbal J. 2017. Leaf gas exchange, source-sink relationship, and growth response of cotton to the interactive effects of nitrogen rate and planting density. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 39:5. 119.
49. Sainju UM, Allen BL, Lenssen AW, Ghimire RP. 2017. Root biomass, root/shoot ratio, and soil water content under perennial grasses with different nitrogen rates. Field Crops Research, 210:183–191.
50. Ullah S, Zada J, Ali S. 2016. Effect of Nephthyl Acetic Acid Foliar Spray on Amelioration of Drought Stress Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.), Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47:12, 1542-1558,
51. Zong XF, Yang AJ, Ahmad-Anjum S, Lv J, Li NJ, He XJ, Wang SG. 2018. Effects of brassinolide application on antioxidant characteristics and endogenous hormones of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev under different light intensity regimes. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 78(4), 539-548.
52. Zou M, Yuan L, Zhu S, Liu S, Ge, J, Wang C. 2017. Effects of heat stress on photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure of a heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant cultivar of wucai (Brassica campestris L.). Acta physiologiae plantarum
2. Albert HA, Li X, Jeyakumar P, Wei L, Huang L, Huang Q, Kamran M, Shaheen SM, Hou D, Rinklebe J, Liu Z. 2021. Influence of biochar and soil properties on soil and plant tissue concentrations of Cd and Pb: A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 755, 142582.
3. Ali MA, Jabran K, Awan SI, Abbas A, Zulkiffal M, Acet T, Rehman A. 2011. Morpho-physiological diversity and its implications for improving drought tolerance in grain sorghum at different growth stages. Australian Journal of crop science, 5(3), 311-320.
4. Awad YM, Vithanage M, Niazi NK, Rizwan M, Rinklebe J, Yang JE, et al., 2019. Potential toxicity of trace elements and nanomaterials to Chinese cabbage in arsenic-and lead-contaminated soil amended with biochars. Environmental geochemistry and health, 41(4), 1777-1791.
5. Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and soil, 39(1), 205-207.
6. Beauchamp C, Fridovich I. 1971. Superoxide dismutase improved assays and assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry. 44, 276-287.
7. Chance B. 1955. Assay of catalase and peroxidase. Methods in enzymology, 2, 765-775.
8. Chen E, Zhang X, Yang Z, Zhang C, Wang X, Ge X, Li F. 2019. BR deficiency causes increased sensitivity to drought and yield penalty in cotton. BMC plant biology, 19(1), 1-17.
9. Danish S, Zafar-ul-Hye M. 2019. Co-application of ACC-deaminase producing PGPR and timber-waste biochar improves pigments formation, growth and yield of wheat under drought stress. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-13.
10. Danish S, Zafar-ul-Hye M, Mohsin F, Hussain M. 2020. ACC-deaminase producing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biochar mitigate adverse effects of drought stress on maize growth. PLoS One, 15(4), e0230615.
11. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PT, Smith F, 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical chemistry, 28(3), 350-356.
12. El Nahhas N, AlKahtani MD, Abdelaal KA, Al Husnain L, AlGwaiz HI, Hafez YM, et al., 2021. Biochar and jasmonic acid application attenuates antioxidative systems and improves growth, physiology, nutrient uptake and productivity of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) irrigated with saline water. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 166, 807-817.
13. ElSayed AI, El-Hamahmy MA, Rafudeen MS, Mohamed AH, Omar AA. 2019. The impact of drought stress on antioxidant responses and accumulation of flavonolignans in milk thistle (Silybum marianum (l.) gaertn). Plants, 8(12), 611.
14. Fahad S, Hussain S, Saud S, Hassan S, Tanveer M, Ihsan MZ, Huang J. 2016. A combined application of biochar and phosphorus alleviates heat-induced adversities on physiological, agronomical and quality attributes of rice. Plant physiology and biochemistry, 103, 191-198.
15. Fahad S, Ullah A, Ali U, Ali E, Saud S, Hakeem KR, Arif M. 2019. Drought tolerance in plantsrole of phytohormones and scavenging system of ROS. In Plant Tolerance to Environmental Stress (pp. 103-114). CRC Press.
16. Fang P, Yan M, Chi C, Wang M, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Yu J. 2019. Brassinosteroids act as a positive regulator of photoprotection in response to chilling stress. Plant Physiology, 180(4), 2061-2076.
17. Hafeez MB, Zahra N, Zahra K, Raza A, Khan A, Shaukat K, Khan S. 2021. Brassinosteroids: Molecular and physiological responses in plant growth and abiotic stresses. Plant Stress, 2, 100029.
18. Hafeez Y, Iqbal S, Jabeen K, Shahzad S, Jahan S, Rasul F. 2017. Effect of biochar application on seed germination and seedling growth of Glycine max (l.) Merr. Under drought stress. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 49(51), 7-13.
19. Hafez EM, Omara AED, Alhumaydhi FA, El-Esawi MA, 2021. Minimizing hazard impacts of soil salinity and water stress on wheat plants by soil application of vermicompost and biochar. Physiologia Plantarum, 172(2), 587-602.
20. Jangid KK, Dwivedi P. 2017. Physiological and biochemical changes by nitric oxide and brassinosteroid in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 39(3), 1-10.
21. Joseph S, Anawar HM, Storer P, Blackwell P, Chee CHIA, Yun LIN, Solaiman ZM. 2015. Effects of enriched biochars containing magnetic iron nanoparticles on mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth, nutrient uptake and soil quality improvement. Pedosphere, 25(5), 749-760.
22. Khan I, Awan SA, Ikram R, Rizwan M, Akhtar N, Yasmin H, Ilyas N. 2021. Effects of 24‐epibrassinolide on plant growth, antioxidants defense system, and endogenous hormones in two wheat varieties under drought stress. Physiologia Plantarum, 172(2), 696-706.
23. Lalarukh I, Amjad SF, Mansoora N, Al-Dhumri SA, Alshahri AH, Almutari MM, Abdelhafez AA. 2022. Integral effects of brassinosteroids and timber waste biochar enhances the drought tolerance capacity of wheat plant. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1-10.
24. Lalay G, Ullah S, Ahmed I. 2022. Physiological and biochemical responses of Brassica napus L. to drought‐induced stress by the application of biochar and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Microscopy Research and Technique, 85(4), 1267-1281.
25. Li J, Yang P, Kang J, Gan Y, Yu J, Calderón-Urrea A, Xie J. 2016. Transcriptome analysis of pepper (Capsicum annuum) revealed a role of 24-epibrassinolide in response to chilling. Frontiers in plant science, 7, 1281.
26. Lowry OH. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J biol Chem, 193, 265-275.
27. Nafees M, Ullah S, Ahmed I. 2022. Modulation of drought adversities in Vicia faba by the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biochar. Microscopy Research and Technique, 85(5), 1856-1869.
28. Nazir F, Fariduddin Q, Hussain A, Khan TA. 2021. Brassinosteroid and hydrogen peroxide improve photosynthetic machinery, stomatal movement, root morphology and cell viability and reduce Cu-triggered oxidative burst in tomato. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 207, 111081.
29. Nazir F, Hussain A, Fariduddin Q. 2019. Interactive role of epibrassinolide and hydrogen peroxide in regulating stomatal physiology, root morphology, photosynthetic and growth traits in Solanum lycopersicum L. under nickel stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 162, 479-495.
30. Oh E, Zhu JY, Wang ZY. 2012. Interaction between BZR1 and PIF4 integrates brassinosteroid and environmental responses. Nature cell biology, 14(8), 802-809.
31. Ozturk M, Turkyilmaz Unal B, García‐Caparrós P, Khursheed A, Gul A, Hasanuzzaman M. 2021. Osmoregulation and its actions during the drought stress in plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 172(2), 1321-1335.
32. Petruccelli R, Bonetti A, Traversi ML, Faraloni C, Valagussa M, Pozzi A. 2015. Influence of biochar application on nutritional quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Crop and Pasture Science, 66(7), 747-755.
33. Saif-ul-malook MA, Ali Q, Mumtaz A. 2014. Inheritance of yield related traits in maize (Zea mays) under normal and drought conditions. Nat Sci, 12, 36-49.
34. Salimi F, Shekari F, Hamzei J. 2016. Methyl jasmonate improves salinity resistance in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) by increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 38(1), 1-14.
35. Seneviratne M, Weerasundara L, Ok YS, Rinklebe J, Vithanage M. 2017. Phytotoxicity attenuation in Vigna radiata under heavy metal stress at the presence of biochar and N fixing bacteria. Journal of Environmental Management, 186, 293-300.
36. Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, Zheng B. 2019. Response of phenylpropanoid pathway and the role of polyphenols in plants under abiotic stress. Molecules, 24(13), 2452.
37. Soares TFSN, dos Santos Dias DCF, Oliveira AMS, Ribeiro DM. dos Santos Dias LA 2020. Exogenous brassinosteroids increase lead stress tolerance in seed germination and seedling growth of Brassica juncea L. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 193, 110296.
38. Srinivasan P, Sarmah, AK. 2015. Characterisation of agricultural waste-derived biochars and their sorption potential for sulfamethoxazole in pasture soil: a spectroscopic investigation. Science of the Total Environment, 502, 471-480.
39. Tyburski J, Dunajska K, Mazurek P, Piotrowska B, Tretyn A. 2009. Exogenous auxin regulates H2O2 metabolism in roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings affecting the expression and activity of CuZn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 31(2), 249-260.
40. Ullah N, Ditta A, Khalid A, Mehmood S, Rizwan MS, Ashraf M, Iqbal MM. 2020. Integrated effect of algal biochar and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on physiology and growth of maize under deficit irrigations. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 20(2), 346-356.
41. Wei LJ, Deng XG, Zhu T, Zheng T, Li PX, Wu JQ, Lin HH. 2015. Ethylene is involved in brassinosteroids induced alternative respiratory pathway in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings response to abiotic stress. Frontiers in plant science, 6, 982.
42. Yang P, Wang Y, Li J, Bian Z. 2019. Effects of brassinosteroids on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen metabolism in pepper seedlings under chilling stress. Agronomy, 9(12), 839.
43. Zafar-ul-Hye M, Tahzeeb-ul-Hassan M, Wahid A, Danish S, Khan MJ, Fahad S, Datta R. 2021. Compost mixed fruits and vegetable waste biochar with ACC deaminase rhizobacteria can minimize lead stress in mint plants. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-20.
44. Zaid A, Mohammad F, Fariduddin Q. 2020. Plant growth regulators improve growth, photosynthesis, mineral nutrient and antioxidant system under cadmium stress in menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 26(1), 25-39.
45. Zhao M, Yuan L, Wang J, Xie S, Zheng Y, Nie L, Wang C. 2019. Transcriptome analysis reveals a positive effect of brassinosteroids on the photosynthetic capacity of wucai under low temperature. BMC genomics, 20(1), 1-19.
46. Zhang S, Jia L, Wang S. 2010. Determination of β-carotene in corn by in-tube SPME coupled to micro-LC. Chromatographia, 72, 1231−1233.
47. Asch F, Dingkuhn M, Sow A, Audebert A. 2005. Drought-induced changes in rooting patterns and assimilate partitioning between root and shoot in upland rice. Field Crops Research, 93(2–3): 223–236.
48. Shah AN, Yang G, Tanveer M, Iqbal J. 2017. Leaf gas exchange, source-sink relationship, and growth response of cotton to the interactive effects of nitrogen rate and planting density. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 39:5. 119.
49. Sainju UM, Allen BL, Lenssen AW, Ghimire RP. 2017. Root biomass, root/shoot ratio, and soil water content under perennial grasses with different nitrogen rates. Field Crops Research, 210:183–191.
50. Ullah S, Zada J, Ali S. 2016. Effect of Nephthyl Acetic Acid Foliar Spray on Amelioration of Drought Stress Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.), Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47:12, 1542-1558,
51. Zong XF, Yang AJ, Ahmad-Anjum S, Lv J, Li NJ, He XJ, Wang SG. 2018. Effects of brassinolide application on antioxidant characteristics and endogenous hormones of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev under different light intensity regimes. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 78(4), 539-548.
52. Zou M, Yuan L, Zhu S, Liu S, Ge, J, Wang C. 2017. Effects of heat stress on photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure of a heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant cultivar of wucai (Brassica campestris L.). Acta physiologiae plantarum
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Feb 26, 2024
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Jehan Zada, Ali Hazrat, Sami Ullah, Muhammad Nafees, Zahid Ullah, & Ikram Ullah. (2024). AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS AND BIOCHAR ON MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.) UNDER INDUCED DROUGHT STRESS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(2), 2433–2455. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i2.4643
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Author Biographies
Jehan Zada
Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Pakistan
Ali Hazrat
Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Pakistan
Sami Ullah
Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Nafees
Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Zahid Ullah
Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Pakistan
Ikram Ullah
Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Pakistan