EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON GENETIC DIVERSITY OF WHEAT TO ACCOMPLISH THE OPTIMUM PRODUCTION UNDER LATE SOWN CONDITIONS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Late sowing, PGRs, Sowing dates, Varieties and Wheat.
Abstract
Wheat yield in Pakistan is low on account of various biotic and abiotic stressors. Late sowing of wheat after harvesting of cotton, rice, and sugarcane crops is considered as the main cause of low yield in the country. The delayed physiological maturity and terminal heat stress are the main contributors to this yield decline. The appropriate use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and selection of suitable varieties may help to alleviate these stresses. A field experiment was conducted at Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Arid Zone Research Centre (AZRC), Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Pakistan on late sown wheat for two successive years (2019-2020 and 2020-2021). The experiment was comprised of different combinations of plant growth regulators-PGRs (viz. Amino Acids-AA + Gibberellic Acid-GA, GA + Potassium-K, K + AA, AA + GA + K and control), and wheat varieties i.e. AZRC Dera (long duration) and Paseena (short duration) sown on 10th December and 10th January in a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangements. The maximum plant height, chlorophyll content (i.e. Soil Plant Analysis Development-SPAD value) and crop growth rate were recorded for AZRC Dera sown on 10th December and treated with AA + GA + K combination in 2019-20 and 2020-21. Similarly, leaf area index, net assimilation rate, root length, grain yield and yield contributing parameters (tillers, grains/spike and thousand grains weight) were recorded in wheat variety AZRC Dera sown on 10th December and treated with K + AA. Recommendation from the experiment that sowing on 10th December, with exogenous application of K+AA and AA+GA+K foe shoot growth with inoculation of biozot for root development. So, the foliar application of AA+GA+K and inoculation with biozote at 10th December sowing is recommended as best under late sown conditions.
References
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38. Singh, M., Kushwaha, S.P., Shahi, S and Tiwari, A.P. (2022). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and physiological parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under late sown condition. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(10), 801-810.
39. Slama, A., Romdhane, L., M'hamed, H.C., Abodoma, A.H., Fahej, M.A.S and Radhouane, L. (2020). Morpho-physiological and molecular responses of two Libyan bread wheat cultivars to plant growth regulators under salt stress. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 15(3), 246-252.
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42. Ullah, A., Din, S., Naz, S., Moazzam, A., Arif, A and Mubarik, N. (2022). A study on wheat crop, botanical and agricultural parameters and advances in plant sciences. Scholars Bulletin, 8(4), 115-123.
43. Upadhyaya, N and Bhandari, K. (2022). Assessment of different genotypes of wheat under late sowing condition. Heliyon, 8(1), e08726.
2. Ahmed, R.F., Khalil, A.T and Yassin, A.S. (2022). Effect of amino acids and nano fertilizers on growth characters of two varieties of rye wheat. Annals of Forest Research, 65(1), 4968-4979.
3. Arif, M., Atta, S., Bashir, M.A., Khan, M.I., Hussain, A., Shahjahan, M., Alwahibi, M.S and Elshikh, M.S. (2021). The impact of Fosetyl-Aluminium application timing on Karnal bunt suppression and economic returns of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plos One, 16(1), e0244931.
4. Arshad, M.J., Arif, U., Nazeer, A and Yasin, G. (2022). Improvement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity with the applications of plant growth regulators. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 54(5), 1675-1684.
5. Arya, S., Mishra, D.K and Bornare, S.S. (2013). Screening genetic variability in advance lines for drought tolerance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). The Bioscan, 8(4), 1193-1196.
6. Asseng, S., Martre, P., Maiorano, A., Rötter, R.P., O’Leary, G.J., Fitzgerald, G.J and Ewert, F. (2019). Climate change impact and adaptation for wheat protein. Global Change Biology, 25(1), 155-173.
7. Bhattarai, R., Chaudhary, B., Thapa, D.B., Puri, R.R., Chaudhary, R.N., Sapkota, B., Baral, K., Shrestha, S.R and Adhikari, S.P. (2015). Yield interactions of wheat genotypes to dates of seeding in eastern mid hills of Nepal. Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, 1, 33-36.
8. Bhayal, L., Kewat, M.L., Jha, A.K., Bhayal, D and Badkul, A.J. (2022). Effect of sowing time and nutrient management on physiological parameters of wheat. International Journal of Economic Plants, 9(4), 271-275.
9. Fabian, A., Safran, E., Szabo-Eitel, G., Barnabas, B and Jäger, K. (2019). Stigma functionality and fertility are reduced by heat and drought co-stress in wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 244.
10. FAO STAT, 2022. Food and agriculture data. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division.
11. Farooq, M., Bramley, H., Palta, J.A and Siddique, K.H. (2011). Heat stress in wheat during reproductive and grain-filling phases. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 30(6), 491-507.
12. Farooq, M.Q.U., Ahmad, R., Wariach, E.A and Arfan, M. (2020). Effect of supplemental foliar applied potassium on yield and grain quality of autumn planted maize (Zea mays L.) under water stress. Journal of Food Agriculture & Veterinary Science, 2, 8-12.
13. Feng, H., Li, X., Duan, J., Li, H and Liang, H. (2008). Chilling tolerance of wheat seedlings is related to an enhanced alternative respiratory pathway. Crop Science, 48(6), 2381-2388.
14. Gu, X., Liu, Y., Li, N., Liu, Y., Zhao, D., Wei, B and Wen, X. (2021). Effects of the foliar application of potassium fertilizer on the grain protein and dough quality of wheat. Agronomy, 11(9), 1749.
15. Haider, I., Raza, M.A.S., Iqbal, R., Ahmad, S., Aslam, M.U., Israr, M., Riaz, U., Sarfaraz, M., Abbas, N., Abbasi, S.H., Abbas, Z and Aamer, M. (2021). Alleviating the drought stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by foliar application of amino acid and yeast. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 34(1), 239-246.
16. Hussain, A., Iqbal, Z., Aurangzaib, M., Naeem, M., Mustafa, S., Shoaib, M and Khalid, M. (2022). Comparative effectiveness of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and various organic carriers on wheat growth, physiology, antioxidative activities and rhizosphere properties. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 54(1), 317-324.
17. Hussein, H.A.A., Alshammari, S.O., Kenawy, S.K., Elkady, F.M and Badawy, A.A. (2022). Grain-priming with L-arginine improves the growth performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under drought stress. Plants, 11(9), 1219.
18. Iftikhar, A., Rizwan, M., Adrees, M., Ali, S., Zia ur Rehman, M., Qayyum, M.F and Hussain, A. (2020). Effect of gibberellic acid on growth, biomass, and antioxidant defense system of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under cerium oxide nanoparticle stress. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 27, 33809-33820.
19. Ilyas, M., Khan, I., Chattha, M.U., Hassan, M.U., Zain, M., Farhad, W., Ullah, S., Shah, A., Ahmed, S., Khan, B., Adeel, M. (2020). Evaluating the effect of zinc application methods on growth and yield of wheat cultivars. Journal of Innovative Sciences, 6(2), 150-156.
20. Iqbal, M.M., Khan, I., Chattha, M.U., Hassan, M.U., Iqbal, M and Farooq, M. (2022). Performance of wheat cultivars under different tillage and crop establishment methods. International Journal of Plant Production, 16(2), 287-297.
21. Irshad, S., Matloob, A., Iqbal, S., Ibrar, D., Hasnain, Z., Khan, S., Rashid, N., Nawaz, M., Ikram, R.M., Wahid, M.A., Al-Hashimi, A., Elshikh, M.S and Diao, Z.H. (2022). Foliar application of potassium and moringa leaf extract improves growth, physiology and productivity of kabuli chickpea grown under varying sowing regimes. Plos One, 17(2), e0263323.
22. Jeber, B.A. and Khaeim, H.M. (2019). Effect of foliar application of amino acids, organic acids, and naphthalene acetic acid on growth and yield traits of wheat. Plant archives, 19(2), 824-826.
23. Johnson, R., Vishwakarma, K., Hossen, M.S., Kumar, V., Shackira, A.M., Puthur, J.T., Abdi, G., Sarraf, M and Hasanuzzaman, M. (2022). Potassium in plants: Growth regulation, signaling, and environmental stress tolerance. Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, 172, 56-69.
24. Kathwal, R., Thakral, S., Kumar, P., Sharma, K., Sharma, K., Jindal, Y and Kumar, A. (2022). Effect of plant regulators on growth, yield attributes, yield and economics in wheat under restricted irrigation. Annals of Agri-Bio Research, 27(1), 17-22.
25. Khan, S., Basra, S.M.A., Nawaz, M., Hussain, I and Foidl, N. (2020). Combined application of moringa leaf extract and chemical growth-promoters enhances the plant growth and productivity of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). South African Journal of Botany, 129, 74-81.
26. Koppensteiner, L. J., Kaul, H.P., Piepho, H.P., Barta, N., Euteneuer, P., Bernas, J., Klimek-Kopyra, A., Gronauer, A and Neugschwandtner, R.W. (2022). Yield and yield components of facultative wheat are affected by sowing time, nitrogen fertilization and environment. European Journal of Agronomy, 140, 126591.
27. Laghari, K.A., Sial, M.A and Arain, M.A. (2012). Effect of high temperature stress on grain yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Science, Technology & Development, 31, 83-90.
28. Liu, L., Ji, H., An, J., Shi, K., Ma, J., Liu, B., Tang, L., Cao, W and Zhu, Y. (2019). Response of biomass accumulation in wheat to low-temperature stress at jointing and booting stages. Environmental & Experimental Botany, 157, 46-57.
29. Lobell, D.B., Schlenker, W and Costa-Roberts, J. (2011). Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science, 333(6042), 616-620.
30. Moshatati, A., Siadat, S.A., Alami-Saeid, K., Bakhshandeh, A.M and Jalal-Kamali, M.R. (2017). The impact of terminal heat stress on yield and heat tolerance of bread wheat. International Journal of Plant Production, 11(4), 549-560.
31. Ober, E.S., Alahmad, S., Cockram, J., Forestan, C., Hickey, L. T., Kant, J., Maccaferri, M., Marr, e., Milner, M., Pinto, F., Rambla, C., Reynolds, M., Silvi, S., Sciara, G., Snowdon, R.J., Thomelin, P., Tuberosa, R., Uauy, C., Voss-Fels, K.P., Wallington, E and Watt, M. (2021). Wheat root systems as a breeding target for climate resilience. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 134(6), 1645-1662.
32. Pakistan Economic Survey. (2022-23), Economic Adviser’s Wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, June, 2023, pp: 22. https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_23/Economic_Survey_2022_23.pdf.
33. Ragaey, M.M., Sadak, M.S., Dawood, M.F., Mousa, N.H., Hanafy, R.S and Latef, A.A.H.A. (2022). Role of signaling molecules sodium nitroprusside and arginine in alleviating salt-Induced oxidative stress in wheat. Plants, 11(14), 1786.
34. Shah, H., Siderius, C and Hellegers, P. (2021). Limitations to adjusting growing periods in different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Agricultural Systems, 192, 103184.
35. Shahid, M., Saleem, M.F., Anjum, S.A and Afzal, I. (2017). Biochemical markers assisted screening of Pakistani wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars for terminal heat stress tolerance. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(4) 837-845.
36. Singh, A., Singh, D., Kang, J.S and Aggarwal, N. (2011). Management practices to mitigate the impact of high temperature on wheat: a review. Institute of Integrative Omics & Applied Biotechnology Journal, 2(7), 11-22.
37. Singh, P.K., Singh, S., Singh, M.P., Verma, R.K., Singh, V.B and Pandey, S.K. (2021). Beneficial effects of foliar application of potassium nitrate in late sown wheat in village Gaurahi of district Sonbhadra. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10, 95-97.
38. Singh, M., Kushwaha, S.P., Shahi, S and Tiwari, A.P. (2022). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and physiological parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under late sown condition. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(10), 801-810.
39. Slama, A., Romdhane, L., M'hamed, H.C., Abodoma, A.H., Fahej, M.A.S and Radhouane, L. (2020). Morpho-physiological and molecular responses of two Libyan bread wheat cultivars to plant growth regulators under salt stress. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 15(3), 246-252.
40. Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H and Dickey. D. (1997). Principles and Procedures of Statistics, a Biometrical Approach. 3rd ed. McGrawHill, Inc. Book Co. New York, USA. pp. 352-358.
41. Tan, C.W., Zhang, P.P., Zhou, X.X., Wang, Z.X., Xu, Z.Q., Mao, W., Li, W.X., Huo, Z.Y and Yun, F. (2020). Quantitative monitoring of leaf area index in wheat of different plant types by integrating NDVI and beer-lambert law. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 929.
42. Ullah, A., Din, S., Naz, S., Moazzam, A., Arif, A and Mubarik, N. (2022). A study on wheat crop, botanical and agricultural parameters and advances in plant sciences. Scholars Bulletin, 8(4), 115-123.
43. Upadhyaya, N and Bhandari, K. (2022). Assessment of different genotypes of wheat under late sowing condition. Heliyon, 8(1), e08726.
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May 11, 2024
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Sami Ullah, Mohammad Safdar Baloch, Muhammad Amjad Nadeem, Asghar Ali Khan, & Qudrat Ullah Khan. (2024). EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON GENETIC DIVERSITY OF WHEAT TO ACCOMPLISH THE OPTIMUM PRODUCTION UNDER LATE SOWN CONDITIONS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(5), 558–571. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i5.6193
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Author Biographies
Sami Ullah
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan
Mohammad Safdar Baloch
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan
Muhammad Amjad Nadeem
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan
Asghar Ali Khan
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan
Qudrat Ullah Khan
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan