Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxicity and Anti inflammatory activity of Papain and Bromelain based caries removal gel decorated with Silver Nanoparticles against oral microbes
Main Article Content
Keywords
Papain, Bromelain, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial,Tree species, Children
Abstract
Background: Traditionally caries removal has been always done using dental burs. There are other methods of caries removal as well. Chemico mechanical method of caries removal is one of the well known methods. This study is papain gel and bromelain gel which have been self prepared and used as caries removal agent.
Materials and methods: The cytotoxicity of the self prepared caries removal gel was tested by Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against S mutans, E faecalis, Lactobacillus and C albicans oral bacteria. Anti inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation analysis.
Results: Self made caries removal gel is more effective against oral microbes S mutans, Lactobacillus and C albicans. Also it shows mora anti inflammatory and less cytotoxic effect than commercial caries removal gel.
Conclusion: Self made caries removal gel is more effective than commercially available gel.
References
1. Beeley JA, Yip HK, Stevenson AG. [Chemo-mechanical caries removal: a review of the techniques and latest developments]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd [Internet]. 2001 Jul;108(7):277–81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486517
2. Alkhouli MM, Al Nesser SF, Bshara NG, AlMidani AN, Comisi JC. Comparing the efficacies of two chemo-mechanical caries removal agents (2.25% sodium hypochlorite gel and brix 3000), in caries removal and patient cooperation: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Dent [Internet]. 2020 Feb;93:103280. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103280
3. Venkataraghavan K, Kush A, Lakshminarayana C, Diwakar L, Ravikumar P, Patil S, et al. Chemomechanical Caries Removal: A Review & Study of an Indigen-ously Developed Agent (Carie Care (TM) Gel) In Children. J Int Oral Health [Internet]. 2013 Aug;5(4):84–90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155626
4. Fure S, Lingström P. Evaluation of the chemomechanical removal of dentine caries in vivo with a new modified Carisolv gel. Clin Oral Investig [Internet]. 2004 Sep;8(3):139–44. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-004-0271-6
5. Aldhuwayhi S, Mallineni SK, Sakhamuri S, Thakare AA, Mallineni S, Sajja R, et al. Covid-19 Knowledge and Perceptions Among Dental Specialists: A Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire Survey. Risk Manag Healthc Policy [Internet]. 2021 Jul 7;14:2851–61. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S306
6. Dua K, Wadhwa R, Singhvi G, Rapalli V, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, et al. The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress. Drug Dev Res [Internet]. 2019 Sep;80(6):714–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21571
7. Gan H, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Zheng L, Xie X, Veeraraghavan VP, et al. Zingerone induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and prevents 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in experimental rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol [Internet]. 2019 Oct;33(10):e22387. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22387
8. Li Z, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Bolla SR, Lakshmanan H, Kumaran S, et al. Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway. J Photochem Photobiol B [Internet]. 2020 Jan;203:111773. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773
9. Markov A, Thangavelu L, Aravindhan S, Zekiy AO, Jarahian M, Chartrand MS, et al. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a valuable source for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther [Internet]. 2021 Mar 18;12(1):192. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02265-1
10. Hikisz P, Bernasinska-Slomczewska J. Beneficial Properties of Bromelain. Nutrients [Internet]. 2021 Nov 29;13(12). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124313
11. Mohan M, Jagannathan N. Oral field cancerization: an update on current concepts. Oncol Rev [Internet]. 2014 Mar 17;8(1):244. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2014.244
12. Neelakantan P, Grotra D, Sharma S. Retreatability of 2 mineral trioxide aggregate-based root canal sealers: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis. J Endod [Internet]. 2013 Jul;39(7):893–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.022
13. Tang S, Zheng J. Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: Structural Effects. Adv Healthc Mater [Internet]. 2018 Jul;7(13):e1701503. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201701503
14. Abbasi E, Milani M, Fekri Aval S, Kouhi M, Akbarzadeh A, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, et al. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis methods, bio-applications and properties. Crit Rev Microbiol [Internet]. 2016;42(2):173–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2014.912200
15. Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV, Raghunandhakumar S, Elumalai P. A novel COVID-19 and its effects on cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res [Internet]. 2020 Jul;43(7):729–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-0461-x
16. Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 Jan 6;369(9555):51–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2
17. Mason PN, Bulatti PL. [Trial of a new method for removal of demineralized dentin]. Av Odontoestomatol [Internet]. 1989 Apr;5(4):211–21. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2634404
18. Bussadori SK, Castro LC, Galvão AC. Papain gel: a new chemo-mechanical caries removal agent. J Clin Pediatr Dent [Internet]. 2005 Winter;30(2):115–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.30.2.xq641w720u101048
19. de Lencastre Novaes LC, Jozala AF, Lopes AM, de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma V, Mazzola PG, Pessoa Junior A. Stability, purification, and applications of bromelain: A review. Biotechnol Prog [Internet]. 2016 Jan-Feb;32(1):5–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2190
20. Neves AA, Lourenço RA, Alves HD, Lopes RT, Primo LG. Caries-removal effectiveness of a papain-based chemo-mechanical agent: A quantitative micro-CT study. Scanning [Internet]. 2015 Mar 23;37(4):258–64. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.21206
21. Reddy VK, Nagar P, Reddy S, Ragulakollu R, Tirupathi SP, Ravi R, et al. Bromelain vs Papain Gel for Caries Removal in Primary Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1;20(11):1345–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31892689
22. Kumar J, Nayak M, Prasad KL, Gupta N. A comparative study of the clinical efficiency of chemomechanical caries removal using Carisolv and Papacarie - a papain gel. Indian J Dent Res [Internet]. 2012 Sep-Oct;23(5):697. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.107429
23. Yin IX, Zhang J, Zhao IS, Mei ML, Li Q, Chu CH. The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dentistry. Int J Nanomedicine [Internet]. 2020 Apr 17;15:2555–62. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S246764
24. Gad El-Rab SMF, Halawani EM, Alzahrani SSS. Biosynthesis of silver nano-drug using Juniperus excelsa and its synergistic antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria for wound dressing applications. 3 Biotech [Internet]. 2021 Jun;11(6):255. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02782-z
25. Bruna T, Maldonado-Bravo F, Jara P, Caro N. Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2021 Jul 4;22(13). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137202
26. Verdi LG, Pizzolatti MG, Montanher ABP, Brighente IMC, Smânia Júnior A, Smânia Ed E de FA, et al. Antibacterial and brine shrimp lethality tests of biflavonoids and derivatives of Rheedia gardneriana. Fitoterapia [Internet]. 2004 Jun;75(3-4):360–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2003.12.023
2. Alkhouli MM, Al Nesser SF, Bshara NG, AlMidani AN, Comisi JC. Comparing the efficacies of two chemo-mechanical caries removal agents (2.25% sodium hypochlorite gel and brix 3000), in caries removal and patient cooperation: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Dent [Internet]. 2020 Feb;93:103280. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103280
3. Venkataraghavan K, Kush A, Lakshminarayana C, Diwakar L, Ravikumar P, Patil S, et al. Chemomechanical Caries Removal: A Review & Study of an Indigen-ously Developed Agent (Carie Care (TM) Gel) In Children. J Int Oral Health [Internet]. 2013 Aug;5(4):84–90. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155626
4. Fure S, Lingström P. Evaluation of the chemomechanical removal of dentine caries in vivo with a new modified Carisolv gel. Clin Oral Investig [Internet]. 2004 Sep;8(3):139–44. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-004-0271-6
5. Aldhuwayhi S, Mallineni SK, Sakhamuri S, Thakare AA, Mallineni S, Sajja R, et al. Covid-19 Knowledge and Perceptions Among Dental Specialists: A Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire Survey. Risk Manag Healthc Policy [Internet]. 2021 Jul 7;14:2851–61. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S306
6. Dua K, Wadhwa R, Singhvi G, Rapalli V, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, et al. The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress. Drug Dev Res [Internet]. 2019 Sep;80(6):714–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21571
7. Gan H, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Zheng L, Xie X, Veeraraghavan VP, et al. Zingerone induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and prevents 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in experimental rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol [Internet]. 2019 Oct;33(10):e22387. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22387
8. Li Z, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Bolla SR, Lakshmanan H, Kumaran S, et al. Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway. J Photochem Photobiol B [Internet]. 2020 Jan;203:111773. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773
9. Markov A, Thangavelu L, Aravindhan S, Zekiy AO, Jarahian M, Chartrand MS, et al. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a valuable source for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther [Internet]. 2021 Mar 18;12(1):192. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02265-1
10. Hikisz P, Bernasinska-Slomczewska J. Beneficial Properties of Bromelain. Nutrients [Internet]. 2021 Nov 29;13(12). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124313
11. Mohan M, Jagannathan N. Oral field cancerization: an update on current concepts. Oncol Rev [Internet]. 2014 Mar 17;8(1):244. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2014.244
12. Neelakantan P, Grotra D, Sharma S. Retreatability of 2 mineral trioxide aggregate-based root canal sealers: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis. J Endod [Internet]. 2013 Jul;39(7):893–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.022
13. Tang S, Zheng J. Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: Structural Effects. Adv Healthc Mater [Internet]. 2018 Jul;7(13):e1701503. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201701503
14. Abbasi E, Milani M, Fekri Aval S, Kouhi M, Akbarzadeh A, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, et al. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis methods, bio-applications and properties. Crit Rev Microbiol [Internet]. 2016;42(2):173–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2014.912200
15. Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV, Raghunandhakumar S, Elumalai P. A novel COVID-19 and its effects on cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res [Internet]. 2020 Jul;43(7):729–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-0461-x
16. Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 Jan 6;369(9555):51–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2
17. Mason PN, Bulatti PL. [Trial of a new method for removal of demineralized dentin]. Av Odontoestomatol [Internet]. 1989 Apr;5(4):211–21. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2634404
18. Bussadori SK, Castro LC, Galvão AC. Papain gel: a new chemo-mechanical caries removal agent. J Clin Pediatr Dent [Internet]. 2005 Winter;30(2):115–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.30.2.xq641w720u101048
19. de Lencastre Novaes LC, Jozala AF, Lopes AM, de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma V, Mazzola PG, Pessoa Junior A. Stability, purification, and applications of bromelain: A review. Biotechnol Prog [Internet]. 2016 Jan-Feb;32(1):5–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2190
20. Neves AA, Lourenço RA, Alves HD, Lopes RT, Primo LG. Caries-removal effectiveness of a papain-based chemo-mechanical agent: A quantitative micro-CT study. Scanning [Internet]. 2015 Mar 23;37(4):258–64. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.21206
21. Reddy VK, Nagar P, Reddy S, Ragulakollu R, Tirupathi SP, Ravi R, et al. Bromelain vs Papain Gel for Caries Removal in Primary Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1;20(11):1345–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31892689
22. Kumar J, Nayak M, Prasad KL, Gupta N. A comparative study of the clinical efficiency of chemomechanical caries removal using Carisolv and Papacarie - a papain gel. Indian J Dent Res [Internet]. 2012 Sep-Oct;23(5):697. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.107429
23. Yin IX, Zhang J, Zhao IS, Mei ML, Li Q, Chu CH. The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dentistry. Int J Nanomedicine [Internet]. 2020 Apr 17;15:2555–62. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S246764
24. Gad El-Rab SMF, Halawani EM, Alzahrani SSS. Biosynthesis of silver nano-drug using Juniperus excelsa and its synergistic antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria for wound dressing applications. 3 Biotech [Internet]. 2021 Jun;11(6):255. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02782-z
25. Bruna T, Maldonado-Bravo F, Jara P, Caro N. Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2021 Jul 4;22(13). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137202
26. Verdi LG, Pizzolatti MG, Montanher ABP, Brighente IMC, Smânia Júnior A, Smânia Ed E de FA, et al. Antibacterial and brine shrimp lethality tests of biflavonoids and derivatives of Rheedia gardneriana. Fitoterapia [Internet]. 2004 Jun;75(3-4):360–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2003.12.023
Article Sidebar
Published
Jun 6, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
S B Divya, S.Delphine Priscilla Antony S, & S Rajeshkumar. (2023). Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxicity and Anti inflammatory activity of Papain and Bromelain based caries removal gel decorated with Silver Nanoparticles against oral microbes. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.009
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.