EVALUATING THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS FROM POMEGRANATES PEEL AGAINST PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
Main Article Content
Keywords
antimicrobial, pomegranates, methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and n-hexane
Abstract
Pomegranates (Punica granatum L.) have been celebrated for their medicinal properties for centuries, prominently in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine. This study evaluates the antimicrobial efficacy of solvent extracts from pomegranate peel against pathogenic microorganisms. Extracts were obtained using methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viridens, and Candida albicans. The disc diffusion method was employed to measure inhibition zones. Results demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity across all extracts, with methanol and ethanol showing the highest efficacy. Chloroform and n-hexane extracts also displayed notable activity against certain pathogens. Notably, methanol extract showed inhibitory effects on E. coli (P=0.0378, F=3.861), B. subtilis (P=0.0001, F=20.56), P. aeruginosa (P=0.0402, F=3.775), A. niger (P=0.0031, F=8.353), Trichoderma viridens (P=0.0001, F=59.72), and Candida albicans (P=0.0001, F=34.23). Ethanol extract exhibited significant inhibition on E. coli (P=0.0001, F=71.48), B. subtilis (P=0.0003, F=14.76), P. aeruginosa (P=0.0001, F=26.02), A. niger (P=0.0001, F=19.21), Trichoderma viridens (P=0.0001, F=22.44), and Candida albicans (P=0.0002, F=16.60). Chloroform extract showed significant inhibition on E. coli (P=0.0005, F=13.45), B. subtilis (P=0.0456, F=3.602), P. aeruginosa (P=0.0027, F=8.673), A. niger (P=0.0001, F=95.34), and Candida albicans (P=0.0001, F=35.09). Furthermore, n-hexane extract exhibited significant inhibition on E. coli (P=0.0001, F=57.23), B. subtilis (P=0.0120, F=5.662), P. aeruginosa (P=0.0072, F=6.599), A. niger (P=0.0001, F=69.44), and Candida albicans (P=0.0001, F=35.09). These findings underscore the potential of pomegranate peel extracts as natural antimicrobial agents and provide valuable insights for their future application in pharmaceuticals and other industries.
References
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24. Robina, S. H., Ahmad, J., Javed, S., Adnan, S. M., Zahir, J., & Shagufa, M. (2021). Antimicrobial Activity of Ethyl Acetate, Chloroform and Deionized Water Extract of Leaves of Pteris Cretica. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(7), 1493-1501.
25. Scaglione, E., Sateriale, D., Mantova, G., Di Rosario, M., Continisio, L., Vitiello, M., . . . Salvatore, P. (2024). Antimicrobial efficacy of Punica granatum Lythraceae peel extract against pathogens belonging to the ESKAPE group. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1383027.
26. Tanveer, A., Farooq, U., Akram, K., Hayat, Z., Shafi, A., Nazar, H., & Ahmad, Z. (2015). Pomegranate extracts: A natural preventive measure against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Food Reviews International, 31(1), 29-51.
27. Yassin, M. T., Mostafa, A. A.-F., & Al Askar, A. A. (2021). In vitro evaluation of biological activities and phytochemical analysis of different solvent extracts of Punica granatum L.(Pomegranate) peels. Plants, 10(12), 2742.
2. Ahmad, J. (2021). Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plant Rhamnus Virgata (Roxb.) Batsch from Abbottabad, Nathia Gali, KPK, Pakistan. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(7), 1502-1511.
3. Ahmad, J. (2022). Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Wulfenia Amherstiana. Tobacco Regulatory Science (TRS), 2573-2583.
4. Al-Zoreky, N. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. International journal of food microbiology, 134(3), 244-248.
5. Alexandre, E. M., Silva, S., Santos, S. A., Silvestre, A. J., Duarte, M. F., Saraiva, J. A., & Pintado, M. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate peel extracts performed by high pressure and enzymatic assisted extraction. Food research international, 115, 167-176.
6. Balaban, M., Koç, C., Sar, T., & Akbas, M. Y. (2022). Screening for bioactive compound rich pomegranate peel extracts and their antimicrobial activities: extraction methods for increased antibacterial and antifungal properties. Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 66(1), 81-89.
7. Benslimane, S., Rebai, O., Djibaoui, R., & Arabi, A. (2020). Pomegranate Peel Extract Activities as Antioxidant and Antibiofilm against Bacteria Isolated from Caries and Supragingival Plaque. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 13(3).
8. Daoutidou, M., Plessas, S., Alexopoulos, A., & Mantzourani, I. (2021). Assessment of antimicrobial activity of pomegranate, cranberry, and black chokeberry extracts against foodborne pathogens. Foods, 10(3), 486.
9. Duman, A. D., Ozgen, M., Dayisoylu, K. S., Erbil, N., & Durgac, C. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of six pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties and their relation to some of their pomological and phytonutrient characteristics. Molecules, 14(5), 1808-1817.
10. El Khetabi, A., Lahlali, R., Askarne, L., Ezrari, S., El Ghadaroui, L., Tahiri, A., . . . Amiri, S. (2020). Efficacy assessment of pomegranate peel aqueous extract for brown rot (Monilinia spp.) disease control. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 110, 101482.
11. Farooq, S., Fiaz, I., Ahmad, H., Hameed, H., Rizwan, M., Khan, A., . . . Hussein, Y. (2023). Optimization of different growth parameters for maximum production of bioactive crude metabolites by Aspergillus fumigatus. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 36(3 (Special)), 927-934.
12. Gullon, B., Pintado, M. E., Pérez-Álvarez, J. A., & Viuda-Martos, M. (2016). Assessment of polyphenolic profile and antibacterial activity of pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) flour obtained from co-product of juice extraction. Food control, 59, 94-98.
13. Hanafy, S. M., Abd El-Shafea, Y. M., Saleh, W. D., & Fathy, H. M. (2021). Chemical profiling, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of pomegranate, orange and banana peel-extracts against pathogenic microorganisms. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 19(1), 80.
14. Ismail, T., Akhtar, S., Sestili, P., Riaz, M., Ismail, A., & Labbe, R. G. (2016). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and urease inhibitory activities of phenolics‐rich pomegranate peel hydro‐alcoholic extracts. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 40(4), 550-558.
15. Jaisinghani, R. N., Makhwana, S., & Kanojia, A. (2018). Study on antibacterial and flavonoid content of ethanolic extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel. Microbiology research, 9(1), 7480.
16. Kharchoufi, S., Licciardello, F., Siracusa, L., Muratore, G., Hamdi, M., & Restuccia, C. (2018). Antimicrobial and antioxidant features of ‘Gabsiʼ pomegranate peel extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 111, 345-352.
17. Kupnik, K., Primožič, M., Vasić, K., Knez, Ž., & Leitgeb, M. (2021). A comprehensive study of the antibacterial activity of bioactive juice and extracts from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels and seeds. Plants, 10(8), 1554.
18. Machado, T. d. B., Leal, I. C., Amaral, A. C. F., Santos, K., Silva, M. G. d., & Kuster, R. M. (2002). Antimicrobial ellagitannin of Punica granatum fruits. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 13, 606-610.
19. Malviya, S., Arvind, Jha, A., & Hettiarachchy, N. (2014). Antioxidant and antibacterial potential of pomegranate peel extracts. Journal of food science and technology, 51, 4132-4137.
20. Manapure, N., Naik, R., Satbhai, R., & Mohite, S. (2015). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Solvent Extracted Pomegranate Peel and its Effect against Plant Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol, 9, 1081-1089.
21. Mehdinia, A., & Rostami, S. (2020). Green Synthesis of Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles and Their Application as Enviromental Sensors. Nanosensor Technologies for Environmental Monitoring, 219-257.
22. Mitsagga, C., Petrotos, K., & Giavasis, I. (2021). Antimicrobial properties of lyophilized extracts of olive fruit, pomegranate and orange peel extracts against foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and fungi in vitro and in food matrices. Molecules, 26(22), 7038.
23. Munir, S., Amanat, T., Raja, M. A., Mohammed, K., Rasheed, R. A., Hussein, D. S., . . . Hayat, S. (2023). Antimicrobial efficacy of phyto-synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Rosamarinus officinalis L. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 36(3 (Special)), 941-946.
24. Robina, S. H., Ahmad, J., Javed, S., Adnan, S. M., Zahir, J., & Shagufa, M. (2021). Antimicrobial Activity of Ethyl Acetate, Chloroform and Deionized Water Extract of Leaves of Pteris Cretica. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(7), 1493-1501.
25. Scaglione, E., Sateriale, D., Mantova, G., Di Rosario, M., Continisio, L., Vitiello, M., . . . Salvatore, P. (2024). Antimicrobial efficacy of Punica granatum Lythraceae peel extract against pathogens belonging to the ESKAPE group. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1383027.
26. Tanveer, A., Farooq, U., Akram, K., Hayat, Z., Shafi, A., Nazar, H., & Ahmad, Z. (2015). Pomegranate extracts: A natural preventive measure against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Food Reviews International, 31(1), 29-51.
27. Yassin, M. T., Mostafa, A. A.-F., & Al Askar, A. A. (2021). In vitro evaluation of biological activities and phytochemical analysis of different solvent extracts of Punica granatum L.(Pomegranate) peels. Plants, 10(12), 2742.
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Published
Aug 13, 2024
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How to Cite
Uswa Siddique, Noor Talaat Nassar, Afifa Kousar, Sadaf Farooq, Rabia Bashir, Iram Saba, Sumia Khan, Muhammad Farhan, Amina Kanwal, & Iqbal Nisa. (2024). EVALUATING THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS FROM POMEGRANATES PEEL AGAINST PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 643–651. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i8.7434
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