ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING BACTERIA (PGPR) FROM RHIZOSPHERE OF OKRA
Main Article Content
Keywords
Plant growth promoting bacteria, Luria–Bertani agar media, hydrogen cyanide production, Indole acetic acid production.
Abstract
Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) are a type of bacteria that inhabit the rhizosphere of plants and can aid in the growth of plants, either directly or indirectly. Many different bacterial species have been studied for their ability to promote plant growth, including Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, and Rhizobium. The aim of the present study is to identify and isolate such bacteria from the rhizosphere of okra. The serial dilution approach was used in the current investigation to perform the isolation on LB-agar media. 15 strains were obtained for the characterization based on physical characteristics. Isolated isolates were identified using biochemical tests and morphological basis in vitro. 09 strains were gram positive while 05 strains were gram negative when stained it. In the current study, phosphate solublization was detected in seven bacterial isolates. Almost all of the bacterial isolates demonstrated IAA production. Twelve isolates tested positive for ammonia generation. All isolates were negative for HCN production. Fourteen isolates had nitrogen activity. Eleven isolates, nine isolates, and eleven isolates strains, respectively, demonstrated the activities of protease, pectinase, and amylase. To improve plant development, the potential of these PGPR isolates needs to be tested further.
References
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19. Jha, C.K., B. Patel, and M. Saraf. 2012. Stimulation of the growth of Jatropha curcas by the plant growth promoting bacterium Enterobacter cancerogenus MSA2. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 28:891-899.
20. Kejela, T., V.R. Thakkar, and P. Thakor. 2016. Bacillus species (BT42) isolated from Coffea arabica L. rhizosphere antagonizes Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum and also exhibits multiple plant growth promoting activity. BMC microbiology. 16:1-13.
21. Khan, M.A., and A. Rab. 2019. Plant spacing affects the growth and seed production of okra varieties. Sarhad J. Agric. 35:751-756.
22. Kumar, A., A. Kumar, S. Devi, S. Patil, C. Payal, and S. Negi. 2012. Isolation, screening and characterization of bacteria from Rhizospheric soils for different plant growth promotion (PGP) activities: an in vitro study. Recent research in science and technology. 4:1-5.
23. Kumar, A., P. Kumar, and R. Nadendla. 2013. A review on: Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra). International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences. 3:129-132.
24. Kumar, S., S. Dagnoko, A. Haougui, A. Ratnadass, N. Pasternak, and C. Kouame. 2010. Okra (Abelmoschus spp.) in West and Central Africa: Potential and progress on its improvement.
25. Lamont, W.J. 1999. Okra-A versatile vegetable crop. HORTTECHNOLOGY-ALEXANDRIA VA-. 9:179-184.
26. Leghari, S.J., N.A. Wahocho, G.M. Laghari, A. HafeezLaghari, G. MustafaBhabhan, K. HussainTalpur, T.A. Bhutto, S.A. Wahocho, and A.A. Lashari. 2016. Role of nitrogen for plant growth and development: A review. Advances in Environmental Biology. 10:209-219.
27. Makhalanyane, T.P., A. Valverde, E. Gunnigle, A. Frossard, J.-B. Ramond, and D.A. Cowan. 2015. Microbial ecology of hot desert edaphic systems. FEMS microbiology reviews. 39:203-221.
28. Moustaine, M., R. Elkahkahi, A. Benbouazza, R. Benkirane, and E. Achbani. 2017. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth in tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) and characterization for direct PGP abilities in Morocco. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology. 2:238708.
29. Myrold, D.D., and N.R. Posavatz. 2007. Potential importance of bacteria and fungi in nitrate assimilation in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 39:1737-1743.
30. Nautiyal, C.S. 1999. An efficient microbiological growth medium for screening phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. FEMS microbiology Letters. 170:265-270.
31. Naveed, A., A.A. Khan, and I.A. Khan. 2009. Generation mean analysis of water stress tolerance in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Pak. J. Bot. 41:195-205.
32. Nehra, V., B.S. Saharan, and M. Choudhary. 2016. Evaluation of Brevibacillus brevis as a potential plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) crop. Springerplus. 5:1-10.
33. Nelson, L.M. 2004. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Prospects for new inoculants. Crop management. 3:1-7.
34. Pikovskaya, R. 1948. Mobilization of phosphorus in soil in connection with vital activity of some microbial species. Mikrobiologiya. 17:362-370.
35. Praveen Kumar, G., N. Kishore, E. Leo Daniel Amalraj, S. Mir Hassan Ahmed, A. Rasul, and S. Desai. 2012. Evaluation of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. with single and multiple PGPR traits for plant growth promotion of sorghum in combination with AM fungi. Plant Growth Regulation. 67:133-140.
36. Puente, M., Y. Bashan, C. Li, and V. Lebsky. 2004. Microbial populations and activities in the rhizoplane of rock-weathering desert plants. I. Root colonization and weathering of igneous rocks. Plant Biology. 6:629-642.
37. Qhureshi, Z. 2007. Breeding investigation in bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). University of Agricultural Sciences.
38. Rabaan, A.A., S. Alhumaid, A.A. Mutair, M. Garout, Y. Abulhamayel, M.A. Halwani, J.H. Alestad, A.A. Bshabshe, T. Sulaiman, and M.K. AlFonaisan. 2022. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Combating High Antimicrobial Resistance Rates. Antibiotics. 11:784.
39. Rahman, K. 2012. Performance of different okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cultivars under the agro-climatic conditions of Dera Ismail Khan. Pakistan Journal of Science. 64.
40. Rahni, N.M. 2012. Efek fitohormon PGPR terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman jagung (Zea mays). CEFARS: Jurnal Agribisnis dan Pengembangan Wilayah. 3:27-35.
41. Rizvi, A., M.U. Saeed, A. Nadeem, A. Yaqoob, A.A. Rabaan, M.A. Bakhrebah, A. Al Mutair, S. Alhumaid, M. Aljeldah, and B.R. Al Shammari. 2022. Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan. Medicina. 58:904.
42. Saha, A., and S.C. Santra. 2014. Isolation and characterization of bacteria isolated from municipal solid waste for production of industrial enzymes and waste degradation. J Microbiol Exp. 1:1-8.
43. Saifullah, M., and M. Rabbani. 2009. Evaluation and characterization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.) genotypes. Saarc J. Agric. 7:92-99.
44. Sajjad Mirza, M., W. Ahmad, F. Latif, J. Haurat, R. Bally, P. Normand, and K.A. Malik. 2001. Isolation, partial characterization, and the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) on micro-propagated sugarcane in vitro. Plant and soil. 237:47-54.
45. Samuel, S., and S. Muthukkaruppan. 2011. Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and fungi associated with rice, mangrove and effluent contaminated soil. Current Botany. 2.
46. Sarkar, A., T. Islam, G. Biswas, S. Alam, M. Hossain, and N. Talukder. 2012. Screening for phosphate solubilizing bacteria inhabiting the rhizoplane of rice grown in acidic soil in Bangladesh. Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica. 59:199-213.
47. Sarker, A., N.M. Talukder, and M.T. Islam. 2014. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria promote growth and enhance nutrient uptake by wheat. Plant Science Today. 1:86-93.
48. Tariq, F., N. Ahmed, M. Afzal, M.A.U. Khan, and B. Zeshan. 2020. Synthesis, Characterization and antimicrobial activity of Bacillus subtilis-derived silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. 13.
49. VarmuDy, V. 2011. Need to boost okra exports. Facts For You. 31:21-23.
50. Vessey, J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and soil. 255:571-586.
51. Voisard, C., C. Keel, D. Haas, and G. Dèfago. 1989. Cyanide production by Pseudomonas fluorescens helps suppress black root rot of tobacco under gnotobiotic conditions. The EMBO Journal. 8:351-358.
52. Wahyudi, A. 2009. Rhizobacteria pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman: prospeknya sebagai agen biostimulator & biokontrol. Nano Indonesia.
2. Ahmad, F., I. Ahmad, and M. Khan. 2008. Screening of free-living rhizospheric bacteria for their multiple plant growth promoting activities. Microbiological research. 163:173-181.
3. Ahmed, N., Z. Ali, M. Riaz, B. Zeshan, J.I. Wattoo, and M.N. Aslam. 2020. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cancer patients. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 21:1333.
4. Ahmed, N., M.I. Karobari, A. Yousaf, R.N. Mohamed, S. Arshad, S.N. Basheer, S.W. Peeran, T.Y. Noorani, A.A. Assiry, and A.S. Alharbi. 2022a. The Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Selective Oral Microbes, Antioxidant Activity and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Zingiber officinale. Infection and Drug Resistance. 15:2773.
5. Ahmed, N., H. Khalid, M. Mushtaq, S. Basha, A.A. Rabaan, M. Garout, M.A. Halwani, A. Al Mutair, S. Alhumaid, and Z. Al Alawi. 2022b. The Molecular Characterization of Virulence Determinants and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Human Bacterial Uropathogens. Antibiotics. 11:516.
6. Ahmed, N., M. Khan, W. Saleem, M.I. Karobari, R.N. Mohamed, A. Heboyan, A.A. Rabaan, A.A. Mutair, S. Alhumaid, and S.A. Alsadiq. 2022c. Evaluation of bi-lateral co-infections and antibiotic resistance rates among COVID-19 patients. Antibiotics. 11:276.
7. Ahmed, N., B. Zeshan, M. Naveed, M. Afzal, and M. Mohamed. 2019. Antibiotic resistance profile in relation to virulence genes fimH, hlyA and usp of uropathogenic E. coli isolates in Lahore, Pakistan. Trop. Biomed. 36:559-568.
8. Andras, C.D., B. Simandi, F. Örsi, C. Lambrou, D. Missopolinou‐Tatala, C. Panayiotou, J. Domokos, and F. Doleschall. 2005. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L) seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 85:1415-1419.
9. Ashrafuzzaman, M., F.A. Hossen, M.R. Ismail, A. Hoque, M.Z. Islam, S. Shahidullah, and S. Meon. 2009. Efficiency of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for the enhancement of rice growth. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8.
10. Assiry, A.A., N. Ahmed, A. Almuaddi, A. Saif, M.A. Alshahrani, R.N. Mohamed, and M.I. Karobari. 2023. The antioxidant activity, preliminary phytochemical screening of Zingiber zerumbet and antimicrobial efficacy against selective endodontic bacteria. Food Science & Nutrition.
11. Benjawan, C., P. Chutichudet, and S. Kaewsit. 2007. Effects of green manures on growth, yield and quality of green okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Har Lium Cultivar. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS. 10:1028-1035.
12. Braga, R.M., M.N. Dourado, and W.L. Araújo. 2016. Microbial interactions: ecology in a molecular perspective. brazilian journal of microbiology. 47:86-98.
13. Castric, P.A. 1975. Hydrogen cyanide, a secondary metabolite of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 21:613-618.
14. Glickmann, E., and Y. Dessaux. 1995. A critical examination of the specificity of the Salkowski reagent for indolic compounds produced by phytopathogenic bacteria. Applied and environmental microbiology. 61:793-796.
15. Goldstein, D., B. Tinland, L. Gilbertson, J. Staub, G. Bannon, R. Goodman, R. McCoy, and A. Silvanovich. 2005. Human safety and genetically modified plants: a review of antibiotic resistance markers and future transformation selection technologies. Journal of applied microbiology. 99:7-23.
16. Hiltner, L. 1904. Ober neuter erfahrungen und probleme auf dem gebiete der bodenbakteriologie unter besonderer berucksichtigung der grundungung und brache. Arbeiten der Deutshen Landwirschafthchen Gesellschaft. 98:59-78.
17. Hongmei, J., J.C. Aitchison, D.C. Lacap, Y. Peerapornpisal, U. Sompong, and S.B. Pointing. 2005. Community phylogenetic analysis of moderately thermophilic cyanobacterial mats from China, the Philippines and Thailand. Extremophiles. 9:325-332.
18. Javed, F., Z. Ali, S. Ali, N. Ahmed, M.K. Alam, Y. Mahmood, and A. Wali. 2022. BARLEY BRAN, A NOVEL AGRICULTURAL WASTE FOR THE IMPROVED PRODUCTION OF AN EXTRACELLULAR LACCASE FROM A SOIL-INHABITED Penicillium spp. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences:e3631-e3631.
19. Jha, C.K., B. Patel, and M. Saraf. 2012. Stimulation of the growth of Jatropha curcas by the plant growth promoting bacterium Enterobacter cancerogenus MSA2. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 28:891-899.
20. Kejela, T., V.R. Thakkar, and P. Thakor. 2016. Bacillus species (BT42) isolated from Coffea arabica L. rhizosphere antagonizes Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum and also exhibits multiple plant growth promoting activity. BMC microbiology. 16:1-13.
21. Khan, M.A., and A. Rab. 2019. Plant spacing affects the growth and seed production of okra varieties. Sarhad J. Agric. 35:751-756.
22. Kumar, A., A. Kumar, S. Devi, S. Patil, C. Payal, and S. Negi. 2012. Isolation, screening and characterization of bacteria from Rhizospheric soils for different plant growth promotion (PGP) activities: an in vitro study. Recent research in science and technology. 4:1-5.
23. Kumar, A., P. Kumar, and R. Nadendla. 2013. A review on: Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra). International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences. 3:129-132.
24. Kumar, S., S. Dagnoko, A. Haougui, A. Ratnadass, N. Pasternak, and C. Kouame. 2010. Okra (Abelmoschus spp.) in West and Central Africa: Potential and progress on its improvement.
25. Lamont, W.J. 1999. Okra-A versatile vegetable crop. HORTTECHNOLOGY-ALEXANDRIA VA-. 9:179-184.
26. Leghari, S.J., N.A. Wahocho, G.M. Laghari, A. HafeezLaghari, G. MustafaBhabhan, K. HussainTalpur, T.A. Bhutto, S.A. Wahocho, and A.A. Lashari. 2016. Role of nitrogen for plant growth and development: A review. Advances in Environmental Biology. 10:209-219.
27. Makhalanyane, T.P., A. Valverde, E. Gunnigle, A. Frossard, J.-B. Ramond, and D.A. Cowan. 2015. Microbial ecology of hot desert edaphic systems. FEMS microbiology reviews. 39:203-221.
28. Moustaine, M., R. Elkahkahi, A. Benbouazza, R. Benkirane, and E. Achbani. 2017. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth in tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) and characterization for direct PGP abilities in Morocco. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology. 2:238708.
29. Myrold, D.D., and N.R. Posavatz. 2007. Potential importance of bacteria and fungi in nitrate assimilation in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 39:1737-1743.
30. Nautiyal, C.S. 1999. An efficient microbiological growth medium for screening phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. FEMS microbiology Letters. 170:265-270.
31. Naveed, A., A.A. Khan, and I.A. Khan. 2009. Generation mean analysis of water stress tolerance in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Pak. J. Bot. 41:195-205.
32. Nehra, V., B.S. Saharan, and M. Choudhary. 2016. Evaluation of Brevibacillus brevis as a potential plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) crop. Springerplus. 5:1-10.
33. Nelson, L.M. 2004. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Prospects for new inoculants. Crop management. 3:1-7.
34. Pikovskaya, R. 1948. Mobilization of phosphorus in soil in connection with vital activity of some microbial species. Mikrobiologiya. 17:362-370.
35. Praveen Kumar, G., N. Kishore, E. Leo Daniel Amalraj, S. Mir Hassan Ahmed, A. Rasul, and S. Desai. 2012. Evaluation of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. with single and multiple PGPR traits for plant growth promotion of sorghum in combination with AM fungi. Plant Growth Regulation. 67:133-140.
36. Puente, M., Y. Bashan, C. Li, and V. Lebsky. 2004. Microbial populations and activities in the rhizoplane of rock-weathering desert plants. I. Root colonization and weathering of igneous rocks. Plant Biology. 6:629-642.
37. Qhureshi, Z. 2007. Breeding investigation in bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). University of Agricultural Sciences.
38. Rabaan, A.A., S. Alhumaid, A.A. Mutair, M. Garout, Y. Abulhamayel, M.A. Halwani, J.H. Alestad, A.A. Bshabshe, T. Sulaiman, and M.K. AlFonaisan. 2022. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Combating High Antimicrobial Resistance Rates. Antibiotics. 11:784.
39. Rahman, K. 2012. Performance of different okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cultivars under the agro-climatic conditions of Dera Ismail Khan. Pakistan Journal of Science. 64.
40. Rahni, N.M. 2012. Efek fitohormon PGPR terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman jagung (Zea mays). CEFARS: Jurnal Agribisnis dan Pengembangan Wilayah. 3:27-35.
41. Rizvi, A., M.U. Saeed, A. Nadeem, A. Yaqoob, A.A. Rabaan, M.A. Bakhrebah, A. Al Mutair, S. Alhumaid, M. Aljeldah, and B.R. Al Shammari. 2022. Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan. Medicina. 58:904.
42. Saha, A., and S.C. Santra. 2014. Isolation and characterization of bacteria isolated from municipal solid waste for production of industrial enzymes and waste degradation. J Microbiol Exp. 1:1-8.
43. Saifullah, M., and M. Rabbani. 2009. Evaluation and characterization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.) genotypes. Saarc J. Agric. 7:92-99.
44. Sajjad Mirza, M., W. Ahmad, F. Latif, J. Haurat, R. Bally, P. Normand, and K.A. Malik. 2001. Isolation, partial characterization, and the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) on micro-propagated sugarcane in vitro. Plant and soil. 237:47-54.
45. Samuel, S., and S. Muthukkaruppan. 2011. Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and fungi associated with rice, mangrove and effluent contaminated soil. Current Botany. 2.
46. Sarkar, A., T. Islam, G. Biswas, S. Alam, M. Hossain, and N. Talukder. 2012. Screening for phosphate solubilizing bacteria inhabiting the rhizoplane of rice grown in acidic soil in Bangladesh. Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica. 59:199-213.
47. Sarker, A., N.M. Talukder, and M.T. Islam. 2014. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria promote growth and enhance nutrient uptake by wheat. Plant Science Today. 1:86-93.
48. Tariq, F., N. Ahmed, M. Afzal, M.A.U. Khan, and B. Zeshan. 2020. Synthesis, Characterization and antimicrobial activity of Bacillus subtilis-derived silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. 13.
49. VarmuDy, V. 2011. Need to boost okra exports. Facts For You. 31:21-23.
50. Vessey, J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and soil. 255:571-586.
51. Voisard, C., C. Keel, D. Haas, and G. Dèfago. 1989. Cyanide production by Pseudomonas fluorescens helps suppress black root rot of tobacco under gnotobiotic conditions. The EMBO Journal. 8:351-358.
52. Wahyudi, A. 2009. Rhizobacteria pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman: prospeknya sebagai agen biostimulator & biokontrol. Nano Indonesia.
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Oct 30, 2023
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Touseef Bashir, Madiha Iqbal, Shahzeb Javed, Jaweria Riaz, Nain Taara Bukhari, Iqbal Nisa, Ghufran Ullah, Maleeha Nisar, & Nimra Khan. (2023). ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING BACTERIA (PGPR) FROM RHIZOSPHERE OF OKRA. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(18), 1257–1268. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i18.3264
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Author Biographies
Touseef Bashir
Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of science and technology, Pakistan
Madiha Iqbal
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn Univeristy Maneshra
Shahzeb Javed
Department of Drug Discovery and Development , University of Salerno, Italy
Jaweria Riaz
Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Univeristy of Urbino Carlo Bo, Italy
Nain Taara Bukhari
Department of Microbiology, Women University Swabi, KPK, Pakistan
Iqbal Nisa
Department of Microbiology, Women University Swabi, KPK, Pakistan
Ghufran Ullah
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid I Azam Univeristy Islamabad, Pakistan
Maleeha Nisar
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid I Azam Univeristy Islamabad, Pakistan
Nimra Khan
Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of science and technology, Pakistan