VASCULAR HAEMORRHAGE CAUSES, SIGNS, AND TREATMENTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Extravasation, endothelium, vascular permeability, diathesis, and bleeding disease
Abstract
The vascular system comprises a network of blood vessels known as arteries, veins, and capillaries. Hemorrhage, which can occur internally and externally, is a term used in medicine to describe the leakage of blood from damaged blood vessels. Hemorrhages sometimes entail severe bleeding that arises quickly. Hemorrhages primarily result from wounds or specific disorders, including blood loss from the vascular system's blood vessels. Reviewing the current literature on the causes, symptoms, and treatments of vascular bleeding is the primary goal of this study. Referencing some criteria and professional opinions that have been demonstrated to reveal the causes, symptoms, and treatment of vascular bleeding, as well as other connected elements, are shown in the results.
References
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Bulger, E. M., Snyder, D., Schoelles, K., Gotschall, C., Dawson, D., Lang, E., Sanddal, N. D., Butler, F. K., Fallat, M., & Taillac, P. (2014). An evidence-based prehospital guideline for external hemorrhage control: American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Prehospital Emergency Care, 18(2), 163-173.
Catarino, S. O., Rodrigues, R. O., Pinho, D., Miranda, J. M., Minas, G., & Lima, R. (2019). Blood cells separation and sorting techniques of passive microfluidic devices: From fabrication to applications. Micromachines, 10(9), 593.
Clark, J. H., Nelson, W., Lyons, C., Mayerson, H., & DeCamp, P. (1947). Chronic shock: the problem of reduced blood volume in the chronically ill patient in three parts. Annals of surgery, 125(5), 618.
Czarnitzki, D., Hussinger, K., & Schneider, C. (2011). Commercializing academic research: the quality of faculty patenting. Industrial and corporate change, 20(5), 1403-1437.
Ellis-Behnke, R. G., Liang, Y.-X., Tay, D. K., Kau, P. W., Schneider, G. E., Zhang, S., Wu, W., & So, K.-F. (2006). Nano hemostat solution: immediate hemostasis at the nanoscale. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2(4), 207-215.
Etzkowitz, H. (1998). The norms of entrepreneurial science: cognitive effects of the new university–industry linkages. Research policy, 27(8), 823-833.
Fine, J., Frank, H. A., & Seligman, A. M. (1946). The treatment of acute renal failure by peritoneal irrigation. Annals of surgery, 124(5), 857.
González-Duarte, A., García-Ramos, G. S., Valdés-Ferrer, S. I., & Cantú-Brito, C. (2008). Clinical description of intracranial hemorrhage associated with bleeding disorders. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 17(4), 204-207.
Grønfeldt, B. M., Lindberg Nielsen, J., Mieritz, R. M., Lund, H., & Aagaard, P. (2020). Effect of blood‐flow restricted vs heavy‐load strength training on muscle strength: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 30(5), 837-848.
Hayes, S. M., Murray, S., Dupuis, M., Dawes, M., Hawes, I. A., & Barkun, A. N. (2010). Barriers to the implementation of practice guidelines in managing patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a qualitative approach. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 24, 289-296.
Imparato, A. M., Riles, T. S., Mintzer, R., & Baumann, F. G. (1983). The importance of hemorrhage in the relationship between gross morphologic characteristics and cerebral symptoms in 376 carotid artery plaques. Annals of surgery, 197(2), 195.
Kheirabadi, B. S., Edens, J. W., Terrazas, I. B., Estep, J. S., Klemcke, H. G., Dubick, M. A., & Holcomb, J. B. (2009). Comparison of new hemostatic granules/powders with currently deployed hemostatic products in a lethal model of extremity arterial hemorrhage in swine. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 66(2), 316-328.
Kheirabadi, B. S., Scherer, M. R., Estep, J. S., Dubick, M. A., & Holcomb, J. B. (2009). Determination of efficacy of new hemostatic dressings in a model of extremity arterial hemorrhage in swine. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 67(3), 450-460.
Laine, L., & Jensen, D. M. (2012). Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 107(3), 345-360.
Lasczkowski, G., Riße, M., Gamerdinger, U., & Weiler, G. (2005). Pathogenesis of conjunctival petechiae. Forensic science international, 147(1), 25-29.
Lojpur, M. (2020). First aid to the injured. Diakses tanggal, 24.
Malik, A., Rehman, F. U., Shah, K. U., Naz, S. S., & Qaisar, S. (2021). Hemostatic strategies for uncontrolled bleeding: A comprehensive update. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 109(10), 1465-1477.
Mansfield, E. (1995). Academic research underlying industrial innovations: sources, characteristics, and financing. The review of Economics and Statistics, 55-65.
Martin, K., & Key, N. S. (2016). How I treat patients with inherited bleeding disorders who need anticoagulant therapy. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 128(2), 178-184.
Mehta, S. R., Yusuf, S., Peters, R. J., Bertrand, M. E., Lewis, B. S., Natarajan, M. K., Malmberg, K., Rupprecht, H.-J., Zhao, F., & Chrolavicius, S. (2001). Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. The Lancet, 358(9281), 527-533.
Nardone, Rocco, Balzano, & Budillon. (1999). The efficacy of octreotide therapy in chronic bleeding due to vascular abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 13(11), 1429-1436.
Nguyen, H., Le, C., & Nguyen, H. (2009). Gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach)—an enigmatic and often-overlooked cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly. The Permanente Journal, 13(4), 46.
Noguchi, T., Ikeda, K., Yamamoto, K., Ashiba, A., Yoshida, I., Munemasa, M., Takenaka, K., Shinagawa, K., Ishimaru, F., & Yoshino, T. (2001). Severe bleeding tendency caused by leukemic infiltration and destruction of vascular walls in chronic neutrophilic leukemia. International journal of hematology, 74, 437-441.
Northup, P. G., Garcia‐Pagan, J. C., Garcia‐Tsao, G., Intagliata, N. M., Superina, R. A., Roberts, L. N., Lisman, T., & Valla, D. C. (2021). Vascular liver disorders, portal vein thrombosis, and procedural bleeding in patients with liver disease: 2020 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 73(1), 366-413.
Page, I. H. (1934). The effect on renal efficiency of lowering arterial blood pressure in cases of essential hypertension and nephritis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 13(6), 909-915.
Page, I. H., & Heuer, G. J. (1935). The effect of renal denervation on the level of arterial blood pressure and renal function in essential hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 14(1), 27-30.
Pellegrino, J. L., Charlton, N., & Goolsby, C. (2020). “Stop the Bleed” Education Assessment Tool (SBEAT): Development and Validation. Cureus, 12(9).
Saint-Pol, J., Gosselet, F., Duban-Deweer, S., Pottiez, G., & Karamanos, Y. (2020). Targeting and crossing the blood-brain barrier with extracellular vesicles. Cells, 9(4), 851.
Semerjyan, A. B., Tatoyan, M. R., Karalyan, N. Y., Nersisyan, N. H., Hakobyan, L. H., Arzumanyan, H. H., & Karalyan, Z. A. (2018). Cardiopathology in acute African swine fever. Annals of parasitology, 64(3).
Shakur, H., & Roberts, I. (2019). Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant hemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. In 50 Landmark Papers every Trauma Surgeon Should Know (pp. 31-34). CRC Press.
Sokolow, M., Werdegar, D., KAIN, H. K., & HINMAN, A. T. (1966). Relationship between level of blood pressure measured casually and by portable recorders and severity of complications in essential hypertension. Circulation, 34(2), 279-298.
Strandgaard, S., Olesen, J., Skinhøj, E., & Lassen, N. (1973). Autoregulation of brain circulation in severe arterial hypertension. Br med J, 1(5852), 507-510.
Visser, M., Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2021). Large-scale comparison of bibliographic data sources: Scopus, Web of Science, Dimensions, Crossref, and Microsoft Academic. Quantitative science studies, 2(1), 20-41.
Wang, L., You, X., Dai, C., Tong, T., & Wu, J. (2020). Hemostatic nanotechnologies for external and internal hemorrhage management. Biomaterials Science, 8(16), 4396-4412.
Willemse, R. B., Mager, J. J., Westermann, C. J., Overtoom, T. T., Mauser, H., & Wolbers, J. G. (2000). Bleeding risk of cerebral vascular malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Journal of neurosurgery, 92(5), 779-784.
Wong, K. S. L., Chen, C., Fu, J., Chang, H. M., Suwanwela, N. C., Huang, Y. N., Han, Z., Tan, K. S., Ratanakorn, D., & Chollate, P. (2010). Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for reducing embolisation in patients with acute symptomatic cerebral or carotid artery stenosis (CLAIR study): a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. The Lancet Neurology, 9(5), 489-497.
Zheng, C., Zeng, Q., Pimpi, S., Wu, W., Han, K., Dong, K., & Lu, T. (2020). Research status and development potential of composite hemostatic materials. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 8(25), 5395-5410.
Zideman, D. A., Singletary, E. M., Borra, V., Cassan, P., Cimpoesu, C. D., De Buck, E., Djaerv, T., Handley, A. J., Klaassen, B., & Meyran, D. (2021). European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: first aid. Resuscitation, 161, 270-290.
Besses, C., Cervantes, F., Pereira, A., Florensa, L., Sole, F., Hernandez-Boluda, J., Woessner, S., Sans-Sabrafen, J., Rozman, C., & Montserrat, E. (1999). Major vascular complications in essential thrombocythemia: a study of the predictive factors in a series of 148 patients. Leukemia, 13(2), 150-154.
Bulger, E. M., Snyder, D., Schoelles, K., Gotschall, C., Dawson, D., Lang, E., Sanddal, N. D., Butler, F. K., Fallat, M., & Taillac, P. (2014). An evidence-based prehospital guideline for external hemorrhage control: American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Prehospital Emergency Care, 18(2), 163-173.
Catarino, S. O., Rodrigues, R. O., Pinho, D., Miranda, J. M., Minas, G., & Lima, R. (2019). Blood cells separation and sorting techniques of passive microfluidic devices: From fabrication to applications. Micromachines, 10(9), 593.
Clark, J. H., Nelson, W., Lyons, C., Mayerson, H., & DeCamp, P. (1947). Chronic shock: the problem of reduced blood volume in the chronically ill patient in three parts. Annals of surgery, 125(5), 618.
Czarnitzki, D., Hussinger, K., & Schneider, C. (2011). Commercializing academic research: the quality of faculty patenting. Industrial and corporate change, 20(5), 1403-1437.
Ellis-Behnke, R. G., Liang, Y.-X., Tay, D. K., Kau, P. W., Schneider, G. E., Zhang, S., Wu, W., & So, K.-F. (2006). Nano hemostat solution: immediate hemostasis at the nanoscale. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2(4), 207-215.
Etzkowitz, H. (1998). The norms of entrepreneurial science: cognitive effects of the new university–industry linkages. Research policy, 27(8), 823-833.
Fine, J., Frank, H. A., & Seligman, A. M. (1946). The treatment of acute renal failure by peritoneal irrigation. Annals of surgery, 124(5), 857.
González-Duarte, A., García-Ramos, G. S., Valdés-Ferrer, S. I., & Cantú-Brito, C. (2008). Clinical description of intracranial hemorrhage associated with bleeding disorders. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 17(4), 204-207.
Grønfeldt, B. M., Lindberg Nielsen, J., Mieritz, R. M., Lund, H., & Aagaard, P. (2020). Effect of blood‐flow restricted vs heavy‐load strength training on muscle strength: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 30(5), 837-848.
Hayes, S. M., Murray, S., Dupuis, M., Dawes, M., Hawes, I. A., & Barkun, A. N. (2010). Barriers to the implementation of practice guidelines in managing patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a qualitative approach. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 24, 289-296.
Imparato, A. M., Riles, T. S., Mintzer, R., & Baumann, F. G. (1983). The importance of hemorrhage in the relationship between gross morphologic characteristics and cerebral symptoms in 376 carotid artery plaques. Annals of surgery, 197(2), 195.
Kheirabadi, B. S., Edens, J. W., Terrazas, I. B., Estep, J. S., Klemcke, H. G., Dubick, M. A., & Holcomb, J. B. (2009). Comparison of new hemostatic granules/powders with currently deployed hemostatic products in a lethal model of extremity arterial hemorrhage in swine. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 66(2), 316-328.
Kheirabadi, B. S., Scherer, M. R., Estep, J. S., Dubick, M. A., & Holcomb, J. B. (2009). Determination of efficacy of new hemostatic dressings in a model of extremity arterial hemorrhage in swine. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 67(3), 450-460.
Laine, L., & Jensen, D. M. (2012). Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 107(3), 345-360.
Lasczkowski, G., Riße, M., Gamerdinger, U., & Weiler, G. (2005). Pathogenesis of conjunctival petechiae. Forensic science international, 147(1), 25-29.
Lojpur, M. (2020). First aid to the injured. Diakses tanggal, 24.
Malik, A., Rehman, F. U., Shah, K. U., Naz, S. S., & Qaisar, S. (2021). Hemostatic strategies for uncontrolled bleeding: A comprehensive update. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 109(10), 1465-1477.
Mansfield, E. (1995). Academic research underlying industrial innovations: sources, characteristics, and financing. The review of Economics and Statistics, 55-65.
Martin, K., & Key, N. S. (2016). How I treat patients with inherited bleeding disorders who need anticoagulant therapy. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 128(2), 178-184.
Mehta, S. R., Yusuf, S., Peters, R. J., Bertrand, M. E., Lewis, B. S., Natarajan, M. K., Malmberg, K., Rupprecht, H.-J., Zhao, F., & Chrolavicius, S. (2001). Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. The Lancet, 358(9281), 527-533.
Nardone, Rocco, Balzano, & Budillon. (1999). The efficacy of octreotide therapy in chronic bleeding due to vascular abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 13(11), 1429-1436.
Nguyen, H., Le, C., & Nguyen, H. (2009). Gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach)—an enigmatic and often-overlooked cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly. The Permanente Journal, 13(4), 46.
Noguchi, T., Ikeda, K., Yamamoto, K., Ashiba, A., Yoshida, I., Munemasa, M., Takenaka, K., Shinagawa, K., Ishimaru, F., & Yoshino, T. (2001). Severe bleeding tendency caused by leukemic infiltration and destruction of vascular walls in chronic neutrophilic leukemia. International journal of hematology, 74, 437-441.
Northup, P. G., Garcia‐Pagan, J. C., Garcia‐Tsao, G., Intagliata, N. M., Superina, R. A., Roberts, L. N., Lisman, T., & Valla, D. C. (2021). Vascular liver disorders, portal vein thrombosis, and procedural bleeding in patients with liver disease: 2020 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 73(1), 366-413.
Page, I. H. (1934). The effect on renal efficiency of lowering arterial blood pressure in cases of essential hypertension and nephritis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 13(6), 909-915.
Page, I. H., & Heuer, G. J. (1935). The effect of renal denervation on the level of arterial blood pressure and renal function in essential hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 14(1), 27-30.
Pellegrino, J. L., Charlton, N., & Goolsby, C. (2020). “Stop the Bleed” Education Assessment Tool (SBEAT): Development and Validation. Cureus, 12(9).
Saint-Pol, J., Gosselet, F., Duban-Deweer, S., Pottiez, G., & Karamanos, Y. (2020). Targeting and crossing the blood-brain barrier with extracellular vesicles. Cells, 9(4), 851.
Semerjyan, A. B., Tatoyan, M. R., Karalyan, N. Y., Nersisyan, N. H., Hakobyan, L. H., Arzumanyan, H. H., & Karalyan, Z. A. (2018). Cardiopathology in acute African swine fever. Annals of parasitology, 64(3).
Shakur, H., & Roberts, I. (2019). Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant hemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. In 50 Landmark Papers every Trauma Surgeon Should Know (pp. 31-34). CRC Press.
Sokolow, M., Werdegar, D., KAIN, H. K., & HINMAN, A. T. (1966). Relationship between level of blood pressure measured casually and by portable recorders and severity of complications in essential hypertension. Circulation, 34(2), 279-298.
Strandgaard, S., Olesen, J., Skinhøj, E., & Lassen, N. (1973). Autoregulation of brain circulation in severe arterial hypertension. Br med J, 1(5852), 507-510.
Visser, M., Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2021). Large-scale comparison of bibliographic data sources: Scopus, Web of Science, Dimensions, Crossref, and Microsoft Academic. Quantitative science studies, 2(1), 20-41.
Wang, L., You, X., Dai, C., Tong, T., & Wu, J. (2020). Hemostatic nanotechnologies for external and internal hemorrhage management. Biomaterials Science, 8(16), 4396-4412.
Willemse, R. B., Mager, J. J., Westermann, C. J., Overtoom, T. T., Mauser, H., & Wolbers, J. G. (2000). Bleeding risk of cerebral vascular malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Journal of neurosurgery, 92(5), 779-784.
Wong, K. S. L., Chen, C., Fu, J., Chang, H. M., Suwanwela, N. C., Huang, Y. N., Han, Z., Tan, K. S., Ratanakorn, D., & Chollate, P. (2010). Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for reducing embolisation in patients with acute symptomatic cerebral or carotid artery stenosis (CLAIR study): a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. The Lancet Neurology, 9(5), 489-497.
Zheng, C., Zeng, Q., Pimpi, S., Wu, W., Han, K., Dong, K., & Lu, T. (2020). Research status and development potential of composite hemostatic materials. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 8(25), 5395-5410.
Zideman, D. A., Singletary, E. M., Borra, V., Cassan, P., Cimpoesu, C. D., De Buck, E., Djaerv, T., Handley, A. J., Klaassen, B., & Meyran, D. (2021). European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: first aid. Resuscitation, 161, 270-290.
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Dec 20, 2023
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Dr. Jaweria Shaheen, Zainab Malik, Lanka GGPK Gajanayake, Glory Aigbedion, Dr. Faheem ilyas, Atta Ur Rehman, Tariq Rafique, Nosheen Akhtar, Dr Gul Naz, & Almas Faryal Nizam. (2023). VASCULAR HAEMORRHAGE CAUSES, SIGNS, AND TREATMENTS . Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(17), 845–856. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i17.3784
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Author Biographies
Tariq Rafique
Assistant Professor Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Pakistan
Nosheen Akhtar
College of nursing, Niazi medical and dental college Sargodha, Pakistan
Dr Gul Naz
Senior Registrar, Mayo.hospital Lahore,
Almas Faryal Nizam
Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Charsadda Road,
Peshawar Pakistan,