ASSESSMENT OF GYNECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN WORKING WOMEN WITH REPRODUCTIVE AGE; A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Keywords: Gynecology, low back pain, dysmenorrhea, Vaginal discharge, Pre-eclampsia
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to determine various gynecological problems and
association with age and BMI in working females with reproductive age.
Design: An observational cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the various gynecological problems in working females with reproductive age.
Sample The questionnaire was filled out by 408 participants using a non-probability convenient sampling technique from October 2022 to January 2023.
Setting: The sample was collected from different educational institutes, hospitals, and working places in Gujranwala division, Punjab, Pakistan.
Methods: Individual interviews were conducted to fill out the questionnaire. SPSS version 25 was used for analysis.
Results: Among total 408 participants, 244(60%) participants were experiencing lower back pain, 213(52%) participants were suffering from dysmenorrhea, 176(44%) participants have vaginal discharge issue and 197(48%) participants experienced pre-eclampsia.
Main Outcome measure: A statistical significant difference with p≤0.005 was found among demographic, LBP, dysmenorrhea, vaginal discharge and pre-eclampsia variables. LBP, dysmenorrhea, vaginal discharge and pre-eclampsia were strongly associated with age whereas BMI was seen to be strongly associated with LBP.
Conclusion: On the basis of outcomes, it is concluded that most prevalent gynecological problems ranked as LBP followed by dysmenorrhea, pre-eclampsia and vaginal discharge respectively. Dysmenorrhea and vaginal discharge had negative effect on daily working. Majority of participants were unaware about pre-eclampsia. They should be provided awareness regarding gynecological problems and its management.
References
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1. Chansuk C, Arreeras T, Chiangboon C, Pumjampa S, Chotikool N, Phonmakham K, et al., editors. Females' Travel Intention in Post-Pandemic using Structural Modeling Analysis. 2022 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA); 2022: IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/DASA54658.2022.9765081
2. Ayman SASAD, Abutaima JA, Amal NSAQD, Dehbash AA. Gynecological Disorders and the Management of Interventional Radiology.
3. Petraglia F, Musacchio C, Luisi S, De Leo V. Hormone-dependent gynaecological disorders: a pathophysiological perspective for appropriate treatment. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2008;22(2):235-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.07.005
4. Zhou J, Qu F. Treating gynaecological disorders with traditional Chinese medicine: a review. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2009;6(4).
DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v6i4.57181
5. Kjerulff KH, Erickson BA, Langenberg PW. Chronic gynecological conditions reported by US women: findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 1984 to 1992. American journal of public health. 1996;86(2):195-9. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.86.2.195
6. Lawrence JM, Lukacz ES, Nager CW, Hsu J-WY, Luber KM. Prevalence and co-occurrence of pelvic floor disorders in community-dwelling women. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2008;111(3):678-85. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181660c1b
7. Beaulah P. Prevalence of gynaecological problems and their effect on working women. Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education. 2018;19(1):103.
8. Ahmad G, Rasool N, Ikram HM, Gul Khan S, Mahmood T, Ayub K, et al. Efficient synthesis of novel pyridine-based derivatives via Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of commercially available 5-bromo-2-methylpyridin-3-amine: Quantum mechanical investigations and biological activities. Molecules. 2017;22(2):190. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020190
9. Wilkinson J, Cole G. Preeclampsia knowledge among women in Utah. Hypertension in pregnancy. 2018;37(1):18-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641955.2017.1397691
10. Duley L, editor The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Seminars in perinatology; 2009: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.010
11. Berg CJ, Atrash HK, Koonin LM, Tucker M. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1987–1990. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1996;88(2):161-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-7844(96)00135-4
12. Raia-Barjat T, Edebiri O, Ni Ainle F. Preeclampsia and venous thromboembolism: pathophysiology and potential therapy. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. 2022;9:856923. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.856923
13. Staff AC, Benton SJ, von Dadelszen P, Roberts JM, Taylor RN, Powers RW, et al. Redefining preeclampsia using placenta-derived biomarkers. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00250
14. Ijomone OK, Shallie P, Naicker T. Changes in the structure and function of the brain years after pre-eclampsia. Ageing research reviews. 2018;47:49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2018.06.006
15. Sibai B, Villar M, Mabie B. Acute renal failure in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Pregnancy outcome and remote prognosis in thirty‐one consecutive cases. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 1991;34(1):85-. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(91)90554-I
16. Wilson BJ, Watson MS, Prescott GJ, Sunderland S, Campbell DM, Hannaford P, et al. Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and risk of hypertension and stroke in later life: results from cohort study. Bmj. 2003;326(7394):845. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7394.845
17. Marín R, Gorostidi M, Portal CG, Sánchez M, Sánchez E, Alvarez J. Long-term prognosis of hypertension in pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. 2000;19(2):199-209. https://doi.org/10.1081/PRG-100100136
18. Fraser A, Nelson SM, Macdonald-Wallis C, Cherry L, Butler E, Sattar N, et al. Associations of pregnancy complications with calculated cardiovascular disease risk and cardiovascular risk factors in middle age: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Circulation. 2012;125(11):1367-80. https://doi.org/10.1081/PRG-100100136
19. Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Schull MJ, Redelmeier DA. Cardiovascular health after maternal placental syndromes (CHAMPS): population-based retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2005;366(9499):1797-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67726-4
20. Lykke JA, Langhoff‐Roos J, Lockwood CJ, Triche EW, Paidas MJ. Mortality of mothers from cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular causes following pregnancy complications in first delivery. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology. 2010;24(4):323-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01120.x
21. Ilankoon IMPS, Gunawardana C, Fernandopulle R, Perera PPR. Women’s understanding and cultural practices related to vaginal discharge: a qualitative study. 2018.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010901
22. Sami N, Ali TS, Osama M. Quality of life among women with symptoms of gynecological morbidities: Results of a cross‐sectional study in K arachi, P akistan. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2015;41(4):608-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.12614
23. Sznajder KK, Harlow SD, Burgard SA, Wang Y, Han C, Liu J. Gynecologic pain related to occupational stress among female factory workers in Tianjin, China. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2014;20(1):33-45. https://doi.org/10.1179/2049396713Y.0000000053
24. Nohara M, Momoeda M, Kubota T, Nakabayashi M. Menstrual cycle and menstrual pain problems and related risk factors among Japanese female workers. Industrial Health. 2011;49(2):228-34. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.MS1047
25. Duckitt K, Harrington D. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia at antenatal booking: systematic review of controlled studies. Bmj. 2005;330(7491):565. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38380.674340.E0
26. Conde‐Agudelo A, Belizán JM. Risk factors for pre‐eclampsia in a large cohort of Latin American and Caribbean women. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2000;107(1):75-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11582.x
27. Eskenazi B, Fenster L, Sidney S. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for preeclampsia. Jama. 1991;266(2):237-41. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470020063033
28. Ødegård RA, Vatten LJ, Nilsen ST, Salvesen KÅ, Austgulen R. Risk factors and clinical manifestations of pre‐eclampsia. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2000;107(11):1410-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11657.x
29. Eram U, Sultan Z, Nawab T. Perception and knowledge of vaginal discharge among women in rural setting in ALIGARH. 2018.
30. Rathore FA, Attique R, Asmaa Y. Prevalence and perceptions of musculoskeletal disorders among hospital nurses in Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey. Cureus. 2017;9(1).DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1001
31. Tezel A. Musculoskeletal complaints among a group of Turkish nurses. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2005;115(6):871-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450590897941
32. June KJ, Cho SH. Low back pain and work-related factors among nurses in intensive care units. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20(3-4):479-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03210.x
33. Abolfotouh SM, Mahmoud K, Faraj K, Moammer G, ElSayed A, Abolfotouh MA. Prevalence, consequences and predictors of low back pain among nurses in a tertiary care setting. International orthopaedics. 2015;39:2439-49. DOI: 10.1007/s00264-015-2900-x
34. Ilankoon I, Gunawardana C, Fernandopulle R, Perera P. Vaginal discharge assessment form for utilization by primary health care workers in a community setting. 2018. DOI: 10.19080/JGWH.2018.09.555763
35. Weissman AM, Hartz AJ, Hansen MD, Johnson SR. The natural history of primary dysmenorrhoea: a longitudinal study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2004;111(4):345-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00090.x
36. Hailemeskel S, Demissie A, Assefa N. Primary dysmenorrhea magnitude, associated risk factors, and its effect on academic performance: evidence from female university students in Ethiopia. International journal of women's health. 2016:489-96. DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.S112768
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Nov 20, 2023
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Amina Mashal, Aqna Malik, Asim Raza, Hajra Razzaq, Dr. Ashfaq. Ul. Hassan, Chanda Ashraf, Muhammad Zafar Siddiq, Ayan Asim, & Jazba Bashir. (2023). ASSESSMENT OF GYNECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN WORKING WOMEN WITH REPRODUCTIVE AGE; A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(18), 2397–2406. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i18.3315
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Author Biographies
Amina Mashal
Department of pharmacy, University of Lahore
Aqna Malik
Department of Pharmacy, University of Chenab, Gujrat. Department of pharmacy, University of Lahore
Asim Raza
Assistant Professor (Epidemiology and Biostatistics), School of Allied Health Sciences, CMH, Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry
Hajra Razzaq
Department of pharmacy, University of Lahore
Dr. Ashfaq. Ul. Hassan
Department of Pharmacy, University of Chenab, Gujrat, Social Security Hospital Gujrat
Chanda Ashraf
Department of pharmacy, University of Lahore
Muhammad Zafar Siddiq
Department of pharmacy, University of Lahore
Ayan Asim
Department of pharmacy, University of Lahore
Jazba Bashir
Department of pharmacy, University of Lahore