INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTION IN RELATION TO BODY MASS INDEX IN SCHOOL CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TAENIID CESTODES
Main Article Content
Keywords
Pre-school children, Intestinal parasites, Helminthes, Cryptosporidium, Ascaris lumbricoides
Abstract
Background: Infections with intestinal parasites continue to pose serious threats to global public health, particularly in underdeveloped nations. The health of people is negatively impacted by these parasite infections, particularly that of young children.
Objective: To calculate the relationship between intestinal helminth infection and body mass index (BMI) status of school children between 5 and 12 years of age in district Lower Dir, Pakistan. Methodology: Fecal materials were collected from different government schools of both the genders. Four hundred stool samples were examined for the evidence of eggs of various intestinal helminths under the microscope at the Parasitology Laboratory. Body mass index was taken into account and correlated by standard percentile charts for gender and age.
Results: Four hundred students in all took part in the study, with 72.25% of the participants being male and 58.55% of the participants being female. With a prevalence of 33.1% in both sexes, Ascaris lumbcoides had the highest prevalence, followed by Taenia saginata (22.64%), and Schistosoma japonicum (0.34%) in the male population. Of the examined children 71.75% (n=287) children were found infected with various types of IPIs infection. Out of the 400, 241(83.97%) show low, 45 (15.67%) with normal and 1(0.34%) with high body mass index (P>0.005). Intestinal nematodes and cestodes parasitic infection and body mass index relationship (P>0.05). Intestinal parasite infection was not significantly correlated with the parameters, such as weight for age, height for age, and weight for height (P = 0.005).The presence of parasitic infections decreases the body mass index in the study region of Lower Dir.
Conclusions: It is concluded that intestinal parasitic infection play an important role in reducing anthropometric quantity of school-age children.
References
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45. Wali, K. and Aly, K., 2011. An investigation on incidence of intestinal parasites in under and above 15 years age in farmers of SWAT, Pakistan. Proceedings of Parasitology, (52), pp.43-53.
46. Wali, K.H.A.N., Iqbal, M. and Omer, D.A.D., 2020. Have we forgotten the threat posed by fascioliasis? A potential threat to public health. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(4), p.814.
47. Wali, K.H.A.N., Khan, N.I., Bukhari, S.N.F. and Begum, N., 2019a. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among drug addicts in District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Iranian journal of parasitology, 14(2), pp.359-361.
48. Walker A, Walker B. Moderate to mild malnutrition in African children of 10-12 years: roles of dietary and non-dietary factors. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1997;48(2):95–101
49. Waterlow IC, Buzina R, Keller W, et al. The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bull World Health Organ. 1977;55(4):489–498.
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51. World health organization. 2005.Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser.;912(i-vi):1–57.
2. Assis AM, Prado MS, Barreto ML, et al. Childhood stunting in Northeast Brazil: the role of Schistosoma mansoni infection and inadequate dietary intake. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58 (7):1022–1029.
3. Blossner, M, Mercedes De Onis, Pruss Ustun, et al. Malnutrition: quantifying the health impact at national and local levels. Geneva, world health organization. geneva : world health organization; 2005. 43 p. 13.
4. Carabin H, Budke C, Cowan L, Willingham A, Torgerson P: 2005 Methods for assessing the burden of parasitic zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis. Trends Parasitol, 21:327-333.
5. Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC. Nutritional Impact of intestina helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22:35–59.
6. Dar, U.F., Iqbal, M.S., Latif, M.Z., Javaid, M.S., Nayyar, U. and Nizami, R., 2013. Worm infestation among children of rural area of central Punjab. PJMHS, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 713-715.
7. García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, Takayanagui OM, White AC Jr, Botero D, Rajshekhar V, Tsang VC, Schantz PM, Allan JC, Flisser A, Correa D, Sarti E, Friedland JS, Martinez SM, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH, Del Brutto OH: 2002. Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis. Clin Microbiol Rev, 15:747-756.
8. Garedaghi, Y., Sperança, M.A., Ghimire, T.R. and Khan, W., 2021. Drug Treatment of Hydatid Cyst With Albendazole and Praziquantel in Humans. Int J Med Parasitol Epidemiol Sci Volume, 2(3), p.63.
9. Hakeem R, Shaikh AH, Asar F. Assessment of linear growth of affluent urban Pakistani adolescents according to CDC 2000 references. Ann Hum Biol. 2004;31(3):282–291.
10. Hoberg EP: 2006 Phylogeny of Taenia: species definitions and origins of human parasites. Parasitol Int, 55:S23-S30.
11. Hotez PJ: 2009.One world health: neglected tropical diseases in a flat world. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 3:e405
12. Hunter, P.R., Hughes, S., Woodhouse, S., Nicholas, R., Syed, Q., Chalmers, R.M., Verlander, N.Q. and Goodacre, J., 2004. Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 504-510.
13. Iqbal, M., Khan, W., Khan, M.F. and Khan, I., 2021. Albendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of ancylostomiasis in school children between the ages of 6-15 in Swat, Pakistan. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 71(8), pp.2058-2060.
14. Khan, W. .Khan, N. Khan, R. Iqbal, A .Ullah, R. Ghaffar, S.A .Mehmood, S .Ahmad, S. Khan, and F. Ullah,.2019b. Soil-transmitted helminth infections in school children of three districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.32, No.2 (Suppl), pp.799-803 ol. 51(2), pp 797-799, 20, 201.
15. Khan, W. and Khan, A., 2015. Diversity of intestinal parasites in male and female students and workers of Education Department of Swat, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 47(2).
16. Khan, W. and Khan, A., 2017b. Soil transmitted helminthiasis in different occupational groups in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 30(4), pp.1345-1351
17. Khan, W. and Khan, A., 2018b. Prevalence of Potentially Important Intestinal Pathogenic Protozoan Parasitic Infections in Different Occupational Groups of Swat, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 50(1).
18. Khan, W. and Nawaz, M.A., 2018d. Incidence of tapeworm infection in human population of Swat, Pakistan: an occupation based study. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 50(2), pp.639-639.
19. Khan, W., Arshad, S., Khatoon, N., Khan, I., Ahmad, N., Kamal, M., Ul Hassan, H., Khan, N., Haq, A.U., Ilyas, M. and Ullah, S., 2021a. Food handlers: an important reservoir of protozoans and helminth parasites of public health importance. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82.
20. Khan, W., Fadladdin, Y.A.J., Rafiq, N., Naz, R., los Rios-Escalante, D., Patricio, R., Ahmad, S., Alrobaish, S.A. and Al-Sowayan, N.S., 2023. Toxoplasmosis—Awareness and Knowledge of Pregnant Women in Rural Areas of Malakand Region, Pakistan. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2023.
21. Khan, W., Gul, S., Gul, M. and Kamal, M., 2018c. Prevalence of parasitic infestation in domestic pigeons at Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International Journal of Biosciences, 12(4), pp.1-7.
22. Khan, W., Imran, A .Wahab, Intestinal Obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides in a 12 year Old Boy: A Case Report in Pakistan. J Bacteriol Parasitol 7: 262. doi:10.4172/21559597.1000262, 201.
23. Khan, W., Iqbal, M. and Khan, I., 2019c. Albendazole in the treatment of ancylostomiasis, ascariasis, taeniasis and amoebiasis in school children. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 51(4), p.1587.
24. Khan, W., Khan, J., Ur Rahman, A., Ullah, H., Salim, M., Iqbal, M., Khan, I., Salman, M. and Munir, B., 2018a. Albendazole in the treatment of Hymenolepiasis in school children. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31.
25. Khan, W., Nisa, N.U., Khan, A. and Naqvi, S.M.H.M., 2012. Endemicity of intestinal parasites with special reference to nematodes in individuals related to education (students, staff & workers) in Swat KP, Pakistan. Pak J Nematol, 30(1), pp.77-85.
26. Khan, W., NOOR-UN-NISA and KHAN, A., 2017a. Prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers of swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 5(5), pp.331-336.
27. Khan, W., Panhwar, W.A., Mehmood, S.A., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, M.S., Khan, N., Khan, M.M., Akram, W. and Ullah, S., 2021b. Pinworm infection in school children of four districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82, p.e238769.
28. Khan, W., Panhwar, W.A., Mehmood, S.A., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, M.S., Khan, N., Khan, M.M., Akram, W. and Ullah, S., 2021. Pinworm infection in school children of four districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82.
29. Khan, W., Rahman, H., Rafiq, N., Kabir, M., Ahmed, M.S. and Escalante, P.D.L.R., 2022. Risk factors associated with intestinal pathogenic parasites in schoolchildren. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(4), pp.2782-2786..
30. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, et al. 2000 CDC growth charts for the united states: methods and development. Vital Health Stat. 2002;11(246):1–190.
31. Lee, A.C., Montgomery, S.P., Theis, J.H., Blagburn, B.L. and Eberhard, M.L., 2010. Public health issues concerning the widespread distribution of canine heartworm disease. Trends in Parasitology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 168-173. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.003. PMid:20181530.
32. Murell KD: 2005 Epidemiology of taeniosis and cysticercosis. WHO/FAO/OIE Guidelines for the Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Taeniosis/ Cysticercosis Paris: OIEMurell KD, 27-44.
33. Noor-Un-Nisa, W.K. and Khan, A., 2014. A Case of Fasciola hepatica Infection in Swat Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 46(6).
34. Onis Mde, Frongillo EA, Blossner M. Is malnutrition declining? An analysis of change in levels of child malnutrition since 1980. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78(10):1222–1223.
35. Prentice A. Nutritional requirements for growth, pregnancy and lactation: the keneba experience. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993;6:33–38.
36. Quihui Cota L, Valencia M, Crompton D, et al. Prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasitic infections in relation to nutritional status in Mexican schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98(11):653–659.
37. Rahman, H.U., Khan, W., Mehmood, S.A., Ahmed, S., Yasmin, S., Ahmad, W., Haq, Z.U., Shah, M.I.A., Khan, R., Ahmad, U. and Khan, A.A., 2021. Prevalence of cestodes infection among school children of urban parts of Lower Dir district, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82.
38. Rahman, H.U., Khatoon, N., Arshad, S., Masood, Z., Ahmad, B., Khan, W., Rafiq, N., Khan, M.I., Kabir, M., Haq, Z.U. and Kamal, I., 2022. Prevalence of intestinal nematodes infection in school children of urban areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82.
39. Ramana, K., 2012. Intestinal parasitic infections: An overview. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 5(4), p.279.
40. Ryan, U. and Xiao, L., 2014. Taxonomy and molecular taxonomy. In: S. CACCIÒ and G. WIDMER, eds. Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease. Vienna: Springer, pp. 3-41. http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6_1.
41. Shakoor, M.A., Khan, I.A., Ahmed, H., Safdar, M., Ahmed, Z. and Afreen, A., 2018. Prevalence of Worm Infection in Relation to Body Mass Index in Children of 5-10 Yrs of Age in Tehsil Narowal, Pakistan.
42. Subhan, F., Khan, W., Rahman, H.U., Ahmed, S., Mehmood, S.A., Garedaghi, Y. and Fadladdin, Y.A.J., 2023. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection Among School Children of Bajawar, Pakistan. Int J Med Parasitol Epidemiol Sci Volume, 4(1), p.20.
43. Tsuyuoka R, Bailey JW, Nery Guimaraes AM, et al. Anaemia and intestinal parasitic infections in primary school students in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 1999;15(2):413–421.
44. Ulhaq, Z., Khan, W., Khan, M.F., Kabir, M., Ujjan, A.A., Ullah, W., Masood, Z., Khan, S. and De los Ríos Escalante, P., 2021. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases in school children of rural areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82.
45. Wali, K. and Aly, K., 2011. An investigation on incidence of intestinal parasites in under and above 15 years age in farmers of SWAT, Pakistan. Proceedings of Parasitology, (52), pp.43-53.
46. Wali, K.H.A.N., Iqbal, M. and Omer, D.A.D., 2020. Have we forgotten the threat posed by fascioliasis? A potential threat to public health. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(4), p.814.
47. Wali, K.H.A.N., Khan, N.I., Bukhari, S.N.F. and Begum, N., 2019a. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among drug addicts in District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Iranian journal of parasitology, 14(2), pp.359-361.
48. Walker A, Walker B. Moderate to mild malnutrition in African children of 10-12 years: roles of dietary and non-dietary factors. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1997;48(2):95–101
49. Waterlow IC, Buzina R, Keller W, et al. The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bull World Health Organ. 1977;55(4):489–498.
50. World Health Organization, 2013. Sustaining the drive to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: second WHO report on neglected diseases (No. WHO/HTM /NTD/2013.1). World Health Organization.
51. World health organization. 2005.Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser.;912(i-vi):1–57.
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Nov 16, 2023
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Hafeez Ur Rahman, Naseem Rafiq, Shah Zeb, Waheed Ali Panhwar, Mashael Abdullah Aldamigh, Zakir Ullah, & Yousef Abdal Jalil Fadladdin. (2023). INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTION IN RELATION TO BODY MASS INDEX IN SCHOOL CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TAENIID CESTODES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(18), 2162–2171. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i18.3131
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Author Biographies
Hafeez Ur Rahman
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
Naseem Rafiq
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
Shah Zeb
Department of Medicine, Mardan Medical Complex Mardan, Pakistan
Waheed Ali Panhwar
Department of Zoology, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan
Mashael Abdullah Aldamigh
Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
Zakir Ullah
Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
Yousef Abdal Jalil Fadladdin
King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia