EFFICACY OF ALBENDAZOLE AGAINST ENTEROBIASIS IN BELOW 15 YEARS OLD CHILDREN: A CASE REPORT FROM LOWER DIR, PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Entrobiasis, EPG, Albendazole
Abstract
Entrobius vermicularis (the human pinworm) causes enterobiasis in humans. Almost 209 million people have found to be infected with pinworm globally. It is considered to be the most popular helminthic infection. The aim of this study was to diagnose and establish appropriate effective trial for treatment of human enterobiasis. The infection was diagnosed for detecting EPG by examining the faecal material of the infected person before and after treatment. Two stool samples were collected from each student before and after diagnosing. The samples were fixed in 10% formalin and tested by light microscopy using the methods of direct smear in Lugol’s solution, normal saline solution and flotation techniques. A total of 184 faecal samples were collected from students’ age 6-15 years, found 82% (n=151/184) parasitic infection. Albendazole was used for the treatment which show 82.42% efficacy against enterobiasis in the present study.
References
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42. Sayyari,AA., F. Imanzadeh,1 S.A. Bagheri Yazdi,2 H. Karami 1 and M. Yaghoobi 3 Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the Islamic Republic of Iran Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2005
43. Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, Malnutrition and Paracities helminth infections. Parasitology 2000; 121 suppl : S 23-38.
44. Still.GF., Oxyuris vermicularis in children Br Med J 1899 1. 898-900 http//dx.doi.org/10.1136/BMG.1.1998.898
45. Subhan, F., Khan, W., Rahman, H.U., Ahmed, S., Mehmood, S.A., Garedaghi, Y. and Fadladdin, Y.A.J., 2023. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection Among School Children of Bajawar, Pakistan. Int J Med Parasitol Epidemiol Sci Volume, 4(1), p.20.
46. Wali, K. and Aly, K., 2011. An investigation on incidence of intestinal parasites in under and above 15 years age in farmers of SWAT, Pakistan. Proceedings of Parasitology, (52), pp.43-53.
47. Wali, K.H.A.N., Iqbal, M. and Omer, D.A.D., 2020. Have we forgotten the threat posed by fascioliasis? A potential threat to public health. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(4), p.814.
48. Wali, K.H.A.N., Khan, N.I., Bukhari, S.N.F. and Begum, N., 2019a. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among drug addicts in District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Iranian journal of parasitology, 14(2), pp.359-361
49. World Health Organization. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Number of children treated 2007– 2008: update on the 2010 global target. Wily Epidemiol. Rec. 2010; 85: 141–148.
2. Albonico M, Crompton DWT, Savioli L. Control strategies for human Intestinal nematode infections. Adv Parasitol.1999; 42: 277–341.
3. Arshad, S., Khatoon, N., Warind, J.A., Khan, A., Waheed, S. and Khan, W., 2019. The prevalence of human intestinal protozoal and helminthic infection in Karachi. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 16(2):.319-323.
4. Chaudhry ZH, Afzal M, Malik MA.Epidemiological factors affecting prevalence of intestinal parasites in children of Muzaffarabad district. Pakistan J Zool. 2004; 36:267-71.
5. Chung, D.I., Kong, H.H., Yu, H.S., Kim, J. and Cho, C.R. (1997) Live Female Enterobius vermicularis in the Posterior Fornix of the Vagina of a Korean Woman. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 35, 67-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1997.35.1.67
6. Efraimidou E, Gatopoulou A, Stamos C, Lirantzopoulos N,Kouklakis G. Enterobius vermicularis infection of the appendix as a cause of acute appendicitis in a Greek adolescent: a case report. Cases J.2008; 1:376.
7. Garcia LS. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. 4th ed. Washington DC: ASM; 2001;274
8. Gialamas E et al. A rare Cause of Appendicitis. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2012;36: 37-40
9. Gülnaz Çulha1, Nizami Duran2 The Relationship Between Enterobius Vermicularis Infection And Nocturnal Enuresis Eur J Gen Med 2006; 3(1):16-20
10. Iqbal, M., Khan, W., Khan, M.F. and Khan, I., 2021. Albendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of ancylostomiasis in school children between the ages of 6-15 in Swat, Pakistan. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 71(8), pp.2058-2060.
11. Jong-Yil Chai, Seung Koo Yang, Jae Won Kim1, Soo-Lyoen Choi1, Gyu-Young Song1, Bong-Kwang Jung1, Min-Jae Kim1, Jaeeun Cho1, Deok-Gyu Kim1, Woon-Mok Sohn2, Hoo-Gn Jeoung3, Seon Cho3, Jong-Bok Park3, Sooji Hong3, Thi Thi Htoon4, Htay Htay Tin. 2015. High Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis Infection among Schoolchildren in Three Townships around Yangon, Myanmar Korean J Parasitol Vol. 53, No. 6: 771 775
12. Khan, W. .Khan, N. Khan, R. Iqbal, A .Ullah, R. Ghaffar, S.A .Mehmood, S .Ahmad, S. Khan, and F. Ullah,.2019b. Soil-transmitted helminth infections in school children of three districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.32, No.2 (Suppl), pp.799-803 ol. 51(2), pp 797-799, 20, 201.
13. Khan, W. and Khan, A., 2015. Diversity of intestinal parasites in male and female students and workers of Education Department of Swat, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 47(2).
14. Khan, W. and Khan, A., 2017b. Soil transmitted helminthiasis in different occupational groups in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 30(4), pp.1345-1351
15. Khan, W. and Khan, A., 2018b. Prevalence of Potentially Important Intestinal Pathogenic Protozoan Parasitic Infections in Different Occupational Groups of Swat, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 50(1).
16. Khan, W. and Nawaz, M.A., 2018d. Incidence of tapeworm infection in human population of Swat, Pakistan: an occupation based study. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 50(2), pp.639-639.
17. Khan, W., Arshad, S., Khatoon, N., Khan, I., Ahmad, N., Kamal, M., Ul Hassan, H., Khan, N., Haq, A.U., Ilyas, M. and Ullah, S., 2021a. Food handlers: an important reservoir of protozoans and helminth parasites of public health importance. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82.
18. Khan, W., Fadladdin, Y.A.J., Rafiq, N., Naz, R., los Rios-Escalante, D., Patricio, R., Ahmad, S., Alrobaish, S.A. and Al-Sowayan, N.S., 2023. Toxoplasmosis—Awareness and Knowledge of Pregnant Women in Rural Areas of Malakand Region, Pakistan. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2023.
19. Khan, W., Gul, S., Gul, M. and Kamal, M., 2018c. Prevalence of parasitic infestation in domestic pigeons at Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International Journal of Biosciences, 12(4), pp.1-7.
20. Khan, W., Imran, A .Wahab, Intestinal Obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides in a 12 year Old Boy: A Case Report in Pakistan. J Bacteriol Parasitol 7: 262. doi:10.4172/21559597.1000262, 201.
21. Khan, W., Iqbal, M. and Khan, I., 2019c. Albendazole in the treatment of ancylostomiasis, ascariasis, taeniasis and amoebiasis in school children. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 51(4), p.1587.
22. Khan, W., Khan, J., Ur Rahman, A., Ullah, H., Salim, M., Iqbal, M., Khan, I., Salman, M. and Munir, B., 2018a. Albendazole in the treatment of Hymenolepiasis in school children. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31.
23. Khan, W., Nisa, N.U., Khan, A. and Naqvi, S.M.H.M., 2012. Endemicity of intestinal parasites with special reference to nematodes in individuals related to education (students, staff & workers) in Swat KP, Pakistan. Pak J Nematol, 30(1), pp.77-85.
24. Khan, W., NOOR-UN-NISA and KHAN, A., 2017a. Prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers of swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 5(5), pp.331-336.
25. Khan, W., Panhwar, W.A., Mehmood, S.A., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, M.S., Khan, N., Khan, M.M., Akram, W. and Ullah, S., 2021b. Pinworm infection in school children of four districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82, p.e238769.
26. Khan, W., Panhwar, W.A., Mehmood, S.A., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, M.S., Khan, N., Khan, M.M., Akram, W. and Ullah, S., 2021. Pinworm infection in school children of four districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82.
27. Khan, W., Rahman, H., Rafiq, N., Kabir, M., Ahmed, M.S. and Escalante, P.D.L.R., 2022. Risk factors associated with intestinal pathogenic parasites in schoolchildren. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(4), pp.2782-2786.
28. Leder K and Weller P. Enterobiasis and trichuriasis. UpToDate Online. Available at: www.uptodate.com. Accessed December 26, 2012.
29. Manzoor A and Khan F. 2014. Appendectomy in appendical parasitosis: A retrospective analysis, Journal of surgery Pakistan. 19(3): 100-103
30. Maribel B. Cruz,Ma.Anrache D.Antonino,Chiharu K.ManalKaren D.Obillo,Mick Hail R.Quigao,Nichole D.Usita, DETECTION OF PINWORM (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS) EGG AMONG CHILDREN AGED 3-7 YEARS IN TAGUMPAY, RIZAL USING PERIANAL SWAB METHOD E-ISSN 2229-4686 ■ ISSN 2231-4172 International Refereed Research Journal ■ www.researchersworld.com ■ Vol.– IV, Issue – 2, April 2013 [57]
31. Marquardt W, Demaree R, Grieve R. Parasitology and Vec-tor Biology, 2000. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
32. Memon,I., Komal Moorpani2, Shafiq-ur-Rehman3 Unusual Histopathological Findings of Appendectomy Specimens Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry 2014, Vol. 3 (03):
33. Neva FA, Brown HW. Basic clinical parasitology. 6th ed. Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton & Lange, 1994
34. Nithikathkul C, B Changsap2, S Wannapinyosheep2, C Poister3 and P Boontan 2 THE PREVALENCE OF ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SAMUT PRAKAN PROVINCE, THAILAND Vol 32 (Suppl 2) 2001
35. Noor-Un-Nisa, W.K. and Khan, A., 2014. A Case of Fasciola hepatica Infection in Swat Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 46(6)
36. Nourozian MB, Youssefi MR. Prevalence of Enterobious vermicularis in Babol Medical School, 2011. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2012;19(5):634-6.
37. Peterson LR, Bailey WR, Scott EG, Finegold SM, Baron EJ. Diagnostic microbiology: Mosby; 1994.
38. Rahman, H.U., Khan, W., Mehmood, S.A., Ahmed, S., Yasmin, S., Ahmad, W., Haq, Z.U., Shah, M.I.A., Khan, R., Ahmad, U. and Khan, A.A., 2021. Prevalence of cestodes infection among school children of urban parts of Lower Dir district, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82.
39. Rahman, H.U., Khatoon, N., Arshad, S., Masood, Z., Ahmad, B., Khan, W., Rafiq, N., Khan, M.I., Kabir, M., Haq, Z.U. and Kamal, I., 2022. Prevalence of intestinal nematodes infection in school children of urban areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82.
40. Ramana, K., 2012. Intestinal parasitic infections: An overview. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 5(4), p.279.
41. Rosenthal PJ. Chapter 53. Clinical Pharmacology of the Antihelminthic Drugs. In: Katzung BG, Masters SB, Trevor AJ, eds. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=55830906. Accessed December 26, 2012.
42. Sayyari,AA., F. Imanzadeh,1 S.A. Bagheri Yazdi,2 H. Karami 1 and M. Yaghoobi 3 Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the Islamic Republic of Iran Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2005
43. Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, Malnutrition and Paracities helminth infections. Parasitology 2000; 121 suppl : S 23-38.
44. Still.GF., Oxyuris vermicularis in children Br Med J 1899 1. 898-900 http//dx.doi.org/10.1136/BMG.1.1998.898
45. Subhan, F., Khan, W., Rahman, H.U., Ahmed, S., Mehmood, S.A., Garedaghi, Y. and Fadladdin, Y.A.J., 2023. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection Among School Children of Bajawar, Pakistan. Int J Med Parasitol Epidemiol Sci Volume, 4(1), p.20.
46. Wali, K. and Aly, K., 2011. An investigation on incidence of intestinal parasites in under and above 15 years age in farmers of SWAT, Pakistan. Proceedings of Parasitology, (52), pp.43-53.
47. Wali, K.H.A.N., Iqbal, M. and Omer, D.A.D., 2020. Have we forgotten the threat posed by fascioliasis? A potential threat to public health. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(4), p.814.
48. Wali, K.H.A.N., Khan, N.I., Bukhari, S.N.F. and Begum, N., 2019a. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among drug addicts in District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Iranian journal of parasitology, 14(2), pp.359-361
49. World Health Organization. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Number of children treated 2007– 2008: update on the 2010 global target. Wily Epidemiol. Rec. 2010; 85: 141–148.
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Jan 30, 2024
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Mashael Abdullah Aldamigh, Aziz Ur Rahman, Ata Ur Rahman, Nasreen Khan, Saleh Muhammad, Eliana Ibañez Arancibia, & Patricio De los Rios-Escalante. (2024). EFFICACY OF ALBENDAZOLE AGAINST ENTEROBIASIS IN BELOW 15 YEARS OLD CHILDREN: A CASE REPORT FROM LOWER DIR, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 1967–1972. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i1.3664
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Author Biographies
Mashael Abdullah Aldamigh
Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Al-Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
Aziz Ur Rahman
Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Lower Dir, Pakistan
Ata Ur Rahman
Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Lower Dir, Pakistan
Nasreen Khan
Department of Zoology, Jinnah University for women, Karachi, Pakistan
Saleh Muhammad
Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Lower Dir Pakistan
Eliana Ibañez Arancibia
PhD Program in Sciences mentioning Applied Molecular and Cell Biology, La Frontera University, Temuco, Chile
Patricio De los Rios-Escalante
Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Catholic University of Temuco, Temuco, Chile