“RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: CURRENT INSIGHT INTO PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES.”

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily targets the joints but also has systemic effects, significantly impacting overall health and quality of life. Research over the past decades has focused on its multifactorial etiology, involving genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune system dysregulation. Abnormal cellular activity and changes within the synovial fluid contribute to persistent inflammation, joint destruction, and long-term disability. Globally, the burden of RA continues to rise, particularly among the elderly, highlighting its dual role as both a clinical challenge and a major public health concern. Advances in management have shifted therapeutic approaches from simple symptom relief to the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics, which effectively suppress disease activity and slow progression. More recently, small-molecule inhibitors and precision medicine strategies have expanded treatment options. Alongside pharmacological interventions, lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, and psychosocial support play crucial roles in improving patient outcomes. Despite these developments, many individuals continue to experience pain, reduced mobility, and impaired quality of life. Current challenges include treatment resistance, high costs, and limited access to advanced therapies in resource-constrained settings. Future research directions emphasize the integration of molecular discoveries, novel therapeutic targets, and epidemiological insights to design more effective, affordable, and globally accessible interventions. This review synthesizes the latest findings on the causes, immunopathology, treatment strategies, and global burden of RA, providing a comprehensive overview of the evolving research landscape.