A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF EMPAGLIFLOZIN AND TOPIRAMATE IN THERAPEUTICS, DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYTICAL SCIENCES
Main Article Content
Keywords
Empagliflozin, SGLT2 inhibitors, Topiramate, Obesity, Heart Failure, Migraine, Epilepsy, Analytical methods, HPLC, LC–MS/MS, UV-Spectrophotometric, RP-HPLC, HPTLC, SI-HPTLC.
Abstract
Empagliflozin, a selective sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, and Topiramate, an antiepileptic drug with weight-reduction potential, have emerged as clinically important agents in diverse therapeutic areas. Empagliflozin has demonstrated efficacy in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular protection, and chronic kidney disease, while Topiramate has utility in Obesity epilepsy, migraine prophylaxis, and psychiatric disorders. Recent studies highlight potential synergistic benefits in weight management when used in combination. This review comprehensively examines their pharmacology, drug development history, analytical methods, therapeutic applications, safety, and future perspectives. Analytical sciences have contributed robust HPLC and LC–MS/MS methods for Empagliflozin quantification, while validated methods like HPLC, LC–MS/MS, GC–MS, CE, HPTLC, and spectrophotometry also exist for Topiramate. This article integrates advances across therapeutics, regulatory development, and analytical sciences to provide a holistic understanding of these two agents.
References
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6. Perucca E. “A pharmacological and clinical review on topiramate, a new antiepileptic drug”. Pharmacol Res. 1997;35(4):241-56.
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10. Abdul-Ghani MA, Norton L, Defronzo RA. “Role of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes”. Endocr Rev. 2011;32(4):515–31.
11. Grempler R, Thomas L, Eckhardt M, Himmelsbach F, Sauer A, Sharp DE, et al. “Empagliflozin, a novel selective sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor: Characterization and comparison with other SGLT-2 inhibitors”. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(1):83–90.
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14. Ferrannini E, Mark M, Mayoux E. “CV protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial: A “thrifty substrate” hypothesis”. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(7):1108–14.
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16. Gibbs JW 3rd, Sombati S, DeLorenzo RJ, Coulter DA. “Cellular actions of topiramate: Blockade of kainate-evoked inward currents in cultured hippocampal neurons”. Epilepsia. 2000;41 Suppl 1:S10–6.
17. Dodgson SJ, Shank RP, Maryanoff BE. “Topiramate as an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes”. Epilepsia. 2000;41 Suppl 1:S35–9.
18. Silberstein SD, Neto W, Schmitt J, Jacobs D. “Topiramate in migraine prevention: Results of a large controlled trial”. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(4):490–5.
19. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al. “Obesity, type 2 diabetes and the cardiovascular system: Effects of weight loss and treatment with anti-obesity drugs”. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3481–93.
20. Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, et al. “American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity”. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(Suppl 3):1–203.
21. Kasichayanula S, Liu X, LaCreta F, Griffen SC, Boulton DW. “Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin”. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014;53(3):213–25.
22. Alskär O, Karlsson MO, Kjellsson MC. “Model-based evaluation of absorption differences between species and formulations for empagliflozin”. Pharm Res. 2017;34(9):1833–43.
23. Ibrahim MA, El-Leithy ES, Abdel-Rashid RS, El-Moselhy MA, Ahmed KA. “Development and evaluation of orodispersible tablets containing empagliflozin for enhanced oral bioavailability”. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2021;22(5):176.
24. Sharma V, Jain P, Jain S. “Formulation and evaluation of spherical agglomerates of empagliflozin for improved flowability and dissolution”. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2020;11(7):3351–9.
25. Gadade DD, Pekamwar SS. “Cocrystals of empagliflozin: physicochemical characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation”. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2019; 139:105055.
26. Garg NK, Sharma G, Singh B, Nirbhavane P, Tyagi RK, Katare OP. “Development and evaluation of niosomal nanocarriers for oral delivery of topiramate”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2016;42(8):1348–56.
27. Alshahrani SM, Alshetaili AS, Alalaiwe A, Alsulays BB, Shakeel F. “Formulation and evaluation of topiramate loaded orally disintegrating films for pediatric epilepsy management”. Saudi Pharm J. 2021;29(3):199–207.
28. Beg S, Swain S, Singh HP, Patra CN, Rao ME. “Development, optimization, and characterization of solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of topiramate”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2013;39(6):910–20.
29. European Medicines Agency. “Jardiance (empagliflozin) tablets”. 2014.
30. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. “Empagliflozin tablets FDA NDA documents”. 2019.
31. Zeel M. Modi, Jinal Goswami, Dr. Khushbu Patel, Khushbu S. Patel, Dr. C. N. Patel. “Review on analytical method development and validation of empagliflozin”. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.Vol 13, Issue 8, 2024.
32. Patil Sushil D., Chaure Sayali K. “Development and Validation of Simple UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Empagliflozin”. Asian J. of Pharm. Analysis, 2017; 7: 18-22.
33. Benazir Shaik Bima, Archana Jorige. “Method development and validation of Empagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form using UV spectroscopy”. Asian J. of Pharm. Analysis, 2021; 11: 123-126.
34. Siridevi Mounika P, Kumar Hemant T. “RP-HPLC Method for Quantification of Empagliflozin in Pharmaceutical Formulation”. Asian J. of Pharm. and Tech, 2019; 9: 208-211.
35. Patil Sushil D., Dr. Amurutkar Sunil V. “Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Empagliflozin”. Asian J. of Pharm. and Tech, 2016; 6: 201-206.
36. Anas M. Hanif, Rabia Bushra. “Empagliflozin: HPLC based analytical method development and application to pharmaceutical raw material and dosage form”. Pak J. Pharm Sci., 2021; 3: 1081-1087.
37. Rao Knv, V Shirisha. “A New Simple Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Empagliflozin by Using RP-HPLC”. Int. J. of Pharm. and scie, 2019; 9: 25-35.
38. Manojkumar Munde, Nilesh Kulkarni. “A novel validated stability indicating method for quantification of Empagliflozin in bulk and marketed formulation by HPTLC applying experimental design approach”. Indian Drugs, 2023; 60: 66-75.
39. Joanna Wittchckind Manoel, Martin Steppe. “The application of quality by design in the development of the liquid chromatography method to determine Empagliflozin in the presence of its organic impurities”. Royal soci. of chem, 2020; 10: 7313-7320.
40. Youssef RM, Maher HM. “Derivatization techniques for HPLC determination of Topiramate in pharmaceutical and biological samples”. J Chromatogr B. 2008;872(1–2):141–147.
41. Patel V, Sharma N. “Simple UV-spectrophotometric methods for estimation of Topiramate”. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2012;3(8):2770–2774.
42. USP Monograph. “Topiramate Tablets”. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP–NF).
43. Shaikh T, et al. “Stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for estimation of Topiramate”. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2015;77(5):553–558.
44. Youssef RM, Maher HM. “Validated HPLC methods with derivatization for determination of Topiramate in plasma”. Talanta. 2008;74(5):1432–1440.
45. Pucci V, et al. “LC–MS/MS determination of Topiramate in human plasma for pharmacokinetic studies”. J Chromatogr B. 2004;810(2):231–236.
46. El-Kommos ME, et al. “Validated HPTLC method for determination of Topiramate in bulk and dosage form”. J AOAC Int. 2016;99(5):1278–1284.
47. Al Bratty M, et al. “Capillary electrophoresis method for determination of Topiramate in pharmaceutical formulations”. Electrophoresis. 2014;35(10):1438–1444.
48. Kaur, S., et al. “Development and validation of a simple UV spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Topiramate in pharmaceutical formulations”. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 71, no. 4, 2009, pp. 417–419.
49. Deepa, K. R., et al. “Spectrophotometric estimation of Topiramate in bulk and tablet dosage form”. International Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 5, 2012, pp. 456–458.
50. Kharat, A., et al. “Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Topiramate in bulk and tablet dosage form”. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 7, no. 2, 2014, pp. 11–14.
51. Divakar, G., et al. “Development and validation of stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for Topiramate in pharmaceutical formulations”. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, vol. 5, no. 2, 2015, pp. 125–131.
52. Bhattacharya, S., et. al. “Pre-column derivatization and HPLC method development for Topiramate using FMOC-Cl”. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 78–79, 2013, pp. 118–124.
53. Bhattacharya, S., et. al. “Pre-column derivatization and HPLC method development for Topiramate using FMOC-Cl”. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 78–79, 2013, pp. 118–124.
54. Shaikh, S., et al. “Stability-indicating HPTLC method for the estimation of Topiramate in pharmaceutical dosage forms”. Chromatographia, vol. 76, no. 19–20, 2013, pp. 1421–1427.
55. Verma, A., et al. “Development and validation of LC–MS/MS method for quantification of Topiramate in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study”. Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 1043, 2017, pp. 123–129.
56. Patel, M., et al. “Simultaneous determination of Topiramate and its metabolites in human plasma by LC–MS/MS”. Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 31, no. 3, 2017, e3886.
57. Qaiser, S., et al. “Capillary electrophoresis method for determination of Topiramate in pharmaceutical formulations”. Electrophoresis, vol. 35, no. 1, 2014, pp. 113–118.
58. Patel, D., et al. “Green stability-indicating HPTLC method for Topiramate analysis”. Journal of AOAC International, vol. 101, no. 4, 2018, pp. 965–971.
2. Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, von Eynatten M, Mattheus M, et al. “Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes”. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):323-34.
3. Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Pocock SJ, Carson P, et al. “Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure”. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1413-24.
4. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Ferreira JP, Bocchi E, Böhm M, et al. “Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction”. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1451-61.
5. Shank RP, Gardocki JF, Streeter AJ, Maryanoff BE. “An overview of the preclinical aspects of topiramate: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action”. Epilepsia. 2000; 41 Suppl 1:S3-9.
6. Perucca E. “A pharmacological and clinical review on topiramate, a new antiepileptic drug”. Pharmacol Res. 1997;35(4):241-56.
7. Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, Peterson CA, Troupin B, Schwiers ML, et al. “Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial”. Lancet. 2011;377(9774):1341-52.
8. Abiri B, Ramezani Ahmadi A, Hosseinpanah F, Valizadeh A, Zarghi A, Valizadeh M. “Randomized study of the effects of empagliflozin and topiramate dual therapy on anthropometric and metabolic indices in non-diabetic individuals with overweight/obesity on a calorie-restricted diet”. Eat Weight Disord. 2024 Oct 3;29(1):64.
9. ClinicalTrials.gov. “Combination of topiramate and empagliflozin is considered a good option for treatment of obesity”. Identifier NCT04043702. 2025 Aug.
10. Abdul-Ghani MA, Norton L, Defronzo RA. “Role of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes”. Endocr Rev. 2011;32(4):515–31.
11. Grempler R, Thomas L, Eckhardt M, Himmelsbach F, Sauer A, Sharp DE, et al. “Empagliflozin, a novel selective sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor: Characterization and comparison with other SGLT-2 inhibitors”. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(1):83–90.
12. Heise T, Seman L, Macha S, Jones P, Marquart A, Pinnetti S, et al. “Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple rising doses of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(7):613–21.
13. Fitchett D, Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Hantel S, Salsali A, et al. “Heart failure outcomes with empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk: Results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial”. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(19):1526–34.
14. Ferrannini E, Mark M, Mayoux E. “CV protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial: A “thrifty substrate” hypothesis”. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(7):1108–14.
15. White HS. “Clinical significance of modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels: Focus on the anticonvulsant topiramate”. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 10:3–9.
16. Gibbs JW 3rd, Sombati S, DeLorenzo RJ, Coulter DA. “Cellular actions of topiramate: Blockade of kainate-evoked inward currents in cultured hippocampal neurons”. Epilepsia. 2000;41 Suppl 1:S10–6.
17. Dodgson SJ, Shank RP, Maryanoff BE. “Topiramate as an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes”. Epilepsia. 2000;41 Suppl 1:S35–9.
18. Silberstein SD, Neto W, Schmitt J, Jacobs D. “Topiramate in migraine prevention: Results of a large controlled trial”. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(4):490–5.
19. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al. “Obesity, type 2 diabetes and the cardiovascular system: Effects of weight loss and treatment with anti-obesity drugs”. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3481–93.
20. Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, et al. “American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity”. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(Suppl 3):1–203.
21. Kasichayanula S, Liu X, LaCreta F, Griffen SC, Boulton DW. “Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin”. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014;53(3):213–25.
22. Alskär O, Karlsson MO, Kjellsson MC. “Model-based evaluation of absorption differences between species and formulations for empagliflozin”. Pharm Res. 2017;34(9):1833–43.
23. Ibrahim MA, El-Leithy ES, Abdel-Rashid RS, El-Moselhy MA, Ahmed KA. “Development and evaluation of orodispersible tablets containing empagliflozin for enhanced oral bioavailability”. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2021;22(5):176.
24. Sharma V, Jain P, Jain S. “Formulation and evaluation of spherical agglomerates of empagliflozin for improved flowability and dissolution”. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2020;11(7):3351–9.
25. Gadade DD, Pekamwar SS. “Cocrystals of empagliflozin: physicochemical characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation”. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2019; 139:105055.
26. Garg NK, Sharma G, Singh B, Nirbhavane P, Tyagi RK, Katare OP. “Development and evaluation of niosomal nanocarriers for oral delivery of topiramate”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2016;42(8):1348–56.
27. Alshahrani SM, Alshetaili AS, Alalaiwe A, Alsulays BB, Shakeel F. “Formulation and evaluation of topiramate loaded orally disintegrating films for pediatric epilepsy management”. Saudi Pharm J. 2021;29(3):199–207.
28. Beg S, Swain S, Singh HP, Patra CN, Rao ME. “Development, optimization, and characterization of solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of topiramate”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2013;39(6):910–20.
29. European Medicines Agency. “Jardiance (empagliflozin) tablets”. 2014.
30. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. “Empagliflozin tablets FDA NDA documents”. 2019.
31. Zeel M. Modi, Jinal Goswami, Dr. Khushbu Patel, Khushbu S. Patel, Dr. C. N. Patel. “Review on analytical method development and validation of empagliflozin”. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.Vol 13, Issue 8, 2024.
32. Patil Sushil D., Chaure Sayali K. “Development and Validation of Simple UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Empagliflozin”. Asian J. of Pharm. Analysis, 2017; 7: 18-22.
33. Benazir Shaik Bima, Archana Jorige. “Method development and validation of Empagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form using UV spectroscopy”. Asian J. of Pharm. Analysis, 2021; 11: 123-126.
34. Siridevi Mounika P, Kumar Hemant T. “RP-HPLC Method for Quantification of Empagliflozin in Pharmaceutical Formulation”. Asian J. of Pharm. and Tech, 2019; 9: 208-211.
35. Patil Sushil D., Dr. Amurutkar Sunil V. “Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Empagliflozin”. Asian J. of Pharm. and Tech, 2016; 6: 201-206.
36. Anas M. Hanif, Rabia Bushra. “Empagliflozin: HPLC based analytical method development and application to pharmaceutical raw material and dosage form”. Pak J. Pharm Sci., 2021; 3: 1081-1087.
37. Rao Knv, V Shirisha. “A New Simple Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Empagliflozin by Using RP-HPLC”. Int. J. of Pharm. and scie, 2019; 9: 25-35.
38. Manojkumar Munde, Nilesh Kulkarni. “A novel validated stability indicating method for quantification of Empagliflozin in bulk and marketed formulation by HPTLC applying experimental design approach”. Indian Drugs, 2023; 60: 66-75.
39. Joanna Wittchckind Manoel, Martin Steppe. “The application of quality by design in the development of the liquid chromatography method to determine Empagliflozin in the presence of its organic impurities”. Royal soci. of chem, 2020; 10: 7313-7320.
40. Youssef RM, Maher HM. “Derivatization techniques for HPLC determination of Topiramate in pharmaceutical and biological samples”. J Chromatogr B. 2008;872(1–2):141–147.
41. Patel V, Sharma N. “Simple UV-spectrophotometric methods for estimation of Topiramate”. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2012;3(8):2770–2774.
42. USP Monograph. “Topiramate Tablets”. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP–NF).
43. Shaikh T, et al. “Stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for estimation of Topiramate”. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2015;77(5):553–558.
44. Youssef RM, Maher HM. “Validated HPLC methods with derivatization for determination of Topiramate in plasma”. Talanta. 2008;74(5):1432–1440.
45. Pucci V, et al. “LC–MS/MS determination of Topiramate in human plasma for pharmacokinetic studies”. J Chromatogr B. 2004;810(2):231–236.
46. El-Kommos ME, et al. “Validated HPTLC method for determination of Topiramate in bulk and dosage form”. J AOAC Int. 2016;99(5):1278–1284.
47. Al Bratty M, et al. “Capillary electrophoresis method for determination of Topiramate in pharmaceutical formulations”. Electrophoresis. 2014;35(10):1438–1444.
48. Kaur, S., et al. “Development and validation of a simple UV spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Topiramate in pharmaceutical formulations”. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 71, no. 4, 2009, pp. 417–419.
49. Deepa, K. R., et al. “Spectrophotometric estimation of Topiramate in bulk and tablet dosage form”. International Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 5, 2012, pp. 456–458.
50. Kharat, A., et al. “Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Topiramate in bulk and tablet dosage form”. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 7, no. 2, 2014, pp. 11–14.
51. Divakar, G., et al. “Development and validation of stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for Topiramate in pharmaceutical formulations”. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, vol. 5, no. 2, 2015, pp. 125–131.
52. Bhattacharya, S., et. al. “Pre-column derivatization and HPLC method development for Topiramate using FMOC-Cl”. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 78–79, 2013, pp. 118–124.
53. Bhattacharya, S., et. al. “Pre-column derivatization and HPLC method development for Topiramate using FMOC-Cl”. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 78–79, 2013, pp. 118–124.
54. Shaikh, S., et al. “Stability-indicating HPTLC method for the estimation of Topiramate in pharmaceutical dosage forms”. Chromatographia, vol. 76, no. 19–20, 2013, pp. 1421–1427.
55. Verma, A., et al. “Development and validation of LC–MS/MS method for quantification of Topiramate in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study”. Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 1043, 2017, pp. 123–129.
56. Patel, M., et al. “Simultaneous determination of Topiramate and its metabolites in human plasma by LC–MS/MS”. Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 31, no. 3, 2017, e3886.
57. Qaiser, S., et al. “Capillary electrophoresis method for determination of Topiramate in pharmaceutical formulations”. Electrophoresis, vol. 35, no. 1, 2014, pp. 113–118.
58. Patel, D., et al. “Green stability-indicating HPTLC method for Topiramate analysis”. Journal of AOAC International, vol. 101, no. 4, 2018, pp. 965–971.
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Sep 30, 2025
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Shaily Joshi, Ms. Purvi Ramanuj, & Dr. Pragnesh Patani. (2025). A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF EMPAGLIFLOZIN AND TOPIRAMATE IN THERAPEUTICS, DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYTICAL SCIENCES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 1835-1844. https://doi.org/10.53555/jdh5cp26
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Author Biographies
Shaily Joshi
Student, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University
Ms. Purvi Ramanuj
Department of QA and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
Dr. Pragnesh Patani
Department of Pharmacology, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
How to Cite
Shaily Joshi, Ms. Purvi Ramanuj, & Dr. Pragnesh Patani. (2025). A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF EMPAGLIFLOZIN AND TOPIRAMATE IN THERAPEUTICS, DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYTICAL SCIENCES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 1835-1844. https://doi.org/10.53555/jdh5cp26