INHALED NANOMEDICINE FOR LUNG CANCER: INNOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES IN TARGETED PULMONARY DELIVERY.
Main Article Content
Keywords
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, accounting for around 18% of all cancer-related fatalities, according to the most recent data available on cancer surveillance. Lung cancer ranks among the top five most lethal cancers worldwide, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 20–26%. Inhaled delivery of chemotherapeutic nanomedicines has been proposed as a solution to this drawback of inhaled small molecule chemotherapeutics. These nanomedicines may serve as slow-release drug depots in the lungs or actively transport the packaged drug to lung cancer cells through cancer targeting ligands. Pulmonary drug delivery for lung cancer therapy has been only partly explored in recent decades even though it could represent an attractive alternative route of administration of drug-based therapies, including chemotherapy. In this article, we summarize the best results and limitations of these drug delivery systems and discuss the potential capacity of nanomedicine.
References
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2. Al Khatib AO, El-Tanani M, Al-Obaidi H. Inhaled medicines for targeting non-small cell lung cancer. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15 (12):2777. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122777
3. Gupta C, Jaipuria A, Gupta N. Inhalable formulations to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): recent therapies and developments. Pharmaceutics. 2022;15(1):139. doi: 10.3390/ pharmaceutics15010139
4. JemalABrayFCenterMMFerlayJWardEFormanDGlobal cancer statisticsCA Cancer J Clin2011612699021296855
5. Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int J Cancer. 2019;144(8):1941–1953. doi:10.1002/ijc.31937
6. Walter FM, Rubin G, Bankhead C, et al. Symptoms and other factors associated with time to diagnosis and stage of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2015;112(1):S6–13. doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.30
7. Lu T, Yang X, Huang Y, et al. Trends in the incidence, treatment, and survival of patients with lung cancer in the last four decades. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;Volume 11:943–953. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S187317
8. Inamura K. Lung cancer: understanding its molecular pathology and the 2015 WHO classification. Front Oncol. 2017;7:193. doi:10.3389/fonc.2017.00193
9. Arbour KC, Riely GJ. Systemic therapy for locally advanced and metastatic non–small cell lung cancer: a review. JAMA. 2019;322(8):764–774. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.11058
10. Wood SL, Pernemalm M, Crosbie PA, Whetton AD. The role of the tumor-microenvironment in lung cancer-metastasis and its relationship to potential therapeutic targets. Cancer Treat Rev. 2014;40(4):558–566. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.10.001
11. Oser MG, Niederst MJ, Sequist LV, Engelman JA. Transformation from non-small-cell lung cancer to small-cell lung cancer: molecular drivers and cells of origin. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(4):e165–72. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71180-5
12. Kamat S, Kumari M, Jayabaskaran C. Nano-engineered tools in the diagnosis, therapeutics, prevention, and mitigation of SARS-CoV-2. J Cont Rel. 2021;338:813–836. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.046
13. Zhang Y, Wong CYJ, Gholizadeh H, et al. Microfluidics assembly of inhalable liposomal ciprofloxacin characterised by an innovative in vitro pulmonary model. Int J Pharm. 2023;635:122667. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122667
14. Gradon L, Orlicki D, Podgorski A. Deposition and retention of ultrafine aerosol particles in the human respiratory system. Normal and pathological cases. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2000;6(2):189–207. doi:10.1080/10803548.2000.11076451
15. Tseng, C.-L.; Su, W.-Y.; Yen, K.-C.; Yang, K.-C.; Lin, F.-H. The use of biotinylated-EGF-modified gelatin nanoparticle carrier to enhance cisplatin accumulation in cancerous lungs via inhalation. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 3476–3485.
16. Videira, M.; Almeida, A.J.; Fabra, À. Preclinical evaluation of a pulmonary delivered paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanocarrier antitumor effect. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 2012, 8, 1208–1215.
17. Xi J, Longest PW, Martonen TB. Effects of the laryngeal jet on nano- and microparticle transport and deposition in an approximate model of the upper tracheobronchial airways. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(6):1761–1777. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01233.2007
18. Bhalani DV, Nutan B, Kumar A, Singh Chandel AK. Bioavailability enhancement techniques for poorly aqueous soluble drugs and therapeutics. Biomedicines. 2022;10(9):2055.
19. Mitchell MJ, Billingsley MM, Haley RM, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA, Langer R. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(2):101–124. doi:10.1038/s41573-020-0090-8
20. Rocco, D.; Sapio, L.; Della Gravara, L.; Naviglio, S.; Gridelli, C. Treatment of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with RET Fusions: Reality and Hopes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 2433.
21. Lopez-Olivo, M.A.; Minnix, J.A.; Fox, J.G.; Nishi, S.P.E.; Lowenstein, L.M.; Maki, K.G.; Leal, V.B.; Tina Shih, Y.C.; Cinciripini, P.M.; Volk, R.J. Smoking cessation and shared decision-making practices about lung cancer screening among primary care providers. Cancer Med. 2021, 10, 1357–1365.
22. Huang, C.-Y.; Ju, D.-T.; Chang, C.-F.; Reddy, P.M.; Velmurugan, B.K. A review on the effects of current chemotherapy drugs and natural agents in treating non–small cell lung cancer. Biomedicine 2017, 7, 23.
23. Herbst, R.S.; Morgensztern, D.; Boshoff, C. The biology and management of non-small cell lung cancer. Nature 2018, 553, 446–454.
24. Janssen-Heijnen, M.L.; Houterman, S.; Lemmens, V.E.; Louwman, M.W.; Maas, H.A.; Coebergh, J.W. Prognostic impact of increasing age and co-morbidity in cancer patients: A population-based approach. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2005, 55, 231–240.
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Oct 03, 2025
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Parthiv Patel, Dr. Shweta Paroha, & Dr. Pragnesh Patani. (2025). INHALED NANOMEDICINE FOR LUNG CANCER: INNOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES IN TARGETED PULMONARY DELIVERY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 1792-1807. https://doi.org/10.53555/hah9at91
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Author Biographies
Parthiv Patel
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahemdabad
Dr. Shweta Paroha
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahemdabad,
Dr. Pragnesh Patani
Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahemdabad
How to Cite
Parthiv Patel, Dr. Shweta Paroha, & Dr. Pragnesh Patani. (2025). INHALED NANOMEDICINE FOR LUNG CANCER: INNOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES IN TARGETED PULMONARY DELIVERY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 1792-1807. https://doi.org/10.53555/hah9at91