ADVANCES IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF SALIVARY BIOMARKERS FOR THE EARLY DETECTION OF ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Salivary Biomarkers, Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Diagnostic Accuracy, Clinical Applications
Abstract
Introduction: Saliva is considered as mirror of human health. Its composition reflects levels of hormonal, immunological, toxicological and infectious disease markers.
Objective: The basic aim of the study is to find the advances in the identification of salivary biomarkers for the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSSC).
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 195 patients, including individuals diagnosed with OSCC and healthy controls. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of specific biomarkers, including proteins, mRNA, miRNA, and metabolites. Statistical measures such as sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were used to assess diagnostic accuracy.
Results: The study identified several salivary biomarkers with high diagnostic accuracy for OSCC. Proteomic analyses revealed biomarkers such as IL-8, IL-6, and VEGF with AUC values exceeding 0.85. Transcriptomic studies highlighted miRNAs, including miR-125a and miR-31, which demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. Metabolomic profiling identified distinct metabolic signatures associated with OSCC, further enhancing diagnostic potential.
Conclusion: Salivary biomarkers hold significant promise for the early detection of OSCC. The identified biomarkers showed high diagnostic accuracy and potential for clinical application.
References
2. Khijmatgar S, Yong J, Rübsamen N, Lorusso F, Rai P, Cenzato N, Gaffuri F, Del Fabbro M, Tartaglia GM. Salivary biomarkers for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and head/neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2024 Dec;60:32-39. doi: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.10.003. Epub 2023 Dec 21. PMID: 38204964; PMCID: PMC10776379.
3. Ammann Yanic, Beutner Ulrich, Gian Vital Domenic, Morand Grgoire, Broglie Daeppen Martina A., Born Diana, et al. Impact of the new TNM staging system on oral tongue cancers. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151:w20493
4. Chiu K., Hosni A., Huang S.H., Tong L., Xu W., Lu L., et al. The potential impact and usability of the eighth edition TNM staging classification in oral cavity cancer. Clin Oncol. 2021;33(10):e442–e449
5. Almulla Abdullah, Noel Christopher W., Lu Lin, Xu Wei, O’Sullivan Brian, Goldstein David P., et al. Radiologic-pathologic correlation of extranodal extension in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: implications for future editions of the TNM classification. Int J Radiat Oncol* Biol* Phys. 2018;102(4):698–708.
6. Boeve Koos, Melchers Lieuwe J., Schuuring Ed, Roodenburg Jan L., Halmos Gyorgy B., van Dijk Boukje A., et al. Addition of tumour infiltration depth and extranodal extension improves the prognostic value of the pathological TNM classification for early‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology. 2019;75(3):329–337
7. Mercante Giuseppe, Gaino Francesca, Giannitto Caterina, Ferreli Fabio, Virgilio Armando De, Franzese Ciro, et al. Discrepancies between UICC and AJCC TNM classifications for oral cavity tumors in the 8th editions and following versions. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2022;279(1):527–531.
8. Goldoni Riccardo, Scolaro Alessandra, Boccalari Elisa, Dolci Carolina, Scarano Antonio, Inchingolo Francesco, et al. Malignancies and biosensors: a focus on oral cancer detection through salivary biomarkers. Biosensors. 2021;11(10):396.
9. Tartaglia Gianluca Martino, Gagliano Nicoletta, Zarbin Luca, Tolomeo Giorgia, Sforza Chiarella. Antioxidant capacity of human saliva and periodontal screening assessment in healthy adults. Arch Oral Biol. 2017;78:34–38.
10. Tartaglia A., Romasco T., D’Ovidio C., Rosato E., Ulusoy H.I., Furton K.G., et al. Determination of phenolic compounds in human saliva after oral administration of red wine by high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2022;209
11. Kumar Pavan, Singh Ashutosh, Kanaujia Surendra Kumar, Pradhan Asima. Human saliva for oral precancer detection: a comparison of fluorescence & stokes shift spectroscopy. J Fluoresc. 2018;28:419–426
12. Kang J.W., Eun Y.G., Lee Y.C. Diagnostic value of salivary miRNA in head and neck squamous cell cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13):7026.
13. Liu Dingshan, Xin Zhili, Guo Songsong, Li Sheng, Cheng Jie, Jiang Hongbing. Blood and salivary microRNAs for diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;79(5):1082–e1.
14. Sahibzada Haafsa Arshad, Khurshid Zohaib, Sannam Khan Rabia, Naseem Mustafa, Siddique Khalid Mahmood, Mali Maria, et al. Salivary IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α as potential diagnostic biomarkers for oral cancer. Diagnostics. 2017;7(2):21.
15. Tribble Gena D., Angelov Nikola, Weltman Robin, Wang Bing-Yan, Eswaran Sridhar V., Gay Isabel C., et al. Frequency of tongue cleaning impacts the human tongue microbiome composition and enterosalivary circulation of nitrate. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019:39.
16. Roi Alexandra, Roi Ciprian Ioan, Negruțiu Meda Lavinia, Riviș Mircea, Sinescu Cosmin, Rusu Laura-Cristina. The challenges of OSCC diagnosis: salivary cytokines as potential biomarkers. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):2866.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Dr. Almas Raza
Assistant Professor Pathology, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
Dr. Anam Mehmood
Assistant Professor General Pathology, Azra Naheed Dental College, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan
Dr. Maryam Raza
Assistant Professor, Physiology Department, Independent Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Dr Ambreen Nawaz
Assistant Professor General Pathology, Azra Naheed Dental College, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan
Dr Bushra Aslam
Assistant Professor, Physiology Department, Independent Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Dr Fawad Hussain
Assistant Professor Community Medicine. Niazi Medical & Dental College, Sargodha, Pakistan
Zahra Jabeen
Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Dr. Amal Shaukat
Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Pakistan
Faiqa Chaudhry
Lecturer, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
Kanza Saleem
Institute of Quality & Technology Management, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan