CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING: A KEY INTERVENTION IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE NAGEMENT
Main Article Content
Keywords
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, Life, Survival, Mortality, Coronary Heart Disease
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular diseases stand as the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with coronary heart disease (CHD) emerging as the primary contributor to mortality. Current treatment modalities for CHD include coronary stent angioplasty, myocardial revascularization surgery, and pharmaceutical management.
Methods: This study employs a documentary bibliographic methodology, gathering, selecting, evaluating, and analyzing data sourced electronically from various archives and search engines such as Google Academic, Science Direct, and PubMed. Boolean operators enhance search precision.
Results: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery emerges as a significant intervention for CHD patients, demonstrating notable improvements in both quality of life and survival rates. Studies highlight CABG's superiority over traditional medical management, particularly in individuals with left-sided coronary artery disease and multivessel coronary disease, showcasing reduced mortality rates.
Conclusion: CABG surgery stands as a pivotal intervention in managing CHD, offering substantial benefits over conventional medical treatments. This structured abstract provides insights into the evolving landscape of CHD management, underscoring the importance of surgical interventions in improving patient outcomes and survival rates.
References
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4. Ashenhurst, C., Toubar, O., Guo, M. H., Issa, H., Ponnambalam, M., & Ruel, M. (2024). Early and long-term outcomes of less invasive approaches to coronary artery bypass surgery.
5. Balaguer, J., & Bokka, L. (2024). Overview of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.
6. Campbell, N. G., Allen, E., Evans, R., Jamal, Z., Opondo, C., Sanders, J., . . . O'Brien, B. (2024). Impact of maintaining serum potassium concentration≥ 3.6 mEq/L versus≥ 4.5 mEq/L for 120 hours after isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery on the incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation: Protocol for a randomized non-inferiority trial. PLoS ONE, 19(3), e0296525.
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8. Chen, L., Gao, M.-X., Du, X., Wang, C., Yu, W.-Y., Liu, H.-L., . . . Xu, D. (2024). Early tirofiban versus heparin for bridging dual antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing coronary endarterectomy combined with coronary artery bypass grafting: a multicenter randomized controlled trial protocol (the THACE-CABG trial). Trials, 25(1), 52.
9. da Silveira Maia, A., & Dos Santos, M. A. (2024). 2023 ACC/AHA Chronic Coronary Disease Guideline–An opportunity to reestablish coronary artery bypass recommendations. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine.
10. Gikandi, A., Stock, E., DeMatt, E., Hirji, S., Awtry, J., Quin, J. A., . . . Zenati, M. A. (2024). Performance of left internal thoracic artery-left anterior descending artery anastomosis by residents versus attendings and coronary artery bypass grafting outcomes. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, ezae155.
11. Gunes, K., Gezginci, E., & Tok, M. (2024). The effect of reflexology on pain, anxiety, fatigue, and sleep in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 66, 102342.
12. He, L., Tiemuerniyazi, X., Chen, L., Yang, Z., Huang, S., Nan, Y., . . . Feng, W. (2024). Clinical outcomes of on-pump versus off-pump coronary-artery bypass surgery: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Surgery, 10.1097.
13. Holifah, K., & Herawati, T. (2024). The Effectiveness of Telenursing to Improve the Quality of Life of Coronary Artery Disease Patients: Systematic Review. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 6(3), 1569-1578.
14. Ibrahim, K. S., Kheirallah, K. A., Al Manasra, A. R. A., & Megdadi, M. A. (2024). Factors affecting the duration of stay in the intensive care unit after coronary artery bypass surgery and its impact on in-hospital mortality: a retrospective study. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 19(1), 45.
15. Ingle, L., Powell, R., Begg, B., Birkett, S. T., Nichols, S., Ennis, S., . . . McGregor, G. (2024). Impact of Exercise Training Response on Quality of Life and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profiles in People with Coronary Artery Disease: Insights from the HIIT or MISS UK trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
16. Jannati, M. (2024). Risk factors for stroke post coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a literature review. Medicina Clínica Práctica, 7(1), 100405.
17. Jin, L., Shan, L., Yu, K., Pan, Y., Sun, Y., Chen, J., . . . Zhang, Y. (2024). Postoperative acute kidney injury increases short- and long-term death risks in elderly patients (≥ 75 years old) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. International Urology and Nephrology, 56(4), 1497-1508.
18. Jonik, S., Kageyama, S., Ninomiya, K., Onuma, Y., Kochman, J., Grabowski, M., . . . Mazurek, T. (2024). Five-year outcomes in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing surgery or percutaneous intervention. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 3218.
19. Kanwal, R., Kausar, S., Farooqi, S., Fatima, A., Iqbal, S., Yasmin, R., & Haq, N. U. (2024). Relationship between Uncertainty and Health Outcomes among Patients undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Remittances Review, 9(1), 2320-2357.
20. Karahan, E., Demirtaş, H., Çelik, S., & Dolu, İ. (2024). Relationships between sleep, quality of life and anxiety in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 32, e4122.
21. Karim, M. A. (2024). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) and Coronary Bypass Grafting (CABG) Outcomes in Indigenous vs. Non-Indigenous Australians. Cureus, 16(4).
22. Li, J., Deng, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2024). The effectiveness of a web-based information-knowledge-attitude-practice continuous intervention on patients' psychological status, medical compliance, and quality of life after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a parallel randomized clinical trial. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 19(1), 125.
23. Lin, Z.-q., Chen, X., Xu, Z., Chen, L.-w., & Dai, X.-f. (2024). Left ventricular recovery after total arterial coronary artery bypass grafting versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Postgraduate Medical Journal, qgae005.
24. Luthra, S., Masraf, H., Mohamed, M. E., Malvindi, P. G., Sef, D., Miskolczi, S., & Velissaris, T. (2024). We left Internal Thoracic Artery versus Saphenous Vein Grafts to Left Anterior Descending Artery after Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: life, 14(3), 385.
25. Mir, M. A., Dar, M. A., & Qadir, A. (2024). Exploring the Landscape of Coronary Artery Disease: A Comprehensive Review. American Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, 1(1), 9-22.
26. Momin, A., Ranjan, R., Valencia, O., Jacques, A., Lim, P., Fluck, D., . . . Chandrasekaran, V. (2024). Long-Term Survival Benefits of Different Conduits Used in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery-A Single Institutional Practice Over 20 Years. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 1505-1512.
27. Moshkovitz, Y., Orenstein, L., Olmer, L., Laufer, K., Ziv, A., & Dankner, R. (2024). Emulated Trial for Discharge Prescription of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy and 15-Year Survival After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Paper presented at the Mayo Clinic Proceedings.
28. MOUSAVI, E., AMERI, M., GORJI, A. M. H., TALEBI, S. S., MIRHOSSEINI, S., & EBRAHIMI, H. (2024). Effect of Guided Reflection on Self-Care in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
29. Reddy, C. P., & Sankar Vinod, C. S. (2024). A retrospective observational study of risk factors, angiographic patterns, short-term mortality, and correlations between on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart, Vessels & Transplantation, 8(1).
30. Ren, J., Bowyer, A., Tian, D. H., Reid, C. M., Hwang, B., Royse, C., . . . Royse, A. (2024). Sex differences in long-term survival after total arterial coronary artery bypass grafting. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 65(4), ezae106.
31. Rustenbach, C. J., Reichert, S., Berger, R., Schano, J., Nemeth, A., Haeberle, H., . . . Saha, S. (2024). Unravelling the Predictors for Delirium and ICU Stay Duration in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting—A Multicentric Analysis. Biomedicines, 12(4), 749.
32. Sadeh, M., Fulman, N., Agay, N., Levy, I., Ziv, A., Chudnovsky, A., . . . Dankner, R. (2024). Residential Greenness and Long-term Mortality Among Patients Who Underwent Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Epidemiology, 35(1), 41-50.
33. Sahar, W., Waseem, M., Riaz, M., Nazeer, N., Ahmad, M., & Haider, Z. (2024). Effects of prehabilitation resistance training in mild to moderate clinically frail patients awaiting coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 72(1), 151-158.
34. Sakowitz, S., Bakhtiyar, S. S., Curry, J., Mallick, S., Vadlakonda, A., Ali, K., . . . Benharash, P. (2024). Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Does Not Confer Superior Outcomes Among Frail Patients. The American Journal of Cardiology, 220, 16-22.
35. Sazzad, F., Luo, H. D., Chang, G., Wu, D., Ong, Z. X., Kofidis, T., & Kang, G. S. (2024). Preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump insertion in coronary artery bypass grafting patients reduces in-hospital morbidity.
36. Scatena, A., Apicella, M., Mantuano, M., Liistro, F., Ventoruzzo, G., Petruzzi, P., . . . Silverii, A. (2024). Bypass surgery versus endovascular revascularization for occlusive infra inguinal peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for developing the Italian Guidelines for treating diabetic foot syndrome. Acta diabetologica, 61(1), 19-28.
37. Su, X., Zhang, D., Gu, D., Rao, C., Chen, S., Fan, J., & Zheng, Z. (2024). Administrative Model for Profiling Hospital Performance on Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Based on the Chinese Hospital Quality Monitoring System. Journal of the American Heart Association, 13(3), e031924.
38. Tombokan, A. M., Sembiring, Y. E., Dharmadjati, B. B., & Pribadi, O. R. S. Success Rate of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting on Elderly Patients in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya.
39. Yang, H., Guo, C., Zuo, Q., Jiang, W., Qu, H., Zhang, Y., . . . He, Q. (2024). Effect of nano-silver coated catheter combined with comprehensive care on postoperative infection and rehabilitation in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Materials Express, 14(5), 828-835.
40. Yuan, S., Li, F., Zhang, H., Zeng, J., Su, X., Qu, J., . . . Zhao, Y. (2024). Impact of High Lipoprotein (a) on Long-term Survival Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Journal of the American Heart Association, 13(3), e031322.
2. Alzahrani, A. A., AlAssiri, A. K., Al-Ebrahim, K. E., Ganbou, Z. T., Alsudais, M. M., Khafagy, A. M., . . . Alsudais, M. (2024). Impact of Clinical and Sociodemographic Factors on Quality of Life Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Mixed-Methods Study. Cureus, 16(3).
3. Araújo, C. O., Araújo Alves, C. C., Santos, F. R., Cahalin, L. P., Cipriano, G. F. B., & Cipriano Jr, G. (2024). Inspiratory Muscle Training in Phase 1 and 2 Postoperative Cardiac Rehabilitation Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Physical Therapy, pzae061.
4. Ashenhurst, C., Toubar, O., Guo, M. H., Issa, H., Ponnambalam, M., & Ruel, M. (2024). Early and long-term outcomes of less invasive approaches to coronary artery bypass surgery.
5. Balaguer, J., & Bokka, L. (2024). Overview of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.
6. Campbell, N. G., Allen, E., Evans, R., Jamal, Z., Opondo, C., Sanders, J., . . . O'Brien, B. (2024). Impact of maintaining serum potassium concentration≥ 3.6 mEq/L versus≥ 4.5 mEq/L for 120 hours after isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery on the incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation: Protocol for a randomized non-inferiority trial. PLoS ONE, 19(3), e0296525.
7. Cázares-Pérez, A., Puentes, A. U., González-Villaseñor, J. J., Vega-Hernández, R., Quezada-Angulo, R., & Castro-Roblin, L. E. (2024). Postoperative adverse events in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting for left central coronary stenosis. Cirugía Cardiaca en México, 6(1), 3-9.
8. Chen, L., Gao, M.-X., Du, X., Wang, C., Yu, W.-Y., Liu, H.-L., . . . Xu, D. (2024). Early tirofiban versus heparin for bridging dual antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing coronary endarterectomy combined with coronary artery bypass grafting: a multicenter randomized controlled trial protocol (the THACE-CABG trial). Trials, 25(1), 52.
9. da Silveira Maia, A., & Dos Santos, M. A. (2024). 2023 ACC/AHA Chronic Coronary Disease Guideline–An opportunity to reestablish coronary artery bypass recommendations. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine.
10. Gikandi, A., Stock, E., DeMatt, E., Hirji, S., Awtry, J., Quin, J. A., . . . Zenati, M. A. (2024). Performance of left internal thoracic artery-left anterior descending artery anastomosis by residents versus attendings and coronary artery bypass grafting outcomes. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, ezae155.
11. Gunes, K., Gezginci, E., & Tok, M. (2024). The effect of reflexology on pain, anxiety, fatigue, and sleep in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 66, 102342.
12. He, L., Tiemuerniyazi, X., Chen, L., Yang, Z., Huang, S., Nan, Y., . . . Feng, W. (2024). Clinical outcomes of on-pump versus off-pump coronary-artery bypass surgery: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Surgery, 10.1097.
13. Holifah, K., & Herawati, T. (2024). The Effectiveness of Telenursing to Improve the Quality of Life of Coronary Artery Disease Patients: Systematic Review. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 6(3), 1569-1578.
14. Ibrahim, K. S., Kheirallah, K. A., Al Manasra, A. R. A., & Megdadi, M. A. (2024). Factors affecting the duration of stay in the intensive care unit after coronary artery bypass surgery and its impact on in-hospital mortality: a retrospective study. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 19(1), 45.
15. Ingle, L., Powell, R., Begg, B., Birkett, S. T., Nichols, S., Ennis, S., . . . McGregor, G. (2024). Impact of Exercise Training Response on Quality of Life and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profiles in People with Coronary Artery Disease: Insights from the HIIT or MISS UK trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
16. Jannati, M. (2024). Risk factors for stroke post coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a literature review. Medicina Clínica Práctica, 7(1), 100405.
17. Jin, L., Shan, L., Yu, K., Pan, Y., Sun, Y., Chen, J., . . . Zhang, Y. (2024). Postoperative acute kidney injury increases short- and long-term death risks in elderly patients (≥ 75 years old) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. International Urology and Nephrology, 56(4), 1497-1508.
18. Jonik, S., Kageyama, S., Ninomiya, K., Onuma, Y., Kochman, J., Grabowski, M., . . . Mazurek, T. (2024). Five-year outcomes in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing surgery or percutaneous intervention. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 3218.
19. Kanwal, R., Kausar, S., Farooqi, S., Fatima, A., Iqbal, S., Yasmin, R., & Haq, N. U. (2024). Relationship between Uncertainty and Health Outcomes among Patients undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Remittances Review, 9(1), 2320-2357.
20. Karahan, E., Demirtaş, H., Çelik, S., & Dolu, İ. (2024). Relationships between sleep, quality of life and anxiety in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 32, e4122.
21. Karim, M. A. (2024). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) and Coronary Bypass Grafting (CABG) Outcomes in Indigenous vs. Non-Indigenous Australians. Cureus, 16(4).
22. Li, J., Deng, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2024). The effectiveness of a web-based information-knowledge-attitude-practice continuous intervention on patients' psychological status, medical compliance, and quality of life after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a parallel randomized clinical trial. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 19(1), 125.
23. Lin, Z.-q., Chen, X., Xu, Z., Chen, L.-w., & Dai, X.-f. (2024). Left ventricular recovery after total arterial coronary artery bypass grafting versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Postgraduate Medical Journal, qgae005.
24. Luthra, S., Masraf, H., Mohamed, M. E., Malvindi, P. G., Sef, D., Miskolczi, S., & Velissaris, T. (2024). We left Internal Thoracic Artery versus Saphenous Vein Grafts to Left Anterior Descending Artery after Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: life, 14(3), 385.
25. Mir, M. A., Dar, M. A., & Qadir, A. (2024). Exploring the Landscape of Coronary Artery Disease: A Comprehensive Review. American Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, 1(1), 9-22.
26. Momin, A., Ranjan, R., Valencia, O., Jacques, A., Lim, P., Fluck, D., . . . Chandrasekaran, V. (2024). Long-Term Survival Benefits of Different Conduits Used in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery-A Single Institutional Practice Over 20 Years. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 1505-1512.
27. Moshkovitz, Y., Orenstein, L., Olmer, L., Laufer, K., Ziv, A., & Dankner, R. (2024). Emulated Trial for Discharge Prescription of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy and 15-Year Survival After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Paper presented at the Mayo Clinic Proceedings.
28. MOUSAVI, E., AMERI, M., GORJI, A. M. H., TALEBI, S. S., MIRHOSSEINI, S., & EBRAHIMI, H. (2024). Effect of Guided Reflection on Self-Care in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
29. Reddy, C. P., & Sankar Vinod, C. S. (2024). A retrospective observational study of risk factors, angiographic patterns, short-term mortality, and correlations between on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart, Vessels & Transplantation, 8(1).
30. Ren, J., Bowyer, A., Tian, D. H., Reid, C. M., Hwang, B., Royse, C., . . . Royse, A. (2024). Sex differences in long-term survival after total arterial coronary artery bypass grafting. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 65(4), ezae106.
31. Rustenbach, C. J., Reichert, S., Berger, R., Schano, J., Nemeth, A., Haeberle, H., . . . Saha, S. (2024). Unravelling the Predictors for Delirium and ICU Stay Duration in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting—A Multicentric Analysis. Biomedicines, 12(4), 749.
32. Sadeh, M., Fulman, N., Agay, N., Levy, I., Ziv, A., Chudnovsky, A., . . . Dankner, R. (2024). Residential Greenness and Long-term Mortality Among Patients Who Underwent Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Epidemiology, 35(1), 41-50.
33. Sahar, W., Waseem, M., Riaz, M., Nazeer, N., Ahmad, M., & Haider, Z. (2024). Effects of prehabilitation resistance training in mild to moderate clinically frail patients awaiting coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 72(1), 151-158.
34. Sakowitz, S., Bakhtiyar, S. S., Curry, J., Mallick, S., Vadlakonda, A., Ali, K., . . . Benharash, P. (2024). Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Does Not Confer Superior Outcomes Among Frail Patients. The American Journal of Cardiology, 220, 16-22.
35. Sazzad, F., Luo, H. D., Chang, G., Wu, D., Ong, Z. X., Kofidis, T., & Kang, G. S. (2024). Preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump insertion in coronary artery bypass grafting patients reduces in-hospital morbidity.
36. Scatena, A., Apicella, M., Mantuano, M., Liistro, F., Ventoruzzo, G., Petruzzi, P., . . . Silverii, A. (2024). Bypass surgery versus endovascular revascularization for occlusive infra inguinal peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for developing the Italian Guidelines for treating diabetic foot syndrome. Acta diabetologica, 61(1), 19-28.
37. Su, X., Zhang, D., Gu, D., Rao, C., Chen, S., Fan, J., & Zheng, Z. (2024). Administrative Model for Profiling Hospital Performance on Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Based on the Chinese Hospital Quality Monitoring System. Journal of the American Heart Association, 13(3), e031924.
38. Tombokan, A. M., Sembiring, Y. E., Dharmadjati, B. B., & Pribadi, O. R. S. Success Rate of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting on Elderly Patients in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya.
39. Yang, H., Guo, C., Zuo, Q., Jiang, W., Qu, H., Zhang, Y., . . . He, Q. (2024). Effect of nano-silver coated catheter combined with comprehensive care on postoperative infection and rehabilitation in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Materials Express, 14(5), 828-835.
40. Yuan, S., Li, F., Zhang, H., Zeng, J., Su, X., Qu, J., . . . Zhao, Y. (2024). Impact of High Lipoprotein (a) on Long-term Survival Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Journal of the American Heart Association, 13(3), e031322.
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May 22, 2024
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How to Cite
Zarin Nudar Rodoshi, Dr. Anurag Rawat, Dr. Sanaullah Shaikh, Mandeep Kaur, Dr. Sarah Suwal, & Dr. Sahira Shrestha. (2024). CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING: A KEY INTERVENTION IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE NAGEMENT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(5), 1253–1262. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i5.6315
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Author Biographies
Zarin Nudar Rodoshi
Medical Graduate, Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh
Dr. Anurag Rawat
Professor, Department of Cardiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Science, India
Dr. Sanaullah Shaikh
Consultant Interventional Cardiologist, Department of Cardiology, Dr Ziauddin Hospital Sukkur, Pakistan
Mandeep Kaur
MD, Department of Internal Medicine, HCA Capital Regional Medical Center, Tallahassee Florida 32311, USA
Dr. Sarah Suwal
MBBS, Kathmandu University/ Nepal Medical College, Nepal
Dr. Sahira Shrestha
MBBS, Kathmandu University/ Nepal Medical College, Nepal