EVALUATION OF COLORLESS CAROTENOIDS FROM WHITE HEIRLOOM TOMATO FOR REGENERATION OF SKIN CELLS VIA REDUCTION OF INFLAMMATION AND STRESS
Main Article Content
Keywords
phytofluene, carotenoids, Heirloom, MMP-12, glutathione, MDA
Abstract
The article delves into the emerging concept of photoprotection through dietary interventions, emphasizing the pivotal role of plant constituents, specifically carotenoids and flavonoids, in shielding plants from excessive light and preventing UV damage in humans. Tomatoes, globally consumed and known for their flavonoid content, are undergoing efforts to standardize and enhance flavonoid concentrations. Carotenoids, essential for nutrition and health, act as precursors for retinoids, providing health and cosmetic benefits when accumulated in human skin. Colorless carotenoids, particularly phytoene and phytofluene, have gained attention for their bioavailability and potential health benefits. The study introduces heirloom white tomatoes, enriched in phytoene and phytofluene, as a unique source to explore increased glutathione levels, potentially enhancing antioxidant properties and skincare benefits. The research further investigates the potential of colorless carotenoids derived from white heirloom tomatoes in promoting skin cell regeneration by mitigating inflammation and stress. Methodology involves the preparation of tomato fruit powder, culturing cell lines, and conducting various assays to evaluate cell viability, antioxidant capacity, and skincare benefits. Results demonstrate the cytotoxicity of heirloom tomato powder, its impact on LDH activity, angiogenic potential, reduced MMP-12 and inflammation, decreased MDA, and increased glutathione reductase levels in post-treated cells. The study concludes that heirloom tomato powder enriched in phytoene and phytofluene could be a potent agent for enhancing glutathione reductase production, ultimately contributing to improved skin tone and long-term skincare benefits.
References
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29. Melendez-Martinez, A. J., Stinco, C. M., Liu, C., & Wang, X.-D. 2013. A simple HPLC method for the comprehensive analysis of cis/trans (Z/E) geometrical isomers of carotenoids for nutritional studies. Food Chemistry, 138(2-3), 1341-1350.
30. Rodriguez-Amaya, D. B. (2001a). A guide to carotenoid analysis in foods (Vol. 71): ILSI press Washington.
31. Rodriguez-Amaya, D. B. (2001b). A guide to carotenoid analysis in foods: ILSI press Washington.
32. Saad, B., Dakwar, S., Said, O., Abu-Hijleh, G., Battah, F. A., Kmeel, A., & Aziazeh, H. 2006. Evaluation of medicinal plant hepatotoxicity in co-cultures of hepatocytes and monocytes. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 3.
33. Shaish, A., Harari, A., Kamari, Y., Soudant, E., Harats, D., & Ben-Amotz, A. 2008. A carotenoid algal preparation containing phytoene and phytofluene inhibited LDL oxidation in vitro. Plant foods for human nutrition, 63(2), 83-86.
34. Shoemaker, M., Cohen, I., & Campbell, M. 2004. Reduction of MTT by aqueous herbal extracts in the absence of cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93(2-3), 381-384.
35. Slimestad, R., Fossen, T., & Verheul, M. J. 2008. The flavonoids of tomatoes. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 56(7), 2436-2441.
36. Slimestad, R., & Verheul, M. J. 2005. Content of chalconaringenin and chlorogenic acid in cherry tomatoes is strongly reduced during postharvest ripening. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(18), 7251-7256.
37. Slimestad, R., & Verheul, M. J. 2005. Seasonal variations in the level of plant constituents in greenhouse production of cherry tomatoes. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(8), 3114-3119.
38. Sonthalia, S., Daulatabad, D., & Sarkar, R. 2016a. Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: facts, myths, evidence and controversies. Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology, 82, 262.
39. Sonthalia, S., Daulatabad, D., & Sarkar, R. 2016b. Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: Facts, myths, evidence and controversies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 82(3), 262.
40. Sreelatha, S., Jeyachitra, A., & Padma, P. 2011. Antiproliferation and induction of apoptosis by Moringa oleifera leaf extract on human cancer cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(6), 1270-1275.
41. Stahl, W., & Sies, H. 2007a. Carotenoids and flavonoids contribute to nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight. Molecular biotechnology, 37, 26-30.
42. Stahl, W., & Sies, H. 2007b. Carotenoids and Flavonoids Contribute to Nutritional Protection against Skin Damage from Sunlight. Molecular Biotechnology, 37(1), 26-30. doi: 10.1007/s12033-007-0051-z
43. Stewart, A. J., Bozonnet, S., Mullen, W., Jenkins, G. I., Lean, M. E., & Crozier, A. 2000. Occurrence of flavonols in tomatoes and tomato-based products. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 48(7), 2663-2669.
44. Stinco, C. M., Escudero-Gilete, M. L., Heredia, F. J., Vicario, I. M., & Melendez-Martinez, A. J. 2016. Multivariate analyses of a wide selection of orange varieties based on carotenoid contents, color and in vitro antioxidant capacity. Food Research International, 90, 194-204.
45. Stinco, C. M., Heredia, F. J., Vicario, I. M., & Meléndez-Martínez, A. J. 2016. In vitro antioxidant capacity of tomato products: Relationships with their lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene and alpha-tocopherol contents, evaluation of interactions and correlation with reflectance measurements. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 65, 718-724.
46. Udensi, J., Loughman, J., Loskutova, E., & Byrne, H. J. 2022. Raman Spectroscopy of Carotenoid Compounds for Clinical Applications—A Review. Molecules, 27(24), 9017.
47. Villarama, C., & Maibach, H. 2005. Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview. International journal of cosmetic science, 27(3), 147-153.
48. Wajid, N., Naseem, R., Anwar, S. S., Awan, S. J., Ali, M., Javed, S., & Ali, F. 2015. The effect of gestational diabetes on proliferation capacity and viability of human umbilical cord-derived stromal cells. Cell and tissue banking, 16(3), 389-397.
49. Watanabe, F., Hashizume, E., Chan, G. P., & Kamimura, A. 2014. Skin-whitening and skin-condition-improving effects of topical oxidized glutathione: a double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial in healthy women. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 7, 267.
50. Zubair, S., Hafeez, S., & Mujtaba, G. 2017. Efficacy of intravenous glutathione vs. placebo for skin tone lightening. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatology, 26(3), 177-181.
2. Biskanaki, F., Kalofiri, P., Tertipi, N., Sfyri, E., Andreou, E., Kefala, V., & Rallis, E. 2023. Carotenoids and dermoaesthetic benefits: Public health implications. Cosmetics, 10(5), 120.
3. Briganti, S., Camera, E., & Picardo, M. 2003. Chemical and instrumental approaches to treat hyperpigmentation. Pigment Cell Research, 16(2), 101-110.
4. Canene-Adams, K., Campbell, J. K., Zaripheh, S., Jeffery, E. H., & Erdman Jr, J. W. 2005. The tomato as a functional food. The Journal of nutrition, 135(5), 1226-1230.
5. Crozier, A., Lean, M. E., McDonald, M. S., & Black, C. 1997. Quantitative analysis of the flavonoid content of commercial tomatoes, onions, lettuce, and celery. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 45(3), 590-595.
6. Dickinson, D. A., & Forman, H. J. 2002. Glutathione in defense and signaling: lessons from a small thiol. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 973(1), 488-504.
7. Engelmann, N. J., Clinton, S. K., & Erdman Jr, J. W. 2011. Nutritional aspects of phytoene and phytofluene, carotenoid precursors to lycopene. Advances in Nutrition, 2(1), 51-61.
8. Etminan, M., Takkouche, B., & Caamano-Isorna, F. 2004. The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 13(3), 340-345.
9. Etminan, M., Takkouche, B., & Caamaño-Isorna, F. 2004. The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 13(3), 340-345.
10. Exner, R., Wessner, B., Manhart, N., & Roth, E. 2000. Therapeutic potential of glutathione. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 112(14), 610-616.
11. Gaware, T., Sutar, N., & Thorat, B. 2010. Drying of tomato using different methods: comparison of dehydration and rehydration kinetics. Drying Technology, 28(5), 651-658.
12. George, B. P. A., Tynga, I. M., & Abrahamse, H. 2015. In vitro antiproliferative effect of the acetone extract of Rubus fairholmianus gard. Root on human colorectal cancer cells. BioMed research international, 2015.
13. Giovannucci, E. 2005. Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiological literature. The Journal of nutrition, 135(8), 2030S-2031S.
14. Horakova, L., Licht, A., Sandig, G., Jakstadt, M., Duracková, Z., & Grune, T. 2003. Standardized extracts of flavonoids increase the viability of PC12 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide: effects on oxidative injury. Archives of toxicology, 77(1), 22-29.
15. Huang, C., & Yin, Z. 2020. Highly Efficient Synthesis of Glutathione via a Genetic Engineering Enzymatic Method Coupled with Yeast ATP Generation. Catalysts, 10(1), 33.
16. Khachik, F., Carvalho, L., Bernstein, P. S., Muir, G. J., Zhao, D.-Y., & Katz, N. B. 2002. Chemistry, distribution, and metabolism of tomato carotenoids and their impact on human health. Experimental biology and medicine, 227(10), 845-851.
17. Khalil, A., Tazeddinova, D., Aljoumaa, K., Kazhmukhanbetkyzy, Z. A., Orazov, A., & Toshev, A. D. 2021. Carotenoids: Therapeutic strategy in the battle against viral emerging diseases, COVID-19: An overview. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 26(3), 241.
18. Kiefer, S., Weibel, M., Smits, J., Juch, M., Tiedke, J., & Herbst, N. 2010. Citrus flavonoids with skin lightening effects–Safety and efficacy studies. Int J Appl Sci, 132, 46-54.
19. Kiefer, S., Weibel, M., Smits, J., Juch, M., Tiedtke, J., & Herbst, N. 2010. Citrus flavonoids with skin lightening effects–safety and efficacy studies. Int J Appl Sci, 132, 46-54.
20. Kiki, M. J. 2023. Biopigments of microbial origin and their application in the cosmetic industry. Cosmetics, 10(2), 47.
21. Kondo, M., Kawabata, K., Sato, K., Yamaguchi, S., Hachiya, A., Takahashi, Y., & Inoue, S. 2016. Glutathione maintenance is crucial for survival of melanocytes after exposure to rhododendrol. Pigment cell & melanoma research, 29(5), 541-549.
22. Lu, S. C. 2009. Regulation of glutathione synthesis. Molecular aspects of medicine, 30(1-2), 42-59.
23. Madhere, S., & Simpson, P. 2010. COS DERM.
24. Maeda, K., & Hatao, M. 2004. Involvement of photooxidation of melanogenic precursors in prolonged pigmentation induced by ultraviolet A. Journal of investigative dermatology, 122(2), 503-509.
25. Maqbool, T., Awan, S. J., Malik, S., Hadi, F., Shehzadi, S., & Tariq, K. 2019. In-Vitro Anti-Proliferative, Apoptotic and Antioxidative Activities of Medicinal Herb Kalonji (Nigella sativa). Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 20(15), 1288-1308.
26. Meister, A. 1988. Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263(33), 17205-17208.
27. Meléndez-Martínez, A. J., Mandić, A. I., Bantis, F., Böhm, V., Borge, G. I. A., Brnčić, M., . . . Elgersma, A. 2022. A comprehensive review on carotenoids in foods and feeds: Status quo, applications, patents, and research needs. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 62(8), 1999-2049.
28. Melendez-Martinez, A. J., Paulino, M., Stinco, C. M., Mapelli-Brahm, P., & Wang, X.-D. 2014. Study of the time-course of cis/trans (Z/E) isomerization of lycopene, phytoene, and phytofluene from tomato. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 62(51), 12399-12406.
29. Melendez-Martinez, A. J., Stinco, C. M., Liu, C., & Wang, X.-D. 2013. A simple HPLC method for the comprehensive analysis of cis/trans (Z/E) geometrical isomers of carotenoids for nutritional studies. Food Chemistry, 138(2-3), 1341-1350.
30. Rodriguez-Amaya, D. B. (2001a). A guide to carotenoid analysis in foods (Vol. 71): ILSI press Washington.
31. Rodriguez-Amaya, D. B. (2001b). A guide to carotenoid analysis in foods: ILSI press Washington.
32. Saad, B., Dakwar, S., Said, O., Abu-Hijleh, G., Battah, F. A., Kmeel, A., & Aziazeh, H. 2006. Evaluation of medicinal plant hepatotoxicity in co-cultures of hepatocytes and monocytes. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 3.
33. Shaish, A., Harari, A., Kamari, Y., Soudant, E., Harats, D., & Ben-Amotz, A. 2008. A carotenoid algal preparation containing phytoene and phytofluene inhibited LDL oxidation in vitro. Plant foods for human nutrition, 63(2), 83-86.
34. Shoemaker, M., Cohen, I., & Campbell, M. 2004. Reduction of MTT by aqueous herbal extracts in the absence of cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93(2-3), 381-384.
35. Slimestad, R., Fossen, T., & Verheul, M. J. 2008. The flavonoids of tomatoes. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 56(7), 2436-2441.
36. Slimestad, R., & Verheul, M. J. 2005. Content of chalconaringenin and chlorogenic acid in cherry tomatoes is strongly reduced during postharvest ripening. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(18), 7251-7256.
37. Slimestad, R., & Verheul, M. J. 2005. Seasonal variations in the level of plant constituents in greenhouse production of cherry tomatoes. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(8), 3114-3119.
38. Sonthalia, S., Daulatabad, D., & Sarkar, R. 2016a. Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: facts, myths, evidence and controversies. Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology, 82, 262.
39. Sonthalia, S., Daulatabad, D., & Sarkar, R. 2016b. Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: Facts, myths, evidence and controversies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 82(3), 262.
40. Sreelatha, S., Jeyachitra, A., & Padma, P. 2011. Antiproliferation and induction of apoptosis by Moringa oleifera leaf extract on human cancer cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(6), 1270-1275.
41. Stahl, W., & Sies, H. 2007a. Carotenoids and flavonoids contribute to nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight. Molecular biotechnology, 37, 26-30.
42. Stahl, W., & Sies, H. 2007b. Carotenoids and Flavonoids Contribute to Nutritional Protection against Skin Damage from Sunlight. Molecular Biotechnology, 37(1), 26-30. doi: 10.1007/s12033-007-0051-z
43. Stewart, A. J., Bozonnet, S., Mullen, W., Jenkins, G. I., Lean, M. E., & Crozier, A. 2000. Occurrence of flavonols in tomatoes and tomato-based products. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 48(7), 2663-2669.
44. Stinco, C. M., Escudero-Gilete, M. L., Heredia, F. J., Vicario, I. M., & Melendez-Martinez, A. J. 2016. Multivariate analyses of a wide selection of orange varieties based on carotenoid contents, color and in vitro antioxidant capacity. Food Research International, 90, 194-204.
45. Stinco, C. M., Heredia, F. J., Vicario, I. M., & Meléndez-Martínez, A. J. 2016. In vitro antioxidant capacity of tomato products: Relationships with their lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene and alpha-tocopherol contents, evaluation of interactions and correlation with reflectance measurements. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 65, 718-724.
46. Udensi, J., Loughman, J., Loskutova, E., & Byrne, H. J. 2022. Raman Spectroscopy of Carotenoid Compounds for Clinical Applications—A Review. Molecules, 27(24), 9017.
47. Villarama, C., & Maibach, H. 2005. Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview. International journal of cosmetic science, 27(3), 147-153.
48. Wajid, N., Naseem, R., Anwar, S. S., Awan, S. J., Ali, M., Javed, S., & Ali, F. 2015. The effect of gestational diabetes on proliferation capacity and viability of human umbilical cord-derived stromal cells. Cell and tissue banking, 16(3), 389-397.
49. Watanabe, F., Hashizume, E., Chan, G. P., & Kamimura, A. 2014. Skin-whitening and skin-condition-improving effects of topical oxidized glutathione: a double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial in healthy women. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 7, 267.
50. Zubair, S., Hafeez, S., & Mujtaba, G. 2017. Efficacy of intravenous glutathione vs. placebo for skin tone lightening. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatology, 26(3), 177-181.
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May 21, 2024
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Hossay Momand, Sana Javaid Awan, Tahir Maqbool, Maliha Munawar, Somia Shehzadi, & Faheem Hadi. (2024). EVALUATION OF COLORLESS CAROTENOIDS FROM WHITE HEIRLOOM TOMATO FOR REGENERATION OF SKIN CELLS VIA REDUCTION OF INFLAMMATION AND STRESS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(5), 1119–1129. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i5.6213
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Author Biographies
Hossay Momand
Skincare Laboratories Ltd, T/A Green Acre Health & Beauty. Green Lanes, London.
Sana Javaid Awan
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan.
Tahir Maqbool
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan.
Maliha Munawar
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan.
Somia Shehzadi
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan.
Faheem Hadi
Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.