PATHWAYS TO MARITAL SATISFACTION: EMOTION REGULATION, ATTACHMENT STYLES AND LENGTH OF MARRIAGE
Main Article Content
Keywords
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the relationship between emotion regulation, attachment styles, duration of marriage and marital satisfaction. The data was obtained from married individuals (n=385) belonging to Peshawar, Pakistan and included both males and females. Experiences in Close-Relationships – Revised Questionnaire (Fraley et al., 2000), ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Fowers & Olson, 1993) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross et al., 2003) were used for collecting data. The results revealed marital satisfaction to be significantly positively correlated with cognitive reappraisal strategy whereas significantly negatively correlated with expressive suppression strategy. Significant differences were observed between marital satisfaction of those with a secure attachment style and those with avoidant and anxious attachment style. Likewise, results indicated a significant moderating effect of the duration of marriage on the relationship between marital satisfaction and insecure attachment style. Family and marriage therapists may take into account the findings to have an understanding of the processes underlying quality relationships and help provide interventions for reducing the risk of separation or divorce.
References
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58. Sorokowski, P., Randall, A. K., Groyecka, A., Frackowiak, T., Cantarero, K., Hilpert, P., Ahmadi, K., Alghraibeh, A. M., Aryeetey, R., Bertoni, A., Bettache, K., Błaz˙ejewska, M., Bodenmann, G., Bortolini, T. S., Bosc, C., Butovskaya, M., Castro, F. N., Cetinkaya, H., Cunha, D., … Sorokowska, A. (2017) Marital satisfaction, sex, age, marriage duration, religion, number of children, economic status, education, and collectivistic values: Data from 33 countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1199).
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60. Stafford, L., Dainton, M., & Haas, S. (2000). Measuring routine and strategic relational maintenance: Scale revision, sex versus gender roles, and the prediction of relational characteristics. Communication Monographs, 37, 306-323.
61. Stritof, S. (2022). What is the definition of marriage? Brides. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://www.brides.com/definition-of-marriage-2303011
62. Tavakol, Z., Nasrabadi, A. N., Moghadam, Z. B., Salehiniya, H., & Rezaei, E. (2017). A review of the factors associated with marital satisfaction. Galen Medical Journal, 6(3), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.22086/gmj.v0i0.641
63. Velotti, P., Balzarotti, S., Tagliabue, S., English, T., Zavattini, G. C., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Emotional suppression in early marriage: Actor, partner, and similarity effects on marital quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33, 277-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407515574466
64. Zaheri, F., Dolatian, M., Shariati, M., Simbar, M., Ebadi, A., & Azghadi, S. B. H. (2016)
65. Effective factors in marital satisfaction in perspective of Iranian women and men: A systematic review. Electron Physician, 8(12), 3369-3377. https://doi.org/10.19082/3369
66. Ziaei, T., Jannati, Y., Mobasheri, E., Taghavi, T., Abdollahi, H., Modanloo, M., & Behnampour,
67. N. (2014). The Relationship between Marital and Sexual Satisfaction among Married Women Employees at Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8(2), 44-51.
2. Allendorf, K., & Ghimire, D. J. (2013). Determinants of marital quality in an arranged marriage society. Social Science Research, 42(1), 59-70.
3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.09.002
4. Al-Masri, A. R., & Al-Quran, N. M. (2022). Marital satisfaction and its role in family stability
5. during the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic in a sample of married couples in Irbid governorate. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(8), 2627-2639.
6. Asoodeh, M. H., Khalili, S., Daneshpour, M., & Lavasani, M. G. (2010). Factors of successful marriage: Accounts from self-described happy couples. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2042-2046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.410
7. Banse, R. (2004). Attachment style and marital satisfaction: Evidence for dyadic configuration effects. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 273–282.
8. Bloch, L., Haase, C. M., & Levenson, R. W. (2014). Emotion regulation predicts marital satisfaction: More than a wives’ tale. Emotion, 14, 130-144.
9. Bulgan, G., Kemer, G., & Yıldız, E. C. (2018). Marital satisfaction of Turkish individuals: The role of marriage type, duration of marriage, and personality traits. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 8(1).
10. Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wlhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003). The social consequences of expressive suppression. Emotion, 3, 48.
11. Çelebi, B. M. (2018). The Impacts of Adult Attachment Styles on Marital Relationship. The International Journal of Human and Behavioral Science, 4.
12. https://doi.org/10.19148/ijhbs.413233
13. Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2004). Working models of attachment shape perceptions of social support: Evidence from experimental and observational studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 363-383. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.363
14. Conradi, H. J., Noordhof, A., Dingemanse, P., Barelds, D. P. H., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2017). Actor and partner effects of attachment on relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction across the genders: An APIM approach. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12222
15. Fowers, B. J., & Olson, D. H. (1989). ENRICH marital inventory: A discriminant validity and cross-validation assessment. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 15, 65-79.
16. Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item-response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 350-365.
17. Friedlander, J. (2020). The 8 Most Important Qualities of a Healthy Marriage. Success.
18. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from
19. https://www.success.com/the-8-most-important-qualities-of-a-marriage/
20. Glenn, N. D. (1998). The course of marital success and failure in five American 10-year
21. marriage cohorts. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(3), 569-576. https://doi.org/10.2307/353529
22. Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent Consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224
23. Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00152
24. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
25. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychological Association, 52(3), 511-524.
26. Heidari, M., & Kumar, G. V. (2021). Influence of attachment styles on marital satisfaction among married couples. International Journal of Scientific Research, 10(11).
27. https://doi.org/10.36106/ijsr/6428606
28. Hogan, J. (2020). Here’s how knowing your attachment style can help you manage conflict
29. better. In Verily. https://verilymag.com/2020/09/attachment-style-conflict-how-to-manage-arguments
30. Iqbal, N. (2013). Role of adult attachment, conflict resolution, communication competence and
31. social support in marital satisfaction among couples. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad.
32. Justin, M., & Haroon, Z. (2019). Attachment styles and marital satisfaction among young
33. married female university students. Journal of Research and Reviews in Social Sciences Pakistan, 2(1), 366-378.
34. Kuncewicz, D., Kuncewicz, D., Mrozinski, B., Stawska, M. (2020). A combination of insecure
35. attachment patterns in a relationship and its quality. The role of relationship length. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships.
36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520969896
37. Kurdek, L. A. (1999). The nature and predictors of the trajectory of change in marital quality for husbands and wives over the first 10 years of marriage. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1283–1296. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.5.1283
38. Lavner, J. A., & Bradbury, T. N. (2010). Patterns of change in marital satisfaction over the newlywed years. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 1171–1187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00757.x
39. Levenson, R.W., Haase, C. M., Bloch, L., Holley, S. R., & Seider, B. J. (2013). Emotion regulation in couples. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
40. Li, T., & Chan, D. K. S. (2012). How anxious and avoidant attachment affect romantic relationship quality differently: A meta-analytic review. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 406–419. https://doi.org.10.1002/ejsp.1842
41. Lopes, P. N., Nezlek, J. B., Extremera, N., Hertel, J., Fernandez-Berrocal, P., Schutz, A. & Salovey, P. (2011). Emotion regulation and the quality of social interaction: Does the ability to evaluate emotional situations and identify effective responses matter? Journal of Personality, 79(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14676494.2010.00689.x
42. Marriage. (n.d.). Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/basics/Marriage
43. Mazzuca, S., Kafetsios, K., Livi, S., & Presaghi, F. (2018). Emotion regulation and satisfaction in long-term marital relationships: The role of emotional contagion. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(9). https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518804452
44. Meyer, T., Smeets, T., Giesbrecht, T., & Merckelbach, H. (2012). The efficiency of reappraisal and expressive suppression in regulating everyday affective experiences. Psychiatry Research, 200, 964-969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.034
45. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and Change (2nd ed). Guilford Press.
46. Nichols, W., Pace-Nichols, M. A., Becvar, D. S., & Napier, A. Y. (2000). Handbook of Family Development and Intervention. Wiley.
47. Omidi, A. & Talighi, E. (2017). Predicting couple’s marital satisfaction based on emotion regulation. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches, 3, 157-162. https://doi.org/10.4103/2395-2296.204120
48. Ottu, I. A., & Akpan, U. (2011). Predicting marital satisfaction from the attachment style and gender of a culturally and religiously homogenous population. Gender & Behavior, 9(1), 3656-3679.
49. Raosoft, I. (2004). Sample size calculator. http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
50. Richards, J. M., Butler, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003). Emotion regulation in romantic relationships: The cognitive consequences of concealing feelings. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(5), 599–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075030205002
51. Roach, A. J., Frazier. L. P., & Bowden. S. R. (1981). The Marital Satisfaction Scale: Development of a measure for intervention research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 537-546.
52. Samadaee-Gelehkolaee, K., McCarthy, B. W., Khalilian, A., Hamzehgardeshi, Z., Peyandi, S., Elyasi, F., & Shahidi, M. (2016). Factors associated with marital satisfaction in infertile couple: A comprehensive literature review. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(5), 96-109. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n5p96
53. Santrock, J. W. (2018). Life-span development (17th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
54. Segrin, C., & Flora, J. (2005). Family communication. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
55. Simpson, J. A., & Overall, N. C. (2014). Partner buffering of attachment insecurity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 54-59.
56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413510933
57. Sina, F., Najarpourian, S., & Samavi, S. A. (2018). The prediction of marital satisfaction through attachment styles and love story. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.62774
58. Sorokowski, P., Randall, A. K., Groyecka, A., Frackowiak, T., Cantarero, K., Hilpert, P., Ahmadi, K., Alghraibeh, A. M., Aryeetey, R., Bertoni, A., Bettache, K., Błaz˙ejewska, M., Bodenmann, G., Bortolini, T. S., Bosc, C., Butovskaya, M., Castro, F. N., Cetinkaya, H., Cunha, D., … Sorokowska, A. (2017) Marital satisfaction, sex, age, marriage duration, religion, number of children, economic status, education, and collectivistic values: Data from 33 countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1199).
59. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01199
60. Stafford, L., Dainton, M., & Haas, S. (2000). Measuring routine and strategic relational maintenance: Scale revision, sex versus gender roles, and the prediction of relational characteristics. Communication Monographs, 37, 306-323.
61. Stritof, S. (2022). What is the definition of marriage? Brides. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://www.brides.com/definition-of-marriage-2303011
62. Tavakol, Z., Nasrabadi, A. N., Moghadam, Z. B., Salehiniya, H., & Rezaei, E. (2017). A review of the factors associated with marital satisfaction. Galen Medical Journal, 6(3), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.22086/gmj.v0i0.641
63. Velotti, P., Balzarotti, S., Tagliabue, S., English, T., Zavattini, G. C., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Emotional suppression in early marriage: Actor, partner, and similarity effects on marital quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33, 277-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407515574466
64. Zaheri, F., Dolatian, M., Shariati, M., Simbar, M., Ebadi, A., & Azghadi, S. B. H. (2016)
65. Effective factors in marital satisfaction in perspective of Iranian women and men: A systematic review. Electron Physician, 8(12), 3369-3377. https://doi.org/10.19082/3369
66. Ziaei, T., Jannati, Y., Mobasheri, E., Taghavi, T., Abdollahi, H., Modanloo, M., & Behnampour,
67. N. (2014). The Relationship between Marital and Sexual Satisfaction among Married Women Employees at Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8(2), 44-51.
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Apr 22, 2024
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Farwa Ali, Roomana Zeb, Saima Arzeen, Hira Nauman, & Bargees Khattak. (2024). PATHWAYS TO MARITAL SATISFACTION: EMOTION REGULATION, ATTACHMENT STYLES AND LENGTH OF MARRIAGE. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(4), 1383–1395. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i4.5824
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Author Biographies
Farwa Ali
Lecturer Higher Education Department, Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa,
Roomana Zeb
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar,
Saima Arzeen
Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar,
Hira Nauman
Lecturer, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar
Bargees Khattak
Lecturer, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, Email: [email protected]