FINDING THE LINKS BETWEEN SOCIAL MEDIA USE, FALSE SELF, SOCIAL COMPARISON AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Social media use, False self, Interpersonal relationship, Social comparison
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to find the impact social media use exert on false self as well as interpersonal relationships. Along with it social comparison served as a moderator between the link of social media use and false self. A student sample (N=375) was gathered from University of Peshawar, comprising 18-35 years of age, with a mean of 23.6. The Social Networking Time Use Scale (SONTUS; Olufadi, 2015), Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (Gibbons & Buunk, 1999), Authenticity Scale (Wood et al., 2008), and Interpersonal Relationship Questionnaire (Callaghan, 2006) were applied on the sample. Results revealed that frequency of time spent on social media increased scores on false self as well as deteriorated interpersonal relationships. Results also indicated that social comparison did not serve as a moderator between the use of social media and false self. To buffer the impact social media is exerting on false self and interpersonal relationships, curriculum should be designed in a manner to include topics related to digital well-being. Similarly, face-to-face communication skills should be the focus of mental health professionals to maintain a balance between online and offline relationships.
References
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28. Lewis, N. (2021). Experiences of upward social comparison in entertainment contexts: Emotions, state self-esteem, and enjoyment. Social Science Journal, 58(3).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.04.011
29. Li, F., Larimo, J., & Leonidou, L. C. (2021). Social media marketing strategy: definition, conceptualization, taxonomy, validation, and future agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 49(1)zhao. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-020-00733-3
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2015.08.006
32. Luo, M., & Hancock, J. T. (2020). Self-disclosure and social media: motivations, mechanisms and psychological well-being. In Current Opinion in Psychology (Vol. 31). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.019
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36. Michikyan, M. (2020). Linking online self-presentation to identity coherence, identity confusion, and social anxiety in emerging adulthood. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 38(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12337
37. Michikyan, M., Dennis, J., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2015). Can you guess who I am? Real, ideal, and false self-presentation on Facebook among emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 3(1), 55-64
38. Olufadi, Y. (2016). Social networking time use scale (SONTUS): A new instrument for measuring the time spent on the social networking sites. Telematics and Informatics, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.11.002
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40. Rughwani, M. (2023). The Dynamics of Social Media Storytelling: An Indian Digital Audiences Perspective. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-016-9_24
41. Smith, T. (2022). An exploratory analysis of the relationship of problematic Facebook use with loneliness and self-esteem: the mediating roles of extraversion and self-presentation. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03505-0
42. Swaby, H. (2020). Learning to “live upside down”: Experiencing the true and false self in psychotherapy training. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppi.1531
43. Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
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45. Turel, O., & Gil-Or, O. (2019). To share or not to share? The roles of false Facebook self, sex, and narcissism in re-posting self-image enhancing products. Personality and Individual Differences, 151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109506
46. Uhlir, J. (2016). Social comparison and Self-presentation on social media as predictors of depressive symptoms. Scripps Senior Theses.
47. Wang, I., & Ruiz, J. (2021). Examining the Use of Nonverbal Communication in Virtual Agents. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 37(17).
https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1898851
48. Wellman, M. L., Stoldt, R., Tully, M., & Ekdale, B. (2020). Ethics of Authenticity: Social Media Influencers and the Production of Sponsored Content. Journal of Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2020.1736078
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52. Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008). The Authentic Personality: A Theoretical and Empirical Conceptualization and the Development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385
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54. Zhao, L. (2021). The impact of social media use types and social media addiction on subjective well-being of college students: A comparative analysis of addicted and non-addicted students. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100122
2. Allington, D., Duffy, B., Wessely, S., Dhavan, N., & Rubin, J. (2021). Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Psychological Medicine, 51(10). https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000224X
3. Alodia, A., & Suryadi, D. (2021). The Relationship Between Social Comparison and Self-Esteem Among Late Adolescent Instagram Users. Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics, Business, Social, and Humanities (ICEBSH 2021), 570. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210805.083
4. Altuwairiqi, M., Jiang, N., & Ali, R. (2019). Problematic attachment to social media: Five behavioural archetypes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122136
5. Alvesson, M., & Einola, K. (2019). Warning for excessive positivity: Authentic leadership and other traps in leadership studies. Leadership Quarterly, 30(4).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.04.001
6. Amer, A., & Obradovic, S. (2022). Recognising recognition: Self-other dynamics in everyday encounters and experiences. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12356
7. Andalibi, N., & Flood, M. K. (2021). Considerations in designing digital peer support for mental health: interview study among users of a digital support system (buddy project). JMIR Mental Health, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.2196/21819
8. Anderson, M., & Auxier, B. (2021). Social Media Use in 2021. Pew Research Center, April.
9. Ando, K., Giorgianni, F. E., Danthinne, E. S., & Rodgers, R. F. (2021). Beauty ideals, social media, and body positivity: A qualitative investigation of influences on body image among young women in Japan. Body Image, 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.05.001
10. Baumeister, R. F. (2019). Stalking the True Self Through the Jungles of Authenticity: Problems, Contradictions, Inconsistencies, Disturbing Findings—and a Possible Way Forward. Review of General Psychology, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019829472
11. Biwer, F., Wiradhany, W., oude Egbrink, M., Hospers, H., Wasenitz, S., Jansen, W., & de Bruin, A. (2021). Changes and Adaptations: How University Students Self-Regulate Their Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642593
12. Callaghan, G. M. (2006). The Functional Idiographic Assessment Template (FIAT) system: For use with interpersonally-based interventions including Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) and FAP-enhanced treatments. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100160
13. Carpenter, J. P., & Harvey, S. (2019). “There’s no referee on social media”: Challenges in educator professional social media use. Teaching and Teacher Education, 86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.102904
14. Devito, M. A., Birnholtz, J., & Hancock, J. T. (2017). Platforms, people, and perception: Using affordances to understand self-presentation on social media. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW.
https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998192
15. Dinh, T. C. T., & Lee, Y. (2022). “I want to be as trendy as influencers” – how “fear of missing out” leads to buying intention for products endorsed by social media influencers. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-04-2021-0127
16. Fox, J., & Rooney, M. C. (2015). The Dark Triad and trait self-objectification as predictors of men’s use and self-presentation behaviors on social networking sites. Personality and Individual Differences, 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.017
17. Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.129
18. Gil-Or, O., Levi-Belz, Y., & Turel, O. (2015). The “Facebook-self”: Characteristics and psychological predictors of false self-presentation on Facebook. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(FEB). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00099
19. Himelein-Wachowiak, M., Giorgi, S., Devoto, A., Rahman, M., Ungar, L., Schwartz, H. A., Epstein, D. H., Leggio, L., & Curtis, B. (2021). Bots and misinformation spread on social media: Implications for COVID-19. In Journal of Medical Internet Research (Vol. 23, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.2196/26933
20. Hjetland, G. J., Schønning, V., Hella, R. T., Veseth, M., & Skogen, J. C. (2021). How do Norwegian adolescents experience the role of social media in relation to mental health and well-being: a qualitative study. BMC Psychology, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00582-x
21. Hruska, J., & Maresova, P. (2020). Use of social media platforms among adults in the United States—Behavior on social media. Societies, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10010027
22. Hwnag, H. S. (2019). Why social comparison on instagram matters: Its impact on depression. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, 13(3).
https://doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2019.03.029
23. Jacobson, J. (2020). You are a brand: social media managers’ personal branding and “the future audience.” Journal of Product and Brand Management, 29(6). https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-03-2019-2299
24. Jennings, W., Stoker, G., Bunting, H., Valgarõsson, V. O., Gaskell, J., Devine, D., McKay, L., & Mills, M. C. (2021). Lack of trust, conspiracy beliefs, and social media use predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060593
25. Kien, N. T. (2015). Contemporary social interaction: how communication technologies alter goffman’s dramaturgical model? In Journal of Science Ho Chi Minh City Open University. 3, (15).
26. Knoll, J. L., White, S. G., & Meloy, J. R. (2022). Envy and extreme violence. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.1744
27. Lee, J. K. (2022). The effects of social comparison orientation on psychological well-being in social networking sites: Serial mediation of perceived social support and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 41(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01114-3
28. Lewis, N. (2021). Experiences of upward social comparison in entertainment contexts: Emotions, state self-esteem, and enjoyment. Social Science Journal, 58(3).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.04.011
29. Li, F., Larimo, J., & Leonidou, L. C. (2021). Social media marketing strategy: definition, conceptualization, taxonomy, validation, and future agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 49(1)zhao. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-020-00733-3
30. Li, J., Snow, C., & White, C. (2016). Teen Culture, Technology and Literacy Instruction: Urban Adolescent Students’ Perspectives. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology / La Revue Canadienne de l’apprentissage et de La Technologie, 41(3). https://doi.org/10.21432/t2004h
31. Liu, Z., Min, Q., Zhai, Q., & Smyth, R. (2016). Self-disclosure in Chinese micro-blogging: A social exchange theory perspective. Information and Management, 53(1).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2015.08.006
32. Luo, M., & Hancock, J. T. (2020). Self-disclosure and social media: motivations, mechanisms and psychological well-being. In Current Opinion in Psychology (Vol. 31). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.019
33. Madison Holleran’s friends share their unfiltered life stories. (n.d.). SEC Sports. https://www.secsports.com/article/12779819/madison-holleran-friends-share-their-unfiltered-life-stories
34. Manago, A. M., & Vaughn, L. (2015). Social media, friendship, and happiness in the millennial generation. In Friendship and Happiness: Across The Life-Span and Cultures.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9603-3_11
35. Meshi, D., & Ellithorpe, M. E. (2021). Problematic social media use and social support received in real-life versus on social media: Associations with depression, anxiety and social isolation. Addictive Behaviors, 119. https://doi.olewisrg/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106949
36. Michikyan, M. (2020). Linking online self-presentation to identity coherence, identity confusion, and social anxiety in emerging adulthood. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 38(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12337
37. Michikyan, M., Dennis, J., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2015). Can you guess who I am? Real, ideal, and false self-presentation on Facebook among emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 3(1), 55-64
38. Olufadi, Y. (2016). Social networking time use scale (SONTUS): A new instrument for measuring the time spent on the social networking sites. Telematics and Informatics, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.11.002
39. Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M. (2023). The rise of social media. Our World in Data.
40. Rughwani, M. (2023). The Dynamics of Social Media Storytelling: An Indian Digital Audiences Perspective. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-016-9_24
41. Smith, T. (2022). An exploratory analysis of the relationship of problematic Facebook use with loneliness and self-esteem: the mediating roles of extraversion and self-presentation. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03505-0
42. Swaby, H. (2020). Learning to “live upside down”: Experiencing the true and false self in psychotherapy training. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppi.1531
43. Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
44. Teplinsky, E., Beltran Ponce, S., Dizon, D. S., Florez, N., Katz, M. S., McAlarnen, L. A., Moerdler, S., Murphy, M. C., Saeed, H., & Barry, M. M. (2023). Characterizing imposter syndrome among oncologists on social media. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 41(16_suppl). https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.11018
45. Turel, O., & Gil-Or, O. (2019). To share or not to share? The roles of false Facebook self, sex, and narcissism in re-posting self-image enhancing products. Personality and Individual Differences, 151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109506
46. Uhlir, J. (2016). Social comparison and Self-presentation on social media as predictors of depressive symptoms. Scripps Senior Theses.
47. Wang, I., & Ruiz, J. (2021). Examining the Use of Nonverbal Communication in Virtual Agents. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 37(17).
https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1898851
48. Wellman, M. L., Stoldt, R., Tully, M., & Ekdale, B. (2020). Ethics of Authenticity: Social Media Influencers and the Production of Sponsored Content. Journal of Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2020.1736078
49. Wentzel, K., & Skinner, E. (2022). The Other Half of the Story: the Role of Social Relationships and Social Contexts in the Development of Academic Motivation. In Educational Psychology Review (Vol. 34, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-022-09713-1
50. Williams, W. C., Morelli, S. A., Ong, D. C., & Zaki, J. (2018). Interpersonal emotion regulation: Implications for affiliation, perceived support, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(2). https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000132
51. Winstone, L., Mars, B., Haworth, C. M. A., & Kidger, J. (2021). Social media use and social connectedness among adolescents in the United Kingdom: a qualitative exploration of displacement and stimulation. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11802-9
52. Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008). The Authentic Personality: A Theoretical and Empirical Conceptualization and the Development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385
53. Yoon, S., Kleinman, M., Mertz, J., & Brannick, M. (2019). Is social network site usage related to depression? A meta-analysis of Facebook–depression relations. In Journal of Affective Disorders (Vol. 248). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.026
54. Zhao, L. (2021). The impact of social media use types and social media addiction on subjective well-being of college students: A comparative analysis of addicted and non-addicted students. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100122
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Tayyaba Abrar Satti, Roomana Zeb, & Saima Arzeen. (2023). FINDING THE LINKS BETWEEN SOCIAL MEDIA USE, FALSE SELF, SOCIAL COMPARISON AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(18), 455–466. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i18.3099
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Author Biographies
Tayyaba Abrar Satti
MPhil scholar, Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar
Roomana Zeb
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar
Saima Arzeen
Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar