TRANSLATION AND ADAPTATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESS SCALE, JOB SATISFACTION SCALE MASLACH BURNOUT INVENTORY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT SCALE AMONG PUBLIC SECTOR PARAMEDICS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Main Article Content
Keywords
Translation, Adaptation, Validity, Reliability
Abstract
The major objective of the current study was to establish the psychometric properties, i-e, to translate, validate, and determine validity of the Organizational Role Stress Scale (Pareek, 1983), the Job Satisfaction. Scale (Hackman & Oldham, 1975) the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1986) and the Social Support Scale (Caplan, Cobb, French, & Harrision,1975) in Urdu. The process of scales translation was carried out by following the translation and adaptation guidelines given by Brislin (1980). The items were translated in accordance with the local values. Initially the reliability of the translated instruments was tested on a sample of (N = 120) married couples (male n = 58 & female n = 62). The translated version showed high reliability of α = .90 which indicates that it is an adequate scale to be used with Pakistani married people. In order to validate its factor structure the Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed on a sample of (N = 400) people (husbands n = 200 & wives n = 200). The result showed that the translated scale is a valid measure to be used in Pakistani population in research and clinical setting.
References
1. Abu AlRub R.F.(2004). Job stress performance, and social support among hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarsh,36(1): 73-8.
2. Abin, B.J.,& Boles, J.S.(1996).The effect of Perceived Co-worker Involvement and supervisor Support and Services provider Role Stress ,Performance and Job satisfaction. Journal of Retailing, 72, 57-75.
3. Adams, G. A., & Jex, S. M. (1999). Relationships between time management ,control, work-family conflict, strain. Journal of Occupational Health psychology, 4,72-77.
4. Altun, S., I(2002).Burnout and nurses personal and professional values. Nursing Ethics, 9,269-278.
5. Brislin, R. W. (1980). Cross-cultural research methods. In Environment and culture (pp. 47-82). Springer US.
6. Bakker AB.,Killmer CH., siegriest J. & Schaufeli WB.(2000).effort-reward imbalance and burnout among nurse. 31,884-891.
Barber,C.E.,& Iwai,M.(1996).Role conflict and role ambiguity as predicators of burnout among staff caring for elderly dementia patients. Journal of Gerontoglogical social Work, 26,101-116.
7. Bardley, H. (1969). Community based treatment for young adult offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 15, 359-370.
8. Beehr, T. A. (1995). Psychological stress in the workplace. London: Ruledge.
9. Beehr,T.A.,& Bhagat,R.S..(1985).Introduction to human stress and cognition in organizations. In T.A. &R.S. Bhagat (Eds), Human stress and cognition in organizations.pp.3-19.New Yark:Wiley.
10. Beehr,T.A.,& Newman,J.E..(1978).Job stress, employee health ,and organizations effectiveness : A facet analysis, model ,and literature review. Personal Psychology,31,665-669.
11. Beehr,T.A.,& Schuler,,R.S..(1980). stress, in organizations. In K.Rowland,& G. Ferris (Eds), Personal Management (pp. 390-419). Boston,MA:Allyn & Bacon
12. Bingham,C.R.,Valenstein,M.,Blow,F.C.,&Alexander,J.A(2002). The mental health care context and patient characteristics : implications for Bluedorn, A.C.(1982).A unified model of turnover from organizations .Human
13. Brim, O .G (1976). Theories of the male mid-life crises. The counseling psychologist, 6, 2-9.
14. British Journal of Anasesthesia ,2003,Vol 90,No 333-337(2003),The Board of management and Trustees. British Journal of Anesthesia.
15. Brunner,E.(2002).Stress mechanisms in coronary heart disease. In S.stansfeld & Burke, R., Greenglass, E., & schwarzer (1996). Predicting teacher burn out over time: Effect of work stress, social support, and self –doubts on burn out inventory and its consequences. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 9,261-275.
16. Burke, R.J. and Greengleass, E.(1995).A Longitudinal Study of Psychological Burnout in Teachers, Human Relations, 48,187-202.
17. Burke.R. (1988).Type A behavior, occupational and life demand, satisfaction and well being. Psychological Reports, 63,451-458.
18. Burley. (1995).Family variable as a mediator of relationship between work-family conflict and marital adjustment among dual-career men and women. Journal of social psychology, 135,483-497.
19. Carstensen, L.L., Isaacowitz, D. & Charles ,S.T(1999). Taking time seriously :A Theory of socio emotional selectivity. American Psychologists, 54,165-181.
20. Cherniss, C. (1980) Professional burnout in human service organizations. Network: Praeger.
21. Chiriboga .D.A., Bailey, J. (1986).stress and burn out among critical care and medical surgical nurses: A comparative study. Critical care and medical surgical nurses: A comparative study. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 9, 84-92.
22. Cohen, J., & Cohen,P. (1983). Applied Multiple regression behavior sconces(2nd Ed).Hillsdale. NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Cohen, S., & Wills, T.A. (1985) Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis Psychological Bulletin, 98, 3 10-357.
24. Cohen’s., & Wills, T.(1985).Stress ,social support and buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 92,257-310.
25. Cooper, C, L, & Marshal (1978). Understanding Executive Stress: Newyork : Macmillan.
26. Cooper, C, L, Cooper, R.D., & Eaker, L.H (1998). Living with stress, London: Penguin.
27. Cooper, C, L, Dewe P.J., & O’ Driscoll, M.P (2001).Organizational Stress: A review and critique of theory, research and application. Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage.
28. Cordes,C.,& Dougherty,T(1993).A review and integration of research on job burnout .Academy of management Review ,18,621-656.
29. Coronary Heart Disease(pp.181-199).London: BMJ Books.
30. Costa, G (1996). The impact of shift and the right work on health. Applied Erogonomics, 27, 916.
31. Cousins, j, Mackay, S.D. Clarke, Chris K, Peter J. Kelley R.H. McCain. (2004). Management Standards ‘and work-related stress in the UK: Practical development. Work & Stress, 2, 113-136.
32. Cox T. (1993). Stress Research and stress management: putting theory to work. Sudbury: HSE Books.
33. Cronin –Stubs, D, & Brophy, E.G (1985). Can social support save the psychnurse. Journal of Psychological Nursing and Mental Health Services, 23, 8-13.
34. Cronin-Stubbs, D., & Brophy, E.G (1985).burn out: can social support save the Psych nurse? Journal of psychological Nursing and Mental Health Services, 23, 8-13.
35. Davidson, M., & Veno, A.(1980).Stress and the police man. In C.Cooper& J Marshal (Eds) White collar and professional stress. Newbury Park, CA: John Wiley.
36. Deaux , K (1984) . From individual differences to social categories : analysis of a decade’s research on gender . American Psychologists , 39, 105-116.
37. DeGroot , T., Kiker , S.D ., & Cross T.C (2000) . A meta-analysis to review organizational outcomes related to charismatic leadership . Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences , 17 , 356-371.
38. Demerouti , E., Bakker, A.B ., nachreiner , F . & Schaufeli , W.B (2000) . A model of burnout and life satisfaction amongst nurses. Journal of Advance Nursing, 32, 454-465.
39. Dewe, P, Cox &Ferguson. (1993).Individual strategies for coping with stress and work: A Review. Work and Stress, 7, 5-15.
40. Dewe, P. (1997).The transnational model of stress: some empirical finding and implication of stress management program mes (working paper series97/1) Palmerstone North, New Zealand: Massey University, Department of Human Resource Management.
41. Dolan, A, (1987). The relationship between burnout and job satisfaction. Nurses Journal of Advance nursing, 12, 3-12.
42. Edwards,J.,Baglioni,A.,& Cooper.(1990).Stress,type-A,coping and psychological and physical symptoms: A multi-sample test of alternative model. Human Relation ,43,919-956.
43. Etzion, D., (1984).Moderating effect of social support on the stress-burnout relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69,615-622.
44. Evans & Fisher (1993) .The nation of burn out: A study of the three –factor model of burn out in human service and non human services samples. Journal of Occupational and Organization psychology.
45. Firth , H , & Britton ,P, (1989) “Burnout” absences and turnover amongst British nursing staff Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 55-59
46. Folkman, S. (1992). Making the case for coping. in B.N . Carpenter (Ed.), Personal Coping: theory, research and application: 31-46. Westport, CT: Praeger.
47. Folkman, S.,& lazarus,R.(1985).If it changes, it must be a process :study of emotional and coping during three stages of a college examination .Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,48,150-170.
48. Franks, M., & Stephens, M. (1992).Multiple role and multi generation caregiver: contextual effect and psychological mechanism. Journal of Gerontology Social Services, 47,123-129.
49. French JRP Jr, Caplan RD, Harrison RV.(1982).The Mechanism of Job Stress and Strain. New York: Wiley Freuden Berger, H.J. (1974).Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159-165.
50. Frone, M.R. (2000) . interpersonal conflict at work and psychological outcomes : testing a model among young workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 5 , 246-255.
51. Frone, M., Russell, M., & Cooper. (1992).Prevalence of work-family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 723-729.
52. Frone, M.R. (2000). Work family balance. in J.C. Quick & L.E. Tetrick (Eds.) Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology pp. 143-162 , Washington , DC : American psychological Association.
53. Gavin, J.F & Kelley , R.F (1978) .the Psychological climate and reported well-being of underground miners : an exploratory study . Human Relations, 31, 567-581.
54. Glisson , C. & Durick , M . (1998) . Predictors of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in human service organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33 , 61-81.
55. Gold,Y.(1985)The relationship of six personal and life history variables on three dimension of the Maslach Burn out inventory in a sample of elementary and junior high school teachers, Educational and Psychological Measurement,45,377-387.
56. Goldberg D., & Williams, P. (1991). A user’s Guide to the General Health Questionnaire, Windsor, UK: Nfer – Nelson.
57. Goldberg D., (1978) Guide to the general Health Questionnaire, Nelson Publishing Company, Windsor, UK: Nfer – Nelson.
58. Golembiewski R.T., Munzenrider R.F & Stevenson J.G (1986). Stress in Organizations: toward a Phase Model; of Burnout. Praeger Publishers, New York.
59. Goodell, H., Wolf. & Rogers, F.B (1986).Historical perspective. In S.Wolf & A.J.Fine stone (Eds).Occupational stress, health and performance at work.Littleton, MA: PSG Inc
60. Greenglass J. E.R (2002). Work stress, coping and social support: Implications for women’s occupational; wellbeing . In D.L Nelson & R.J. Burke (Eds),Gender, work stress and health (pp. 85-96). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
61. Greenhaus, J., & Beutell, N. (1985) Sources of conflict between work and family roles.Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
62. Greer. J, G & Wethered, C.E (1984): Learned helplessness. a piece of the burnout puzzle . Exceptional Children, 50, 524-530.
63. Griffeth R.W., Hom, P.W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463-488.
64. Haack, M.R (1988). Stress and impairment among nursing students. Research in Nursing and Health II, 125-134.
65. Hall, D, (1976).Career in organization, Santa Monica, CA: Good year.
66. Haq, A., & Khan , S., (2001) . Burnout and organizational sources of social support in human service professionals: a comparison of women doctors and nurses. Journal of Indian Academy of Applied Psychological Research, 27, 57-66.
67. Haq, A., Sohail , T., (1997) . Stress, social support and burnout in nurses. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 12 ,77-86.
68. Hassmiller, S.B and Cozine, M. (2006) .Addressing the nurse shortage to improve the quality of patient care. Health Affairs 2006,25, no 1,268-274.
69. Hobfoll, S.E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
70. Holroyd, K.A., & Lazarus, R.S .(1982). Stress, Coping and Somatic Adaptation. In L.Gold Berger& S.Breznitz (Eds), Hand book of stress: Theoratical and clinical aspect (pp.21-35).New York: Free Press.
71. House, J.S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison – Wesley.
72. House, R.J. (1977).A theory of charismatic leadership, Hunt & L.L. Larson (Eds),
73. Huczynski A. and D.Buchanan(2001). Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall, Hunter L. W., Thatcher S.M B., (2007). Feeling the heat: effects of stress, commitment, and job experience on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 4, 953-968
74. Ingram, M.B (1994). Dealing with Repeaters and Prank Calls. Mobius, 13(1), 18-19.
75. Isolde Daiski, RN, EdD. Restructuring: “A view from the beside” assistance Professor, school of nursing, York University, Toronto, ON
76. Jackson,S.E.and Schuler,R.S.(1985).’A Meta-analysis and Conceptual Critique Of Research on Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict in work settings , Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,36:16-78.
77. Jamal, & Baba,V(1992).Shift work and department-type related to job stress, work attitudes and behavioral intentions: A study of nurses. Journal of Organizational Behaviour,13,449-464
78. James,L.A.and James,R.A.(1989). Integrating work environment perceptions: explorations into the measurement of meaning. Journal of Applied Psychology , 74,739-751.
79. Jex S.M. and Crossley C.D.(2005).Organizational Consequences ,Handbook of work stress,(p.575-599),Sage Publications, Inc, thousand Oaks, California.
80. Jex S.M.(1998). Stress and job performance: theory, research, and Implications for Managerial Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: sage
81. Jex S.M.,& Beehr, T.A.(1991).Emerging theoretical and methodological issues inJex S.M.; Steve M. Adams,Gary A.; Bachrach,Daniel G.Sorenson and sarah (2003). The impact of Situational Constraints, role Stressors, and Commitment on Employee Altruism . Journal Of Occupational Health Psychlogy, 8,171-180.
82. Jones, J.W (1981). Dishonesty, burnout and unauthorized work break extensions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 406-409.
83. Kalliath T & Morris R. (2002). Job satisfaction among nurses: A prediction of burn out level Nurse Admin ; 32,648-654.
84. Kanter, R.m.Stien, B.A., & Jick, T.D (Eds). (1992).The challenge of organizational change: How companies experience it and leader guide it .New York: Free Press.
85. Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly,24,285-308.
86. Karasek,R.(1979).Job demands, job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24,285-308.
87. Katz, D. & Kahn, R. (1978). The Social Psychology of Organizations.New York: Wiley.
88. Keane, A, Ducette, J, & Adler, D.C. (1985). Stress in ICU and non – ICU nurses. Nursing Research, 34, 231-36.
89. Keane, A., Ducette, J., & Adler, D.C.(1985).Stress in ICU and non-ICU nurses .Nursing Research, 34,231-236.
90. Khan, R., Wolfe ,R.,Quinn,R.,Snoek,J.and Rosenthal,R.(1964).Organizational roles. In M.D.Dunnette & L.M. Hough (Eds), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp.165-207), Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
91. Khan, R.L. and Byosier ,P.(1992). ‘Stress in Organizations’. In Dunnette,M.D and Hough, L.M.(Eds),Handbook of Industrial and organizational psychologists (pp.571-650).PALO Alto ,CA: Consulting psychologists Press.
92. Kirk A., Brown D. W., 92004). Predicting burnout and job satisfaction in workplace counselors: the influence of role stressors, job challenge and organizational knowledge. Journal of Employment Counseling, 41, 29-37.
93. Kirmeyer S.L & Dougherty T.W. (1988) Work load, tension, and coping: moderating effect of supervisor support. Personnel Psychology 41, 125-139.
94. Kivimaki, M., Virtanen, M., Vartia, M., Elovainio, M., Vahtera, J., & Kelikangas Jarvinen, l. (2003).Workplace Bullying and risk of cardiovascular disease and depression. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 779-783.
95. Kompier, M, & Cooper, C. (1999).Improving work, health and productivity through stress prevention .In M.Kompier & C.Cooper (Eds) Preventing stress. Improving productivity: European Case Studies in Work Place (pp. 1-8).London: Routledge.
96. Landsbergis, P.A. (1988). Occupational stress among health care workers. A test of the job demands control model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 217-39.
97. Landsbergis, P.A., Schnall, P.L., Deitz, D., Friedman, R., & Pickering, T. (1992). The pattering psychological attributes and distress by ‘ job strain’ and social support in a sample of working men. Journal Behavioral Medicine, 15, 379-405.
98. Landsbergis.P.A. (1988). Occupational stress among health care workers: A test of the job demands –control model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 27-39.
99. Lazarus, R, S. (1966). Psychological and the Coping Process. New York: Springer.
100. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress Appraisal and Coping New York:Springer.
101. Lazarus,R S. (1991). Progress on cognitive-motivational – relational theory f emotions. American Psychologists, 46:819-834
102. Lazarus.R.S (1990) Theory based stress management. Psychological Inquiry, 1,3-13.
103. Lazarus.R.S (1991) Psychological stress in work place. Journal of social Behavior and Personality, 6, 1-13.
104. Lazaurus RS, Folkman S.(1984). Stress, Appraisal and coping, New York: Springer –Verlag;
105. Leadership: The cutting edge. Carbondale. IL: Southern Illinois University.
106. Lee, Hyun-Jung (2001).Willingness and Capacity: the Determinants op Pro-social Organizational Behavior among Nurses in the UK. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 1029-1048.
107. Lee,R.,& Ashforth(1996).A mete analytical examination of the correlates of the three dimension job of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology.
108. Leiter, M.(1991).Copping pattern as prediction of burn out :the function of control and escapist copping pattern. Journal of Organizational Behavior,12,123-144.
109. Leiter, M.P (1988). Commitment as function of stress reactions among nurses. A model of psychological evaluation of work settings. “Canadian Journal of community Mental Health” 7, 117-133.
110. Ligen,D.R.,& Hollenbeack,J.R.(1991). The structure of work: Job design and roles. In M.D.Dunnette & L.M. Hough (Eds), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp.165-207), Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
111. Lim, P V., and Teo, T. (1996). Gender difference in occupation stress and coping strategies among IT personnel. Women M anage.Review, 11,20-28.
112. Lvancevich,J.M.,& Matteson,M.T.(1980). Stress and Work .Glenview,IL: Scott Foresm
113. Mackay, C.J., Cousins, R., Kelly, P. J., Lee S., & Mccaig , R. H.(2004). Management Standard’ and work-related stress in the UK: Policy background and science. Work & Stress, 18, 91-112.
114. Manning, M. R., Jackson, C. N., & Fusilier, M.R. (1996). Occupational stress , social support, and the costs of health care. Academy of Management Journal, 39,738-750.
115. Markham, W. T. and Bonjean, C.M. (1996)Employment Status and attitudes and Behavior of Higher Status Women Volunteers, 1975 and 1992: A C case Study Sex Roles, 34, 695-716.
116. Marshall.,G.,& Lang,E.(1990).Optimism. Self mastery and symptom of depression in women professionals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59,132-139.
117. Maslach ,C.,Shaufeli,W.B .,Leiter ,M.P.(2001). Job burnout. Annual Reviews Psychology,52,397-422.
118. Maslach, C and Golberg, J. (1998). Prevention of burnout: New perspectives.Applied and preventing Psychology, 7,63-74.
119. Maslach, C,, Schaufeli, W B., & Leiter, M.P.(2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
120. Maslach, C. and Jackson, S.E, (1981). Measurement of Experience Burnout .Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2,99-115.Maslach, C & Jackson, S.E. (1981a). Maslach Burnout Inventory. Palo Alto, CA:Counselling Psychology. Press
121. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M.P. (1997). The truth about burnout: how organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francico, California: Jossey-Bass Inc.
122. Maslach, C., Gold berg. (1998).Prevention of burn out: New perspective. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7, 63-74.
123. Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto CA Consulting Psychologists Press.
124. Mathieu, J. E & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and mta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108.171-194.
125. Maung S, Steyer J. (2001).Burn out syndrome in nursing: etiology, complication, prevention Wien Klin Wochenscher; 113:296-300.
126. McGrath, J.E. (1976).Stress and behavior in organizations. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.) Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 1351-1395. Chicago: and McNally College
127. Menaghan, E. (1991).Work experience and family interaction processes: The long reach of the job. Annual Rerview of Sociology, 17,419-444.
128. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J.(1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
129. Michie S.and West M. A., (2004). Managing people and performance: an evidence based framework applied to health service organizations.
130. Mitchell s,Birley j.(1990).the use of word support by Psychiatric patients in the community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142: 9-15
131. Morris, J.H., & Sherman, J.D., (1981). Generalizability of an organizational commitment model. Academy of Management Journal, 24,512-526.
132. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W., & Stress, R.M. (1979). The Measurements of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14,224-247.
133. Mowday, Richard T., Lyman W, Porter, & Robert Bubin, 1974. Unit performance, situational factors and employee attitudes in spatially separated work units. Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, 12,231-248.
134. Newton, T.J. (1989) Occupational stress and coping with stress: A Critique. Human relation, 42,441-461.
135. Ngo H. Y, Sharon Foley and Raymond Loi (2005). Work role stressors and turnoverintentions: a study of professional clergy in Hong. Journal of Human Resource Management, 16,2133-2146.
136. O`Driscoll, M., & Beehr,T.(1994).Supervisor behavior ,role stressor and uncertainty as predictor of personal outcomes for subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior ,15,141-155.
137. O’Connor, D.B., O,Connor, R.C., White,B, L., & Bundred, P. E.(2000). Job strain and ambulatory blood pressure in British general practitioners: A preliminary study . Psychology Health and Medicine,5 241-250.
138. O’driscoll, M. & Beehr, T. (1994). Supervisor behaviors, role stressors and uncertainty as predictors of personal outcomes for subordinates . Journal of Organizational Behaviour,15,141-155.
139. Osipow, S.H (1998).Occupational Stress Inventory Manual (professional version).Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
140. Oskins, S, (1979). Identification of situational stressors and coping methods by ICU nurses Heart Lung, 8, 953-960
141. Pandey, S., & Kumar, E.S. (1997). Development of a Measure of Role Conflict. The International Journal of Role Conflict, 8,187-215.
142. Pareek, U., (1983). Role stress scale.Ahmedabad: Naveen Publications.
143. Parker D. F., Baltes, B.B., Young S.A., Huff, J.W.,Altmann, R.A.,Lacost, H.A. and Roberts , J.E.(2003).Relationship between psychological climate preceptions and work outcomes: a meta-analytic review; Journal of Organizational Behavior,24,398-416.
144. Paton,W., & Goddard, R. (2003). Psychological distress and burnout in Australian employment service workers: Two years on. Journal of Employment Counseling, 40, 15-17.
145. Rizzo, J., House, R.J and Lirtzman, S.I. (1970).Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15:150-63.
146. Schaubroeck, J., Cotton J., & Jennings, K. (1989).Antecedents and consequences of role stress: A covariance structure analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 35-58.
147. Schaufeli WB, van Dierendonck D. (1993).The construct validity of two burnout measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior; 14:631-47.
148. Selye, H. (1956).The stress of life .New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
149. Selye, H. (1974).Stress without Distress.New York: J.P> Lippicott Company.
150. Shaufeli WB, Bunk BP. Professional burnout .In: schabracq MJ, Winnubst JAM, Cooper CL, editors.Hand book of work and health psychology .New York: Wiley: p311-346.
151. Shaufli, W.B & Enzmann, D. (1998).The burn out companion to study and practice: A critical analysis, London Taylor and Francis pp.77-78
152. Shirom, A. (1982). What is organizational stress? A facet analytic conceptualization. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 3,21-37.
153. Simmons, B. & Nelson, D. (2001). Eustress at wor: the relationship between hope and health in hospital nurses. Health Care Management Review, 26, 4, 7-19.
154. Singh,J., & Rhoads, G.K. (1991). Bounday role ambiguity in marketing oriented positions: A multidimensional, multifaceted ope rationalization. Journal of Marketing Research, 28, 328-338.
155. Spector, P.E(1997). Assessment ,causes and Consequences . Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage.
156. Taris, T.W., Schreurs, P.J.G., & Van Iersel-Van Silfhout, I.J. (2001). Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: Towards a dual-process model for the effects of occupational stress. Work & Stress, 15(4), 283-296.
157. Tepper, B.J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43,178-190.
158. The study of work-related stress. In G.R.Ferris & K. Rowland(Eds), Research in personal and human resources management ,(pp.311-365).Greemwhich,CT: JAI Press.
159. Topf,M.(1989).Personality hardiness ,occupational stress ,and burnout in critical care nurses ,Research in Nursing and Health ,12,179-186
160. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measure of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Personality and Social Psychology.1988;54:1063-1070.
161. Watson, D., Clark, L.(1984).Negative effective:The disposition to experience negative aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96,465-498.
162. Williams, S., Cooper. C.L., (1998). Measuring occupational stress: Development of pressure indicators (Online) available; http/www.Stress Web.com.
2. Abin, B.J.,& Boles, J.S.(1996).The effect of Perceived Co-worker Involvement and supervisor Support and Services provider Role Stress ,Performance and Job satisfaction. Journal of Retailing, 72, 57-75.
3. Adams, G. A., & Jex, S. M. (1999). Relationships between time management ,control, work-family conflict, strain. Journal of Occupational Health psychology, 4,72-77.
4. Altun, S., I(2002).Burnout and nurses personal and professional values. Nursing Ethics, 9,269-278.
5. Brislin, R. W. (1980). Cross-cultural research methods. In Environment and culture (pp. 47-82). Springer US.
6. Bakker AB.,Killmer CH., siegriest J. & Schaufeli WB.(2000).effort-reward imbalance and burnout among nurse. 31,884-891.
Barber,C.E.,& Iwai,M.(1996).Role conflict and role ambiguity as predicators of burnout among staff caring for elderly dementia patients. Journal of Gerontoglogical social Work, 26,101-116.
7. Bardley, H. (1969). Community based treatment for young adult offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 15, 359-370.
8. Beehr, T. A. (1995). Psychological stress in the workplace. London: Ruledge.
9. Beehr,T.A.,& Bhagat,R.S..(1985).Introduction to human stress and cognition in organizations. In T.A. &R.S. Bhagat (Eds), Human stress and cognition in organizations.pp.3-19.New Yark:Wiley.
10. Beehr,T.A.,& Newman,J.E..(1978).Job stress, employee health ,and organizations effectiveness : A facet analysis, model ,and literature review. Personal Psychology,31,665-669.
11. Beehr,T.A.,& Schuler,,R.S..(1980). stress, in organizations. In K.Rowland,& G. Ferris (Eds), Personal Management (pp. 390-419). Boston,MA:Allyn & Bacon
12. Bingham,C.R.,Valenstein,M.,Blow,F.C.,&Alexander,J.A(2002). The mental health care context and patient characteristics : implications for Bluedorn, A.C.(1982).A unified model of turnover from organizations .Human
13. Brim, O .G (1976). Theories of the male mid-life crises. The counseling psychologist, 6, 2-9.
14. British Journal of Anasesthesia ,2003,Vol 90,No 333-337(2003),The Board of management and Trustees. British Journal of Anesthesia.
15. Brunner,E.(2002).Stress mechanisms in coronary heart disease. In S.stansfeld & Burke, R., Greenglass, E., & schwarzer (1996). Predicting teacher burn out over time: Effect of work stress, social support, and self –doubts on burn out inventory and its consequences. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 9,261-275.
16. Burke, R.J. and Greengleass, E.(1995).A Longitudinal Study of Psychological Burnout in Teachers, Human Relations, 48,187-202.
17. Burke.R. (1988).Type A behavior, occupational and life demand, satisfaction and well being. Psychological Reports, 63,451-458.
18. Burley. (1995).Family variable as a mediator of relationship between work-family conflict and marital adjustment among dual-career men and women. Journal of social psychology, 135,483-497.
19. Carstensen, L.L., Isaacowitz, D. & Charles ,S.T(1999). Taking time seriously :A Theory of socio emotional selectivity. American Psychologists, 54,165-181.
20. Cherniss, C. (1980) Professional burnout in human service organizations. Network: Praeger.
21. Chiriboga .D.A., Bailey, J. (1986).stress and burn out among critical care and medical surgical nurses: A comparative study. Critical care and medical surgical nurses: A comparative study. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 9, 84-92.
22. Cohen, J., & Cohen,P. (1983). Applied Multiple regression behavior sconces(2nd Ed).Hillsdale. NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Cohen, S., & Wills, T.A. (1985) Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis Psychological Bulletin, 98, 3 10-357.
24. Cohen’s., & Wills, T.(1985).Stress ,social support and buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 92,257-310.
25. Cooper, C, L, & Marshal (1978). Understanding Executive Stress: Newyork : Macmillan.
26. Cooper, C, L, Cooper, R.D., & Eaker, L.H (1998). Living with stress, London: Penguin.
27. Cooper, C, L, Dewe P.J., & O’ Driscoll, M.P (2001).Organizational Stress: A review and critique of theory, research and application. Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage.
28. Cordes,C.,& Dougherty,T(1993).A review and integration of research on job burnout .Academy of management Review ,18,621-656.
29. Coronary Heart Disease(pp.181-199).London: BMJ Books.
30. Costa, G (1996). The impact of shift and the right work on health. Applied Erogonomics, 27, 916.
31. Cousins, j, Mackay, S.D. Clarke, Chris K, Peter J. Kelley R.H. McCain. (2004). Management Standards ‘and work-related stress in the UK: Practical development. Work & Stress, 2, 113-136.
32. Cox T. (1993). Stress Research and stress management: putting theory to work. Sudbury: HSE Books.
33. Cronin –Stubs, D, & Brophy, E.G (1985). Can social support save the psychnurse. Journal of Psychological Nursing and Mental Health Services, 23, 8-13.
34. Cronin-Stubbs, D., & Brophy, E.G (1985).burn out: can social support save the Psych nurse? Journal of psychological Nursing and Mental Health Services, 23, 8-13.
35. Davidson, M., & Veno, A.(1980).Stress and the police man. In C.Cooper& J Marshal (Eds) White collar and professional stress. Newbury Park, CA: John Wiley.
36. Deaux , K (1984) . From individual differences to social categories : analysis of a decade’s research on gender . American Psychologists , 39, 105-116.
37. DeGroot , T., Kiker , S.D ., & Cross T.C (2000) . A meta-analysis to review organizational outcomes related to charismatic leadership . Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences , 17 , 356-371.
38. Demerouti , E., Bakker, A.B ., nachreiner , F . & Schaufeli , W.B (2000) . A model of burnout and life satisfaction amongst nurses. Journal of Advance Nursing, 32, 454-465.
39. Dewe, P, Cox &Ferguson. (1993).Individual strategies for coping with stress and work: A Review. Work and Stress, 7, 5-15.
40. Dewe, P. (1997).The transnational model of stress: some empirical finding and implication of stress management program mes (working paper series97/1) Palmerstone North, New Zealand: Massey University, Department of Human Resource Management.
41. Dolan, A, (1987). The relationship between burnout and job satisfaction. Nurses Journal of Advance nursing, 12, 3-12.
42. Edwards,J.,Baglioni,A.,& Cooper.(1990).Stress,type-A,coping and psychological and physical symptoms: A multi-sample test of alternative model. Human Relation ,43,919-956.
43. Etzion, D., (1984).Moderating effect of social support on the stress-burnout relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69,615-622.
44. Evans & Fisher (1993) .The nation of burn out: A study of the three –factor model of burn out in human service and non human services samples. Journal of Occupational and Organization psychology.
45. Firth , H , & Britton ,P, (1989) “Burnout” absences and turnover amongst British nursing staff Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 55-59
46. Folkman, S. (1992). Making the case for coping. in B.N . Carpenter (Ed.), Personal Coping: theory, research and application: 31-46. Westport, CT: Praeger.
47. Folkman, S.,& lazarus,R.(1985).If it changes, it must be a process :study of emotional and coping during three stages of a college examination .Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,48,150-170.
48. Franks, M., & Stephens, M. (1992).Multiple role and multi generation caregiver: contextual effect and psychological mechanism. Journal of Gerontology Social Services, 47,123-129.
49. French JRP Jr, Caplan RD, Harrison RV.(1982).The Mechanism of Job Stress and Strain. New York: Wiley Freuden Berger, H.J. (1974).Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159-165.
50. Frone, M.R. (2000) . interpersonal conflict at work and psychological outcomes : testing a model among young workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 5 , 246-255.
51. Frone, M., Russell, M., & Cooper. (1992).Prevalence of work-family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 723-729.
52. Frone, M.R. (2000). Work family balance. in J.C. Quick & L.E. Tetrick (Eds.) Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology pp. 143-162 , Washington , DC : American psychological Association.
53. Gavin, J.F & Kelley , R.F (1978) .the Psychological climate and reported well-being of underground miners : an exploratory study . Human Relations, 31, 567-581.
54. Glisson , C. & Durick , M . (1998) . Predictors of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in human service organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33 , 61-81.
55. Gold,Y.(1985)The relationship of six personal and life history variables on three dimension of the Maslach Burn out inventory in a sample of elementary and junior high school teachers, Educational and Psychological Measurement,45,377-387.
56. Goldberg D., & Williams, P. (1991). A user’s Guide to the General Health Questionnaire, Windsor, UK: Nfer – Nelson.
57. Goldberg D., (1978) Guide to the general Health Questionnaire, Nelson Publishing Company, Windsor, UK: Nfer – Nelson.
58. Golembiewski R.T., Munzenrider R.F & Stevenson J.G (1986). Stress in Organizations: toward a Phase Model; of Burnout. Praeger Publishers, New York.
59. Goodell, H., Wolf. & Rogers, F.B (1986).Historical perspective. In S.Wolf & A.J.Fine stone (Eds).Occupational stress, health and performance at work.Littleton, MA: PSG Inc
60. Greenglass J. E.R (2002). Work stress, coping and social support: Implications for women’s occupational; wellbeing . In D.L Nelson & R.J. Burke (Eds),Gender, work stress and health (pp. 85-96). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
61. Greenhaus, J., & Beutell, N. (1985) Sources of conflict between work and family roles.Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
62. Greer. J, G & Wethered, C.E (1984): Learned helplessness. a piece of the burnout puzzle . Exceptional Children, 50, 524-530.
63. Griffeth R.W., Hom, P.W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463-488.
64. Haack, M.R (1988). Stress and impairment among nursing students. Research in Nursing and Health II, 125-134.
65. Hall, D, (1976).Career in organization, Santa Monica, CA: Good year.
66. Haq, A., & Khan , S., (2001) . Burnout and organizational sources of social support in human service professionals: a comparison of women doctors and nurses. Journal of Indian Academy of Applied Psychological Research, 27, 57-66.
67. Haq, A., Sohail , T., (1997) . Stress, social support and burnout in nurses. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 12 ,77-86.
68. Hassmiller, S.B and Cozine, M. (2006) .Addressing the nurse shortage to improve the quality of patient care. Health Affairs 2006,25, no 1,268-274.
69. Hobfoll, S.E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
70. Holroyd, K.A., & Lazarus, R.S .(1982). Stress, Coping and Somatic Adaptation. In L.Gold Berger& S.Breznitz (Eds), Hand book of stress: Theoratical and clinical aspect (pp.21-35).New York: Free Press.
71. House, J.S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison – Wesley.
72. House, R.J. (1977).A theory of charismatic leadership, Hunt & L.L. Larson (Eds),
73. Huczynski A. and D.Buchanan(2001). Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall, Hunter L. W., Thatcher S.M B., (2007). Feeling the heat: effects of stress, commitment, and job experience on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 4, 953-968
74. Ingram, M.B (1994). Dealing with Repeaters and Prank Calls. Mobius, 13(1), 18-19.
75. Isolde Daiski, RN, EdD. Restructuring: “A view from the beside” assistance Professor, school of nursing, York University, Toronto, ON
76. Jackson,S.E.and Schuler,R.S.(1985).’A Meta-analysis and Conceptual Critique Of Research on Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict in work settings , Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,36:16-78.
77. Jamal, & Baba,V(1992).Shift work and department-type related to job stress, work attitudes and behavioral intentions: A study of nurses. Journal of Organizational Behaviour,13,449-464
78. James,L.A.and James,R.A.(1989). Integrating work environment perceptions: explorations into the measurement of meaning. Journal of Applied Psychology , 74,739-751.
79. Jex S.M. and Crossley C.D.(2005).Organizational Consequences ,Handbook of work stress,(p.575-599),Sage Publications, Inc, thousand Oaks, California.
80. Jex S.M.(1998). Stress and job performance: theory, research, and Implications for Managerial Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: sage
81. Jex S.M.,& Beehr, T.A.(1991).Emerging theoretical and methodological issues inJex S.M.; Steve M. Adams,Gary A.; Bachrach,Daniel G.Sorenson and sarah (2003). The impact of Situational Constraints, role Stressors, and Commitment on Employee Altruism . Journal Of Occupational Health Psychlogy, 8,171-180.
82. Jones, J.W (1981). Dishonesty, burnout and unauthorized work break extensions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 406-409.
83. Kalliath T & Morris R. (2002). Job satisfaction among nurses: A prediction of burn out level Nurse Admin ; 32,648-654.
84. Kanter, R.m.Stien, B.A., & Jick, T.D (Eds). (1992).The challenge of organizational change: How companies experience it and leader guide it .New York: Free Press.
85. Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly,24,285-308.
86. Karasek,R.(1979).Job demands, job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24,285-308.
87. Katz, D. & Kahn, R. (1978). The Social Psychology of Organizations.New York: Wiley.
88. Keane, A, Ducette, J, & Adler, D.C. (1985). Stress in ICU and non – ICU nurses. Nursing Research, 34, 231-36.
89. Keane, A., Ducette, J., & Adler, D.C.(1985).Stress in ICU and non-ICU nurses .Nursing Research, 34,231-236.
90. Khan, R., Wolfe ,R.,Quinn,R.,Snoek,J.and Rosenthal,R.(1964).Organizational roles. In M.D.Dunnette & L.M. Hough (Eds), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp.165-207), Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
91. Khan, R.L. and Byosier ,P.(1992). ‘Stress in Organizations’. In Dunnette,M.D and Hough, L.M.(Eds),Handbook of Industrial and organizational psychologists (pp.571-650).PALO Alto ,CA: Consulting psychologists Press.
92. Kirk A., Brown D. W., 92004). Predicting burnout and job satisfaction in workplace counselors: the influence of role stressors, job challenge and organizational knowledge. Journal of Employment Counseling, 41, 29-37.
93. Kirmeyer S.L & Dougherty T.W. (1988) Work load, tension, and coping: moderating effect of supervisor support. Personnel Psychology 41, 125-139.
94. Kivimaki, M., Virtanen, M., Vartia, M., Elovainio, M., Vahtera, J., & Kelikangas Jarvinen, l. (2003).Workplace Bullying and risk of cardiovascular disease and depression. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 779-783.
95. Kompier, M, & Cooper, C. (1999).Improving work, health and productivity through stress prevention .In M.Kompier & C.Cooper (Eds) Preventing stress. Improving productivity: European Case Studies in Work Place (pp. 1-8).London: Routledge.
96. Landsbergis, P.A. (1988). Occupational stress among health care workers. A test of the job demands control model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 217-39.
97. Landsbergis, P.A., Schnall, P.L., Deitz, D., Friedman, R., & Pickering, T. (1992). The pattering psychological attributes and distress by ‘ job strain’ and social support in a sample of working men. Journal Behavioral Medicine, 15, 379-405.
98. Landsbergis.P.A. (1988). Occupational stress among health care workers: A test of the job demands –control model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 27-39.
99. Lazarus, R, S. (1966). Psychological and the Coping Process. New York: Springer.
100. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress Appraisal and Coping New York:Springer.
101. Lazarus,R S. (1991). Progress on cognitive-motivational – relational theory f emotions. American Psychologists, 46:819-834
102. Lazarus.R.S (1990) Theory based stress management. Psychological Inquiry, 1,3-13.
103. Lazarus.R.S (1991) Psychological stress in work place. Journal of social Behavior and Personality, 6, 1-13.
104. Lazaurus RS, Folkman S.(1984). Stress, Appraisal and coping, New York: Springer –Verlag;
105. Leadership: The cutting edge. Carbondale. IL: Southern Illinois University.
106. Lee, Hyun-Jung (2001).Willingness and Capacity: the Determinants op Pro-social Organizational Behavior among Nurses in the UK. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 1029-1048.
107. Lee,R.,& Ashforth(1996).A mete analytical examination of the correlates of the three dimension job of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology.
108. Leiter, M.(1991).Copping pattern as prediction of burn out :the function of control and escapist copping pattern. Journal of Organizational Behavior,12,123-144.
109. Leiter, M.P (1988). Commitment as function of stress reactions among nurses. A model of psychological evaluation of work settings. “Canadian Journal of community Mental Health” 7, 117-133.
110. Ligen,D.R.,& Hollenbeack,J.R.(1991). The structure of work: Job design and roles. In M.D.Dunnette & L.M. Hough (Eds), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp.165-207), Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
111. Lim, P V., and Teo, T. (1996). Gender difference in occupation stress and coping strategies among IT personnel. Women M anage.Review, 11,20-28.
112. Lvancevich,J.M.,& Matteson,M.T.(1980). Stress and Work .Glenview,IL: Scott Foresm
113. Mackay, C.J., Cousins, R., Kelly, P. J., Lee S., & Mccaig , R. H.(2004). Management Standard’ and work-related stress in the UK: Policy background and science. Work & Stress, 18, 91-112.
114. Manning, M. R., Jackson, C. N., & Fusilier, M.R. (1996). Occupational stress , social support, and the costs of health care. Academy of Management Journal, 39,738-750.
115. Markham, W. T. and Bonjean, C.M. (1996)Employment Status and attitudes and Behavior of Higher Status Women Volunteers, 1975 and 1992: A C case Study Sex Roles, 34, 695-716.
116. Marshall.,G.,& Lang,E.(1990).Optimism. Self mastery and symptom of depression in women professionals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59,132-139.
117. Maslach ,C.,Shaufeli,W.B .,Leiter ,M.P.(2001). Job burnout. Annual Reviews Psychology,52,397-422.
118. Maslach, C and Golberg, J. (1998). Prevention of burnout: New perspectives.Applied and preventing Psychology, 7,63-74.
119. Maslach, C,, Schaufeli, W B., & Leiter, M.P.(2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
120. Maslach, C. and Jackson, S.E, (1981). Measurement of Experience Burnout .Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2,99-115.Maslach, C & Jackson, S.E. (1981a). Maslach Burnout Inventory. Palo Alto, CA:Counselling Psychology. Press
121. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M.P. (1997). The truth about burnout: how organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francico, California: Jossey-Bass Inc.
122. Maslach, C., Gold berg. (1998).Prevention of burn out: New perspective. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7, 63-74.
123. Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto CA Consulting Psychologists Press.
124. Mathieu, J. E & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and mta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108.171-194.
125. Maung S, Steyer J. (2001).Burn out syndrome in nursing: etiology, complication, prevention Wien Klin Wochenscher; 113:296-300.
126. McGrath, J.E. (1976).Stress and behavior in organizations. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.) Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 1351-1395. Chicago: and McNally College
127. Menaghan, E. (1991).Work experience and family interaction processes: The long reach of the job. Annual Rerview of Sociology, 17,419-444.
128. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J.(1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
129. Michie S.and West M. A., (2004). Managing people and performance: an evidence based framework applied to health service organizations.
130. Mitchell s,Birley j.(1990).the use of word support by Psychiatric patients in the community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142: 9-15
131. Morris, J.H., & Sherman, J.D., (1981). Generalizability of an organizational commitment model. Academy of Management Journal, 24,512-526.
132. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W., & Stress, R.M. (1979). The Measurements of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14,224-247.
133. Mowday, Richard T., Lyman W, Porter, & Robert Bubin, 1974. Unit performance, situational factors and employee attitudes in spatially separated work units. Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, 12,231-248.
134. Newton, T.J. (1989) Occupational stress and coping with stress: A Critique. Human relation, 42,441-461.
135. Ngo H. Y, Sharon Foley and Raymond Loi (2005). Work role stressors and turnoverintentions: a study of professional clergy in Hong. Journal of Human Resource Management, 16,2133-2146.
136. O`Driscoll, M., & Beehr,T.(1994).Supervisor behavior ,role stressor and uncertainty as predictor of personal outcomes for subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior ,15,141-155.
137. O’Connor, D.B., O,Connor, R.C., White,B, L., & Bundred, P. E.(2000). Job strain and ambulatory blood pressure in British general practitioners: A preliminary study . Psychology Health and Medicine,5 241-250.
138. O’driscoll, M. & Beehr, T. (1994). Supervisor behaviors, role stressors and uncertainty as predictors of personal outcomes for subordinates . Journal of Organizational Behaviour,15,141-155.
139. Osipow, S.H (1998).Occupational Stress Inventory Manual (professional version).Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
140. Oskins, S, (1979). Identification of situational stressors and coping methods by ICU nurses Heart Lung, 8, 953-960
141. Pandey, S., & Kumar, E.S. (1997). Development of a Measure of Role Conflict. The International Journal of Role Conflict, 8,187-215.
142. Pareek, U., (1983). Role stress scale.Ahmedabad: Naveen Publications.
143. Parker D. F., Baltes, B.B., Young S.A., Huff, J.W.,Altmann, R.A.,Lacost, H.A. and Roberts , J.E.(2003).Relationship between psychological climate preceptions and work outcomes: a meta-analytic review; Journal of Organizational Behavior,24,398-416.
144. Paton,W., & Goddard, R. (2003). Psychological distress and burnout in Australian employment service workers: Two years on. Journal of Employment Counseling, 40, 15-17.
145. Rizzo, J., House, R.J and Lirtzman, S.I. (1970).Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15:150-63.
146. Schaubroeck, J., Cotton J., & Jennings, K. (1989).Antecedents and consequences of role stress: A covariance structure analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 35-58.
147. Schaufeli WB, van Dierendonck D. (1993).The construct validity of two burnout measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior; 14:631-47.
148. Selye, H. (1956).The stress of life .New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
149. Selye, H. (1974).Stress without Distress.New York: J.P> Lippicott Company.
150. Shaufeli WB, Bunk BP. Professional burnout .In: schabracq MJ, Winnubst JAM, Cooper CL, editors.Hand book of work and health psychology .New York: Wiley: p311-346.
151. Shaufli, W.B & Enzmann, D. (1998).The burn out companion to study and practice: A critical analysis, London Taylor and Francis pp.77-78
152. Shirom, A. (1982). What is organizational stress? A facet analytic conceptualization. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 3,21-37.
153. Simmons, B. & Nelson, D. (2001). Eustress at wor: the relationship between hope and health in hospital nurses. Health Care Management Review, 26, 4, 7-19.
154. Singh,J., & Rhoads, G.K. (1991). Bounday role ambiguity in marketing oriented positions: A multidimensional, multifaceted ope rationalization. Journal of Marketing Research, 28, 328-338.
155. Spector, P.E(1997). Assessment ,causes and Consequences . Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage.
156. Taris, T.W., Schreurs, P.J.G., & Van Iersel-Van Silfhout, I.J. (2001). Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: Towards a dual-process model for the effects of occupational stress. Work & Stress, 15(4), 283-296.
157. Tepper, B.J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43,178-190.
158. The study of work-related stress. In G.R.Ferris & K. Rowland(Eds), Research in personal and human resources management ,(pp.311-365).Greemwhich,CT: JAI Press.
159. Topf,M.(1989).Personality hardiness ,occupational stress ,and burnout in critical care nurses ,Research in Nursing and Health ,12,179-186
160. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measure of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Personality and Social Psychology.1988;54:1063-1070.
161. Watson, D., Clark, L.(1984).Negative effective:The disposition to experience negative aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96,465-498.
162. Williams, S., Cooper. C.L., (1998). Measuring occupational stress: Development of pressure indicators (Online) available; http/www.Stress Web.com.
Article Sidebar
Published
Oct 1, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
TRANSLATION AND ADAPTATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESS SCALE, JOB SATISFACTION SCALE MASLACH BURNOUT INVENTORY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT SCALE AMONG PUBLIC SECTOR PARAMEDICS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA. (2023). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(17), 2428-2442. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i17.3656
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Sharif Ullah Jan
Department of Psychology, Islamia College Peshawar
Salma Andleeb
Department of Psychology, Islamia College Peshawar
Saima Arzeen
Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar
How to Cite
TRANSLATION AND ADAPTATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESS SCALE, JOB SATISFACTION SCALE MASLACH BURNOUT INVENTORY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT SCALE AMONG PUBLIC SECTOR PARAMEDICS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA. (2023). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(17), 2428-2442. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i17.3656