PARENTING STYLES AND FAMILY STRUCTURE: THE OVERLOOKED CONCEPTS IN ADHD
Main Article Content
Keywords
ADHD, parenting styles, family structure, impulsivity
Abstract
The present study focused on the moderating effect of family structure between impulsivity in children and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as well as the role of parental styles in ADHD. Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ; Batool, 2013) and Disruptive Behavior Disorder scale (DBD, Loona & Kamal, 2002) were applied on 200 participants (n=100 parents of ADHD children & n=100, parents of typically developing children). It was assumed that family structure will moderate between child impulsivity and ADHD which was approved by the result. The second assumption stated significant differences in parenting styles used by parents of ADHD children and typically developing children. Results indicated that Parents of ADHD children exercised authoritarian style more than authoritative, and permissive parenting styles while the reverse was true for usually developing children. The study findings suggest the including familial context in understanding ADHD may help the parents of such children to positively manage their child's conduct.
References
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24. Loona, M. I., & Kamal, A. (2002). Gender differences among ADHD children on school social behaviour scale. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 13(1-2), 5-22. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/20f0/edb10dfd197408b5987 cbfbeb346a4bd79a6.pdf
25. Loona, M. I., & Kamal, A. (2011). Translation and adaptation of disruptive behaviour disorder rating scale. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 26(2), 149. Retrieved from http://www.pjprnip.edu.pk/pjpr/index.php/pjpr/article/viewFile/23/16
26. Milevsky, A., Schlechter, M., Netter, S., & Keehn, D. (2007). Maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescents: Associations with self-esteem, depression and life-satisfaction. Journal of child and family studies, 16, 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9066-5
27. Moghaddam, M. F., Assareh, M., Heidaripoor, A., Rad, R. E., & Pishjoo, M. (2013). The study comparing parenting styles of children with ADHD and normal children. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 15(4), 45-49. Retrieved from http://www.webmail.archivespp.pl/uploads/images/2013_15_4/45Moghaddam_APP_4_2013.pdf
28. Montejo, J. E., Durán, M., del Mar Martínez, M., Hilari, A., Roncalli, N., Vilaregut, A., ... & Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. (2019). Family functioning and parental bonding during childhood in adults diagnosed with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715596578
29. Mooney, A., Oliver, C., & Smith, M. (2009). Impact of family breakdown on children’s well-being. Evidence review. Thomas Coram Research Unit Institute of Education, University of London. doi: 10.1179/0024363914Z.00000000087
30. Muñoz-Silva, A., Lago-Urbano, R., Sanchez-Garcia, M., & Carmona-Márquez, J. (2017). Child/adolescent’s ADHD and parenting stress: The mediating role of family impact and conduct problems. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 300021. https://doi.org/10.3389/f psyg.2017.02252
31. Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior‐problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child development, 72(2), 583-598. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00298
32. Reid, J. B., Patterson, G. R., & Eddy, J. M. (2002). A brief history of the Oregon model. Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention, 3-21. Retrieved from http://www.pmto.nl/documenten/briefhistory.pdf
33. Sandstrom, H., & Huerta, S. (2013). The Negtive effects of instability on child development: a research Sysnthesis (Vol. 3, pp. 87-90). Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org › files.The Negative Effects of Instability on Child Development: A Research Synthesis.
34. Sanvictores, T., & Mendez, M. D. (2021). Types of parenting styles and effects on children. https://europepmc.org/article/nbk/nbk568743
35. Tung, I., Brammer, W. A., Li, J. J., & Lee, S. S. (2015). Parenting Behavior Mediates the Intergenerational Association of Parent and Child Offspring ADHD Symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 44(5), 787. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.913250
36. Wang, M. T., & Kenny, S. (2014). Longitudinal links between fathers’ and mothers’ harsh verbal discipline and adolescents’ conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Child development, 85(3), 908-923. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12143
37. Whall A. L. (1986). The family as the unit of care in nursing: A historical review. Public Health Nursing. 3(4),240–249.
2. Akhter, N., Hanif, R., Tariq, N., & Atta, M. (2011). Parenting styles as predictors of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems among children. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 26(1), 23.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC.
4. Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K. A., & Edelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior problems and parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with and without developmental delays. American journal on mental retardation, 107(6), 433-444. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0433:BPAPSI>2.0.CO;2
5. Barkley, R. A. (Ed.). (2014). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. Guilford Publications.Chicago. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066087/#R30
6. Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002). The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. Journal of abnormal psychology, 111(2), 279. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.279
7. Batool, S. S., & Mumtaz, A. N. (2015). Development and validation of parenting style scale. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 30(2), 225-248. Retrieved from https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55339024/339-359-1-PB-libre.pdf?1513774522=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DDevelopment_and_Validation_of_Parenting.pdf
8. Baumrind, D. (1968). Authoritarian vs. authoritative parental control. Adolescence, 3(11), 255. ISSN: 0001-8449.
9. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
10. Baumrind, D. (1978). Reciprocal Rights and Responsibilities in Parent‐Child Relations. Journal of Social Issues. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb01038.x
11. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED553154.pdf
12. Campbell, S. B. (2006). Behavior problems in preschool children: Clinical and developmental issues. Guilford Press.
13. Chronis-Tuscano, A., O’Brien, K. A., Johnston, C., Jones, H. A., Clarke, T. L., Raggi, V. L., ... & Seymour, K. E. (2011). The relation between maternal ADHD symptoms & improvement in child behavior following brief behavioral parent training is mediated by change in negative parenting. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 39, 1047-1057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9518-2
14. Chu, K., Li, S., Chen, Y., & Wang, M. (2012). Family dynamics in families with children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 24(5), 279-285. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2012.05.005
15. Day, R.D. (2002). Introduction to Family Processes (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410606426
16. Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Christ, M. A. G., & Hanson, K. (1992). Familial risk factors to oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: parental psychopathology and maternal parenting. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 60(1), 49. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066087/#R30
17. Gadow, K. D., Drabick, D. A., Loney, J., Sprafkin, J., Salisbury, H., Azizian, A., & Schwartz, J. (2004). Comparison of ADHD symptom subtypes as source‐specific syndromes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(6), 1135-1149. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00306.x
18. Gau, S. S. F., & Chang, J. P. C. (2013). Maternal parenting styles and mother–child relationship among adolescents with and without persistent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Research in developmental disabilities, 34(5), 1581-1594. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.02.002
19. Graziano, P. A., & Garcia, A. (2016). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and children’s emotion dysregulation: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 106–123. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.011
20. Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (2001). Families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: review and recommendations for future research. Clinical child and family psychology review, 4(3), 183-207. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1017592030434
21. Kimble, A. B. (2014). The parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire: A reconceptualization and validation. Oklahoma State University. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927255/
22. Kuppens, S., & Ceulemans, E. (2019). Parenting styles: A closer look at a well-known concept. Journal of child and family studies, 28(1), 168-181.
23. Lengua, L. J., & Kovacs, E. A. (2005). Bidirectional associations between temperament and parenting and the prediction of adjustment problems in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2004.10.001
24. Loona, M. I., & Kamal, A. (2002). Gender differences among ADHD children on school social behaviour scale. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 13(1-2), 5-22. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/20f0/edb10dfd197408b5987 cbfbeb346a4bd79a6.pdf
25. Loona, M. I., & Kamal, A. (2011). Translation and adaptation of disruptive behaviour disorder rating scale. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 26(2), 149. Retrieved from http://www.pjprnip.edu.pk/pjpr/index.php/pjpr/article/viewFile/23/16
26. Milevsky, A., Schlechter, M., Netter, S., & Keehn, D. (2007). Maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescents: Associations with self-esteem, depression and life-satisfaction. Journal of child and family studies, 16, 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9066-5
27. Moghaddam, M. F., Assareh, M., Heidaripoor, A., Rad, R. E., & Pishjoo, M. (2013). The study comparing parenting styles of children with ADHD and normal children. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 15(4), 45-49. Retrieved from http://www.webmail.archivespp.pl/uploads/images/2013_15_4/45Moghaddam_APP_4_2013.pdf
28. Montejo, J. E., Durán, M., del Mar Martínez, M., Hilari, A., Roncalli, N., Vilaregut, A., ... & Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. (2019). Family functioning and parental bonding during childhood in adults diagnosed with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715596578
29. Mooney, A., Oliver, C., & Smith, M. (2009). Impact of family breakdown on children’s well-being. Evidence review. Thomas Coram Research Unit Institute of Education, University of London. doi: 10.1179/0024363914Z.00000000087
30. Muñoz-Silva, A., Lago-Urbano, R., Sanchez-Garcia, M., & Carmona-Márquez, J. (2017). Child/adolescent’s ADHD and parenting stress: The mediating role of family impact and conduct problems. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 300021. https://doi.org/10.3389/f psyg.2017.02252
31. Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior‐problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child development, 72(2), 583-598. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00298
32. Reid, J. B., Patterson, G. R., & Eddy, J. M. (2002). A brief history of the Oregon model. Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention, 3-21. Retrieved from http://www.pmto.nl/documenten/briefhistory.pdf
33. Sandstrom, H., & Huerta, S. (2013). The Negtive effects of instability on child development: a research Sysnthesis (Vol. 3, pp. 87-90). Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org › files.The Negative Effects of Instability on Child Development: A Research Synthesis.
34. Sanvictores, T., & Mendez, M. D. (2021). Types of parenting styles and effects on children. https://europepmc.org/article/nbk/nbk568743
35. Tung, I., Brammer, W. A., Li, J. J., & Lee, S. S. (2015). Parenting Behavior Mediates the Intergenerational Association of Parent and Child Offspring ADHD Symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 44(5), 787. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.913250
36. Wang, M. T., & Kenny, S. (2014). Longitudinal links between fathers’ and mothers’ harsh verbal discipline and adolescents’ conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Child development, 85(3), 908-923. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12143
37. Whall A. L. (1986). The family as the unit of care in nursing: A historical review. Public Health Nursing. 3(4),240–249.
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Jun 24, 2024
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How to Cite
Shazia Malik, Roomana Zeb, & Samar Sadiq. (2024). PARENTING STYLES AND FAMILY STRUCTURE: THE OVERLOOKED CONCEPTS IN ADHD. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 1651–1659. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6740
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Author Biographies
Shazia Malik
PhD Scholar, Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar
Roomana Zeb
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar
Samar Sadiq
Associate Professor, Govt. Girls Degree College Abbottabad