“A REVIEW ON ROLE OF HERBS: NEW PERSPECTIVES AND POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF CITRULLUS LANATUS & CARICA PAPAYA” SEEDS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Watermelon seed, Papaya seed, Health benefits, Phytochemicals, Herbal medicine, Biological Activity
Abstract
Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seed and Carica papaya (papaya) seed are essential traditional crops with excellent nutritional properties. Traditional herb has played a significant role in global healthcare, providing a valuable repository of natural resources with diverse therapeutic properties. As part of our cultural heritage, papaya seeds and watermelon seeds have also emerged as sources of inspiration due to their potential health benefits. Watermelon seeds and Papaya seeds, often overlooked components of these popular fruits, are emerging as sources of numerous health benefits and versatile applications. This review explores the new perspectives and potential health benefits associated with papaya seed and watermelon seed extracts. These seeds, traditionally used for culinary purposes, have gained attention due to their rich nutrient content and bioactive compounds. Watermelon seeds, rich in protein, healthy fats, and essential minerals, are consumed as a nutritious snack and offer antioxidant protection against oxidative stress. The oil extracted from watermelon seeds is finding applications in skincare and hair care products, promoting healthy skin and hair. Papaya seeds, containing enzymes like papain and antioxidants, exhibit anti-parasitic properties and may aid digestion. They also possess anti-inflammatory potential, making them a promising candidate for managing inflammatory conditions. Additionally, papaya seed oil is utilized in cosmetics for its moisturizing and exfoliating properties. Both papaya and watermelon seeds show promise in reducing inflammation, which is a key factor in various chronic diseases. Their antioxidant content contributes to cellular health and protection against free radicals. These seeds provide an opportunity for developing functional foods, supplements, and skincare products with potential health benefits.
References
1. Abdulazeez A, Abdullahi U, Audu SS, Ibrahim I, Kwokwu S, Gimba A, Umaru MT, Babatunde J, Uthman A. Proximate composition of rind and seed of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L). African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research. 2020; 3(1):24-31.
2. Adel A, Elnaggar MS, Al-Sayed E, Rabeh MA. Secondary Metabolites from Carica papaya, and its Biological Activities: A Comprehensive Review. Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University. 2021 Dec 1; 5(2):331-53.
3. Aderiye BI, David OM, Fagbohun ED, Faleye J, Olajide OM. Immunomodulatory and phytomedicinal properties of watermelon juice and pulp (Citrullus lanatus Linn): A review. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 11(2):153-65.
4. Afolabi IS, Ofobrukweta K. Physicochemical and nutritional qualities of Carica papaya seed products. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011 Jul 18; 5(14):3113-7.
5. Ahmed MR, Yasmin J, Park E, Kim G, Kim MS, Wakholi C, Mo C, Cho BK. Classification of watermelon seeds using morphological patterns of X-ray imaging: A comparison of conventional machine learning and deep learning. Sensors. 2020 Nov 26; 20(23):6753.
6. Ali A, Devarajan S, Waly M, Essa MM, Rahman MS. Nutritional and medicinal value of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Natural products and bioactive compounds in disease prevention. 2011:34-42.
7. Alka G, Anamika S, Ranu P. A review on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) medicinal seeds. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018; 7(3):2222-5.
8. Aravind G, Bhowmik D, Duraivel S, Harish G. Traditional and medicinal uses of Carica papaya. Journal of medicinal plants studies. 2013; 1(1):7-15.
9. Azam SE, Abbas Z, Zahra R. Nutritional values of citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides): A Review. Int J Global Sci. 2022; 4(1):2663.
10. Bamidele TO, Sunday HG, Mathew A, Ombugadu J, Maryam A. Evaluation of the Phytochemicals, Nutritional, and Anti-nutritional Compositions of Fresh, Sprouted and Toasted Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seed Extracts. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2021 Mar 27; 7(3):11-9.
11. Bhadane V, Belemker S, Mali B. Nature’s potential multipurpose gift–papaya (Carica papaya Linn.): A complete overview. Asian journal of pharmaceutical research and development. 2014:75-82.
12. Biswas R, Ghosal S, Chattopadhyay A, Datta S. A comprehensive review on watermelon seed oil–An underutilized product. IOSR J Pharm. 2017; 7(11):01-7.
13. Biswas R, Dey T. Santa Dutta (De). A comprehensive review on watermelon seed-the spitted one. International Journal of Current Research. 2016; 8(08):35828-32.
14. Bouanga-Kalou G, Kimbonguila A, Nzikou JM, Ganongo-Po FB, Moutoula FE, Panyoo-Akdowa E, Silou TH, Desobry S. Extraction and characteristics of seed oil from Papaya (Carica papaya) in Congo-Brazzaville. Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2011 Mar 15; 3(2):132-7.
15. Braide WO, Odiong IJ, Oranusi S. Phytochemical and Antibacterial properties of the seed of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Prime Journal of Microbiology Research. 2012 Mar 28; 2(3):99-104.
16. Broadley M, Brown P, Cakmak I, Rengel Z, Zhao F. Function of nutrients: micronutrients. InMarschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants 2012 Jan 1 (pp. 191-248). Academic Press.
17. Callahan D. The WHO definition of health'. Hastings Center Studies. 1973 Jan 1:77-87.
18. CS D, Samreen F, Prakash J. A review on composition, processed products and medicinal uses of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2015; 3:99-117.
19. Dotto JM, Abihudi SA. Nutraceutical value of Carica papaya: A review. Scientific African. 2021 Sep 1; 13:e00933.
20. Ed HA. Medicinal values of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). International Journal of Scientific and Management Research. 2020; 3(2):78-84.
21. Egbuonu AC, Harry EM, Orji IA. Comparative proximate and antibacterial properties of milled Carica papaya (pawpaw) peels and seeds. BJPR. 2016; 12(1):1-8.
22. Enemor V, Oguazu C, Odiakosa A, Okafor S. Research Article Evaluation of the Medicinal Properties and Possible Nutrient Composition of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds. Res. J. Med. Plant. 2019; 13(4):129-35.
23. Ensminger AH, Ensminger ME, Konlande JE, Robson JR. Food & nutrition encyclopedia. CRC, press. Inc., Boca Raton, FL. 1994.
24. Falade OS, Otemuyiwa IO, Adekunle AS, Adewusi SA, Oluwasefunmi O. Nutrient composition of watermelon (Citrullis lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &Nakai) and egusi melon (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) Seeds. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus. 2020 Mar 17; 85(1):43-9.
25. Jacob AG, Etong DI, Tijjani A. Proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional compositions of melon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds. British Journal of Research. 2015; 2(5)
26. Jaroszewska A, Jedrejek D, Sobolewska M, Kowalska I, Dzięcioł M. Mineral, Nutritional, and Phytochemical Composition and Baking Properties of Teff and Watermelon Seed Flours. Molecules. 2023 Apr 5; 28(7):3255.
27. Jensen BD, Touré FM, Ag Hamattal M, Touré FA, Nantoumé AD. Watermelons in the sand of Sahara: cultivation and use of indigenous landraces in the Tombouctou region of Mali. 2011; 9: 142-51.
28. Jeon YA, Chung SW, Kim SC, Lee YJ. Comprehensive assessment of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of papaya extracts. Foods. 2022 Oct 14; 11(20):3211.
29. Jyoti T, Shashi J. Nutrient potential of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds and its incorporation in product preparation. Food Science Research Journal. 2016; 7(2):202-6.
30. Kaefer CM, Milner JA. The role of herbs and spices in cancer prevention. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2008 Jun 1; 19(6):347-61.
31. Kadiri O, Olawoye B, Fawale OS, Adalumo OA. Nutraceutical and antioxidant properties of the seeds, leaves, and fruits of Carica papaya: Potential relevance to humans’ diet, the food industry, and the pharmaceutical industry review. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 2016 Nov 28; 4(12):1039-52.
32. Khalid W, Ikram A, Rehan M, Afzal FA, Ambreen S, Ahmad M, Aziz A, Sadiq A. Chemical composition and health benefits of melon seed: A Review. PJAR. 2021; 34:309-17.
33. Koocheki A, Razavi SM, Milani E, Moghadam TM, Abedini M, Alamatiyan S, Izadkhah S. Physical properties of watermelon seed as a function of moisture content and variety. International Agrophysics. 2007; 21(4):349-59.
34. Kolu P, Olumide MD, Akintunde AO. Potentials of ripe Carica papaya seed meal using different processing methods as alternative feed ingredients in monogastric animal nutrition. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science. 2021; 23(3):177-84.
35. Krishna KL, Paridhavi M, Patel JA. Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.); Natural Product Radiance, 2008; 7(4):364-373.
36. Kumar NS, PS SD. The surprising health benefits of papaya seeds: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017; 6(1):424-9.
37. Malacrida CR, Kimura M, Jorge N. Characterization of a high oleic oil extracted from papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds. Food Science and Technology. 2011; 31:929-34.
38. Mandizvo T, Odindo AO, Mashilo J. Nutrient composition and physical properties of citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (LH Bailey) Mansf. ex Greb.) seeds are related to seed coat visual appearance. South African Journal of Botany. 2022 Mar 1; 145:405-19.
39. MESQUITA MD, SANTOS PD, HOLKEM AT, THOMAZINI M, RODRIGUES CE, FERNANDES AM, FAVARO-TRINDADE CS. Papaya seeds (Carica papaya L. var. Formosa) in different ripening stages: unexplored agro-industrial residues as potential sources of proteins, fibers, and oil as well as high antioxidant capacity. Food Science and Technology. 2022 Dec 5; 43.
40. Mesquita MD, Santos PD, Holkem AT, Thomazini M, Favaro-Trindade CS. Encapsulation of Formosa Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seed Extract: Physicochemical Characteristics of Particles, and Study of Stability and Release of Encapsulated Phenolic Compounds. Processes. 2022 Dec 23; 11(1):27.
41. MHM Nazeem and MI Manuha; Nutritive values, Phytochemical constituents and Bio-activities of Carica papaya seeds which are discarded as waste of the fruits: A review; ARCTIC JOURNAL 2019 72(8).
42. Milala MA, Luther A, Burah B. Nutritional comparison of processed and unprocessed Citrillus lanatus (watermelon) seeds for possible use in feed formulation. American Journal of Food and Nutrition. 2018; 6(2):33-6.
43. Milind P, Gurditta G. Basketful benefits of papaya. International research journal of pharmacy. 2011; 2(7):6-12.
44. Mohammed NH. Physical Properties of Western Sudan Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) And Watermelon Seeds (Doctoral dissertation, University of Khartoum).
45. Nadeem M, Navida M, Ameer K, Iqbal A, Malik F, Nadeem MA, Fatima H, Ahmed A, Din A. A comprehensive review of the watermelon phytochemical profile and their bioactive and therapeutic effects. Korean Journal of Food Preservation. 2022; 29(4):546-76.
46. Nadeem M, Kanwal R, Yasmin Z, Ranjha MM, Malik F, Iqbal A, Siddique F, Ameer K, Navida M, Javaria S. Watermelon nutrition profile, antioxidant activity, and processing. Korean Journal of Food Preservation. 2022; 29(4):531-45.
47. Ofori-Dwumfuo GO, Salakpi SV. WiFi and WiMAX deployment at the Ghana Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2011 Dec 26; 3(12):1374-83.
48. Omoniyi SA. Nutrient and anti-nutritional composition of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed: A review. FUW trends in science and technology. 2020; 5:048-51.
49. Pal SK, Shukla Y. Herbal medicine: current status and the future. Asian pacific journal of cancer prevention. 2003 Aug 20; 4(4):281-8.
50. Panzarini E, Dwikat M, Mariano S, Vergallo C, Dini L. Administration dependent antioxidant effect of Carica papaya seeds water extract. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014 Jan 1; 2014.
51. Parkash J, Prasad DN, Shahnaz M, Dev D. Herbs as traditional medicines: a review. Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics. 2018 Sep 12; 8(5):146-50.
52. Patel B. Watermelon must melon. Indonesian American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2019; 9(5):1-2.
53. Penuel BL, Khan ME, Ibok NU, Barminas JT, Kefas WS. Mineral, anti-nutritional, and amino acid composition of Citrullus vulgaris (guna) seed protein concentrate. International Journal of Biotechnology and Food Science. 2014; 2(7):121-5.
54. Peters DE, Ogbeifun HE, Monanu MO. NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS; International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS); 2022; 9(3):37-48.
55. Rajappa MC, Sekar L, Boopathy DN, Radhakrishnan A, Venkatachalapathi D. IN-DISCUSSION OF THE NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS AND PROPERTIES OF WATERMELON SEEDS, IJFANS (International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences); 2022;11(8)
56. Raw P. Composition of foods raw, processed, prepared USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, release 25. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2012 Sep.
57. Raihana AN, Marikkar JM, Amin I, Shuhaimi M. A review on food values of selected tropical fruits’ seeds. International Journal of Food Properties. 2015 Nov 2; 18(11):2380-92.
58. Rekha G, Rose AL. Proximate nutritional analysis of dried watermelon seed. Int. J. Eng. Res. Gen. Sci. 2016; 4(6):44-6.
59. Reetu V, Tomar M. Watermelon: A valuable horticultural crop with nutritional benefits. Popular Kheti. 2017; 5(2):5-9.
60. Sartorius N. The meanings of health and its promotion. Croatian Medical Journal. 2006 Aug; 47(4):662-64.
61. Saba S, Pattan N. The Potential Health Benefits of Papaya Seeds. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2022; 10:44-50.
62. Saha M, Mukherjee S, Mukherjee P, Sengupta S, Bhattacharya M, Ghosh A, Chatterjee S. Papaya Seed Waste: A Potential Source of Therapeutic Diet. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2023; 15(1):978-84.
63. Santana LF, Inada AC, Espirito Santo BL, Filiú WF, Pott A, Alves FM, Guimarães RD, Freitas KD, Hiane PA. Nutraceutical potential of Carica papaya in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients. 2019 Jul 16; 11(7):1608.
64. Sanket Hire, Nikita Damodar, Smita Aher, Rushikesh Bachhav; Carica papaya Linn. Pharmacological Properties, Medicinal and Nutritional Benefits: A Review; JETIR, 2023; 10(7).
65. Sawaya WN, Daghir NJ, Khalil JK. Citrullus colocynthis seeds as a potential source of protein for food and feed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1986 Mar; 34(2):285-8.
66. Seshamamba BS, Malati P, Ruth AN, Mallika AS, Sharma V. Studies on physicochemical properties & proximate analysis of Carica papaya seed. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018; 7(6):1514-9.
67. Shinde A, Kolhe D, Hase DP, Chavan MJ. A brief introduction about carica papaya Linn. World J. Pharm. Res. 2020 Aug 5; 9(12): 237-244.
68. Sola AO, Temitayo OO, Olufunke A, Shittu F. Chemical composition, nutritional values and antibacterial activities of watermelon seed (Citrullus lanatus). International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review. 2019 Aug 24; 27(1):1-9.
69. Srigiripura CV, Kotebagilu NP, Urooj A. In vitro starch and protein digestibility of disease-specific nutrition formulations. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal. 2019 Apr 25; 7(1):66-74.
70. Sugiharto S. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed as a potent functional feedstuff for poultry–A review. Veterinary World. 2020 Aug; 13(8):1613.
71. Tabiri B, Agbenorhevi JK, Wireko-Manu FD, Ompouma EI. Watermelon seeds as food: Nutrient composition, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 2016; 5(2), 139-144.
72. Tapsell LC, Hemphill I, Cobiac L, Sullivan DR, Fenech M, Patch CS, Roodenrys S, Keogh JB, Clifton PM, Williams PG, Fazio VA. Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future, 2006; 185(4): S4–24.
73. Tiamiyu LO, Okomoda VT, Izundu CI. Nutritional value of hydrothermally processed Citrullus lanatus seeds in the Diet of Clarias gariepinus. International Journal of Aquaculture. 2015 May 29; 5.
74. Tiamiyu LO, Ayuba OV, Okomoda VT, Umar S. Evaluation of the nutrient composition of raw and hydrothermally processed watermelon whole seed (Citrullus lanatus). International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering & Technology. 2015; 1(2):72-5.
75. Tucker AO, DeBaggio T. The encyclopedia of herbs: A comprehensive reference to herbs of flavor and fragrance. Timber Press; 2009.
76. Tucker KL. Nutrient intake, nutritional status, and cognitive function with aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2016 Mar; 1367(1):38-49.
77. Uauy R. Defining and addressing the nutritional needs of populations. Public Health Nutrition. 2005 Sep; 8(6a):773-80.
78. Ugbogu EA, Dike ED, Uche ME, Etumnu LR, Okoro BC, Ugbogu OC, Adurosakin OE, Chinma CE, Ohaeri E, Iweala EJ. Ethnomedicinal Uses, Nutritional Composition, Phytochemistry and Potential Health Benefits of Carica papaya. Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine. 2023 May 22:100266.
79. Vij T, Prashar Y. A review on medicinal properties of Carica papaya Linn. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2015 Jan 1; 5(1):1-6.
80. Vinhas AS, Silva CS, Matos C, Moutinho C, Ferreira da Vinha A. Valorization of watermelon fruit (Citrullus lanatus) byproducts: phytochemical and biofunctional properties with emphasis on recent trends and advances. World Journal of Advance Healthcare Research. 2021; 5(1):302-9.
81. Wani AA, Sogi DS, Singh P, Wani IA, Shivhare US. Characterisation and functional properties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed proteins. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2011 Jan 15; 91(1):113-21.
82. Wood LB. Parent-to-parent peer support for diverse low-income families of children with disabilities: A qualitative interview study of a self-help program as part of a medical home model. University of California, Santa Barbara; 2016.
83. World Health Organization. The first ten years of the World Health Organization. World Health Organization; 1958.
84. Yanty NA, Marikkar JM, Nusantoro BP, Long K, Ghazali HM. Physico-chemical characteristics of papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed oil of the Hong Kong/Sekaki variety. Journal of Oleo Science. 2014; 63(9):885-92.
85. Yimer ZS, Tehulie NS. Nutritional composition of different varieties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit at gewane, northeastern Ethiopia. Journal of Current Research in Food Science. 2020; 1(1):16-22.
86. Yogiraj V, Goyal PK, Chauhan CS, Goyal A, Vyas B. Carica papaya Linn: an overview. International journal of herbal medicine. 2014 Nov; 2(5):01-8
2. Adel A, Elnaggar MS, Al-Sayed E, Rabeh MA. Secondary Metabolites from Carica papaya, and its Biological Activities: A Comprehensive Review. Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University. 2021 Dec 1; 5(2):331-53.
3. Aderiye BI, David OM, Fagbohun ED, Faleye J, Olajide OM. Immunomodulatory and phytomedicinal properties of watermelon juice and pulp (Citrullus lanatus Linn): A review. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 11(2):153-65.
4. Afolabi IS, Ofobrukweta K. Physicochemical and nutritional qualities of Carica papaya seed products. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011 Jul 18; 5(14):3113-7.
5. Ahmed MR, Yasmin J, Park E, Kim G, Kim MS, Wakholi C, Mo C, Cho BK. Classification of watermelon seeds using morphological patterns of X-ray imaging: A comparison of conventional machine learning and deep learning. Sensors. 2020 Nov 26; 20(23):6753.
6. Ali A, Devarajan S, Waly M, Essa MM, Rahman MS. Nutritional and medicinal value of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Natural products and bioactive compounds in disease prevention. 2011:34-42.
7. Alka G, Anamika S, Ranu P. A review on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) medicinal seeds. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018; 7(3):2222-5.
8. Aravind G, Bhowmik D, Duraivel S, Harish G. Traditional and medicinal uses of Carica papaya. Journal of medicinal plants studies. 2013; 1(1):7-15.
9. Azam SE, Abbas Z, Zahra R. Nutritional values of citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides): A Review. Int J Global Sci. 2022; 4(1):2663.
10. Bamidele TO, Sunday HG, Mathew A, Ombugadu J, Maryam A. Evaluation of the Phytochemicals, Nutritional, and Anti-nutritional Compositions of Fresh, Sprouted and Toasted Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seed Extracts. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2021 Mar 27; 7(3):11-9.
11. Bhadane V, Belemker S, Mali B. Nature’s potential multipurpose gift–papaya (Carica papaya Linn.): A complete overview. Asian journal of pharmaceutical research and development. 2014:75-82.
12. Biswas R, Ghosal S, Chattopadhyay A, Datta S. A comprehensive review on watermelon seed oil–An underutilized product. IOSR J Pharm. 2017; 7(11):01-7.
13. Biswas R, Dey T. Santa Dutta (De). A comprehensive review on watermelon seed-the spitted one. International Journal of Current Research. 2016; 8(08):35828-32.
14. Bouanga-Kalou G, Kimbonguila A, Nzikou JM, Ganongo-Po FB, Moutoula FE, Panyoo-Akdowa E, Silou TH, Desobry S. Extraction and characteristics of seed oil from Papaya (Carica papaya) in Congo-Brazzaville. Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2011 Mar 15; 3(2):132-7.
15. Braide WO, Odiong IJ, Oranusi S. Phytochemical and Antibacterial properties of the seed of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Prime Journal of Microbiology Research. 2012 Mar 28; 2(3):99-104.
16. Broadley M, Brown P, Cakmak I, Rengel Z, Zhao F. Function of nutrients: micronutrients. InMarschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants 2012 Jan 1 (pp. 191-248). Academic Press.
17. Callahan D. The WHO definition of health'. Hastings Center Studies. 1973 Jan 1:77-87.
18. CS D, Samreen F, Prakash J. A review on composition, processed products and medicinal uses of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2015; 3:99-117.
19. Dotto JM, Abihudi SA. Nutraceutical value of Carica papaya: A review. Scientific African. 2021 Sep 1; 13:e00933.
20. Ed HA. Medicinal values of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). International Journal of Scientific and Management Research. 2020; 3(2):78-84.
21. Egbuonu AC, Harry EM, Orji IA. Comparative proximate and antibacterial properties of milled Carica papaya (pawpaw) peels and seeds. BJPR. 2016; 12(1):1-8.
22. Enemor V, Oguazu C, Odiakosa A, Okafor S. Research Article Evaluation of the Medicinal Properties and Possible Nutrient Composition of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds. Res. J. Med. Plant. 2019; 13(4):129-35.
23. Ensminger AH, Ensminger ME, Konlande JE, Robson JR. Food & nutrition encyclopedia. CRC, press. Inc., Boca Raton, FL. 1994.
24. Falade OS, Otemuyiwa IO, Adekunle AS, Adewusi SA, Oluwasefunmi O. Nutrient composition of watermelon (Citrullis lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &Nakai) and egusi melon (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) Seeds. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus. 2020 Mar 17; 85(1):43-9.
25. Jacob AG, Etong DI, Tijjani A. Proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional compositions of melon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds. British Journal of Research. 2015; 2(5)
26. Jaroszewska A, Jedrejek D, Sobolewska M, Kowalska I, Dzięcioł M. Mineral, Nutritional, and Phytochemical Composition and Baking Properties of Teff and Watermelon Seed Flours. Molecules. 2023 Apr 5; 28(7):3255.
27. Jensen BD, Touré FM, Ag Hamattal M, Touré FA, Nantoumé AD. Watermelons in the sand of Sahara: cultivation and use of indigenous landraces in the Tombouctou region of Mali. 2011; 9: 142-51.
28. Jeon YA, Chung SW, Kim SC, Lee YJ. Comprehensive assessment of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of papaya extracts. Foods. 2022 Oct 14; 11(20):3211.
29. Jyoti T, Shashi J. Nutrient potential of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds and its incorporation in product preparation. Food Science Research Journal. 2016; 7(2):202-6.
30. Kaefer CM, Milner JA. The role of herbs and spices in cancer prevention. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2008 Jun 1; 19(6):347-61.
31. Kadiri O, Olawoye B, Fawale OS, Adalumo OA. Nutraceutical and antioxidant properties of the seeds, leaves, and fruits of Carica papaya: Potential relevance to humans’ diet, the food industry, and the pharmaceutical industry review. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 2016 Nov 28; 4(12):1039-52.
32. Khalid W, Ikram A, Rehan M, Afzal FA, Ambreen S, Ahmad M, Aziz A, Sadiq A. Chemical composition and health benefits of melon seed: A Review. PJAR. 2021; 34:309-17.
33. Koocheki A, Razavi SM, Milani E, Moghadam TM, Abedini M, Alamatiyan S, Izadkhah S. Physical properties of watermelon seed as a function of moisture content and variety. International Agrophysics. 2007; 21(4):349-59.
34. Kolu P, Olumide MD, Akintunde AO. Potentials of ripe Carica papaya seed meal using different processing methods as alternative feed ingredients in monogastric animal nutrition. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science. 2021; 23(3):177-84.
35. Krishna KL, Paridhavi M, Patel JA. Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.); Natural Product Radiance, 2008; 7(4):364-373.
36. Kumar NS, PS SD. The surprising health benefits of papaya seeds: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017; 6(1):424-9.
37. Malacrida CR, Kimura M, Jorge N. Characterization of a high oleic oil extracted from papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds. Food Science and Technology. 2011; 31:929-34.
38. Mandizvo T, Odindo AO, Mashilo J. Nutrient composition and physical properties of citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (LH Bailey) Mansf. ex Greb.) seeds are related to seed coat visual appearance. South African Journal of Botany. 2022 Mar 1; 145:405-19.
39. MESQUITA MD, SANTOS PD, HOLKEM AT, THOMAZINI M, RODRIGUES CE, FERNANDES AM, FAVARO-TRINDADE CS. Papaya seeds (Carica papaya L. var. Formosa) in different ripening stages: unexplored agro-industrial residues as potential sources of proteins, fibers, and oil as well as high antioxidant capacity. Food Science and Technology. 2022 Dec 5; 43.
40. Mesquita MD, Santos PD, Holkem AT, Thomazini M, Favaro-Trindade CS. Encapsulation of Formosa Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seed Extract: Physicochemical Characteristics of Particles, and Study of Stability and Release of Encapsulated Phenolic Compounds. Processes. 2022 Dec 23; 11(1):27.
41. MHM Nazeem and MI Manuha; Nutritive values, Phytochemical constituents and Bio-activities of Carica papaya seeds which are discarded as waste of the fruits: A review; ARCTIC JOURNAL 2019 72(8).
42. Milala MA, Luther A, Burah B. Nutritional comparison of processed and unprocessed Citrillus lanatus (watermelon) seeds for possible use in feed formulation. American Journal of Food and Nutrition. 2018; 6(2):33-6.
43. Milind P, Gurditta G. Basketful benefits of papaya. International research journal of pharmacy. 2011; 2(7):6-12.
44. Mohammed NH. Physical Properties of Western Sudan Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) And Watermelon Seeds (Doctoral dissertation, University of Khartoum).
45. Nadeem M, Navida M, Ameer K, Iqbal A, Malik F, Nadeem MA, Fatima H, Ahmed A, Din A. A comprehensive review of the watermelon phytochemical profile and their bioactive and therapeutic effects. Korean Journal of Food Preservation. 2022; 29(4):546-76.
46. Nadeem M, Kanwal R, Yasmin Z, Ranjha MM, Malik F, Iqbal A, Siddique F, Ameer K, Navida M, Javaria S. Watermelon nutrition profile, antioxidant activity, and processing. Korean Journal of Food Preservation. 2022; 29(4):531-45.
47. Ofori-Dwumfuo GO, Salakpi SV. WiFi and WiMAX deployment at the Ghana Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2011 Dec 26; 3(12):1374-83.
48. Omoniyi SA. Nutrient and anti-nutritional composition of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed: A review. FUW trends in science and technology. 2020; 5:048-51.
49. Pal SK, Shukla Y. Herbal medicine: current status and the future. Asian pacific journal of cancer prevention. 2003 Aug 20; 4(4):281-8.
50. Panzarini E, Dwikat M, Mariano S, Vergallo C, Dini L. Administration dependent antioxidant effect of Carica papaya seeds water extract. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014 Jan 1; 2014.
51. Parkash J, Prasad DN, Shahnaz M, Dev D. Herbs as traditional medicines: a review. Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics. 2018 Sep 12; 8(5):146-50.
52. Patel B. Watermelon must melon. Indonesian American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2019; 9(5):1-2.
53. Penuel BL, Khan ME, Ibok NU, Barminas JT, Kefas WS. Mineral, anti-nutritional, and amino acid composition of Citrullus vulgaris (guna) seed protein concentrate. International Journal of Biotechnology and Food Science. 2014; 2(7):121-5.
54. Peters DE, Ogbeifun HE, Monanu MO. NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF CITRULLUS LANATUS (WATERMELON) SEEDS; International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS); 2022; 9(3):37-48.
55. Rajappa MC, Sekar L, Boopathy DN, Radhakrishnan A, Venkatachalapathi D. IN-DISCUSSION OF THE NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS AND PROPERTIES OF WATERMELON SEEDS, IJFANS (International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences); 2022;11(8)
56. Raw P. Composition of foods raw, processed, prepared USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, release 25. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2012 Sep.
57. Raihana AN, Marikkar JM, Amin I, Shuhaimi M. A review on food values of selected tropical fruits’ seeds. International Journal of Food Properties. 2015 Nov 2; 18(11):2380-92.
58. Rekha G, Rose AL. Proximate nutritional analysis of dried watermelon seed. Int. J. Eng. Res. Gen. Sci. 2016; 4(6):44-6.
59. Reetu V, Tomar M. Watermelon: A valuable horticultural crop with nutritional benefits. Popular Kheti. 2017; 5(2):5-9.
60. Sartorius N. The meanings of health and its promotion. Croatian Medical Journal. 2006 Aug; 47(4):662-64.
61. Saba S, Pattan N. The Potential Health Benefits of Papaya Seeds. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2022; 10:44-50.
62. Saha M, Mukherjee S, Mukherjee P, Sengupta S, Bhattacharya M, Ghosh A, Chatterjee S. Papaya Seed Waste: A Potential Source of Therapeutic Diet. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2023; 15(1):978-84.
63. Santana LF, Inada AC, Espirito Santo BL, Filiú WF, Pott A, Alves FM, Guimarães RD, Freitas KD, Hiane PA. Nutraceutical potential of Carica papaya in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients. 2019 Jul 16; 11(7):1608.
64. Sanket Hire, Nikita Damodar, Smita Aher, Rushikesh Bachhav; Carica papaya Linn. Pharmacological Properties, Medicinal and Nutritional Benefits: A Review; JETIR, 2023; 10(7).
65. Sawaya WN, Daghir NJ, Khalil JK. Citrullus colocynthis seeds as a potential source of protein for food and feed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1986 Mar; 34(2):285-8.
66. Seshamamba BS, Malati P, Ruth AN, Mallika AS, Sharma V. Studies on physicochemical properties & proximate analysis of Carica papaya seed. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018; 7(6):1514-9.
67. Shinde A, Kolhe D, Hase DP, Chavan MJ. A brief introduction about carica papaya Linn. World J. Pharm. Res. 2020 Aug 5; 9(12): 237-244.
68. Sola AO, Temitayo OO, Olufunke A, Shittu F. Chemical composition, nutritional values and antibacterial activities of watermelon seed (Citrullus lanatus). International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review. 2019 Aug 24; 27(1):1-9.
69. Srigiripura CV, Kotebagilu NP, Urooj A. In vitro starch and protein digestibility of disease-specific nutrition formulations. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal. 2019 Apr 25; 7(1):66-74.
70. Sugiharto S. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed as a potent functional feedstuff for poultry–A review. Veterinary World. 2020 Aug; 13(8):1613.
71. Tabiri B, Agbenorhevi JK, Wireko-Manu FD, Ompouma EI. Watermelon seeds as food: Nutrient composition, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 2016; 5(2), 139-144.
72. Tapsell LC, Hemphill I, Cobiac L, Sullivan DR, Fenech M, Patch CS, Roodenrys S, Keogh JB, Clifton PM, Williams PG, Fazio VA. Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future, 2006; 185(4): S4–24.
73. Tiamiyu LO, Okomoda VT, Izundu CI. Nutritional value of hydrothermally processed Citrullus lanatus seeds in the Diet of Clarias gariepinus. International Journal of Aquaculture. 2015 May 29; 5.
74. Tiamiyu LO, Ayuba OV, Okomoda VT, Umar S. Evaluation of the nutrient composition of raw and hydrothermally processed watermelon whole seed (Citrullus lanatus). International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering & Technology. 2015; 1(2):72-5.
75. Tucker AO, DeBaggio T. The encyclopedia of herbs: A comprehensive reference to herbs of flavor and fragrance. Timber Press; 2009.
76. Tucker KL. Nutrient intake, nutritional status, and cognitive function with aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2016 Mar; 1367(1):38-49.
77. Uauy R. Defining and addressing the nutritional needs of populations. Public Health Nutrition. 2005 Sep; 8(6a):773-80.
78. Ugbogu EA, Dike ED, Uche ME, Etumnu LR, Okoro BC, Ugbogu OC, Adurosakin OE, Chinma CE, Ohaeri E, Iweala EJ. Ethnomedicinal Uses, Nutritional Composition, Phytochemistry and Potential Health Benefits of Carica papaya. Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine. 2023 May 22:100266.
79. Vij T, Prashar Y. A review on medicinal properties of Carica papaya Linn. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2015 Jan 1; 5(1):1-6.
80. Vinhas AS, Silva CS, Matos C, Moutinho C, Ferreira da Vinha A. Valorization of watermelon fruit (Citrullus lanatus) byproducts: phytochemical and biofunctional properties with emphasis on recent trends and advances. World Journal of Advance Healthcare Research. 2021; 5(1):302-9.
81. Wani AA, Sogi DS, Singh P, Wani IA, Shivhare US. Characterisation and functional properties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed proteins. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2011 Jan 15; 91(1):113-21.
82. Wood LB. Parent-to-parent peer support for diverse low-income families of children with disabilities: A qualitative interview study of a self-help program as part of a medical home model. University of California, Santa Barbara; 2016.
83. World Health Organization. The first ten years of the World Health Organization. World Health Organization; 1958.
84. Yanty NA, Marikkar JM, Nusantoro BP, Long K, Ghazali HM. Physico-chemical characteristics of papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed oil of the Hong Kong/Sekaki variety. Journal of Oleo Science. 2014; 63(9):885-92.
85. Yimer ZS, Tehulie NS. Nutritional composition of different varieties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit at gewane, northeastern Ethiopia. Journal of Current Research in Food Science. 2020; 1(1):16-22.
86. Yogiraj V, Goyal PK, Chauhan CS, Goyal A, Vyas B. Carica papaya Linn: an overview. International journal of herbal medicine. 2014 Nov; 2(5):01-8
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 16, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
Herina V. Patel, Kuntupalli Sandhya Rani, & Dr. Pragnesh Patani. (2024). “A REVIEW ON ROLE OF HERBS: NEW PERSPECTIVES AND POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF CITRULLUS LANATUS & CARICA PAPAYA” SEEDS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 2189–2122. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i1.4443
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Herina V. Patel
Student, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad.
Kuntupalli Sandhya Rani
Assistant Professor, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Pragnesh Patani
Principal and Professor, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad