Preparation of mouth rinse using poly herbal formulation (Neem, White tea, cinnamon and Basil) and evaluation of antimicrobial and anti inflammatory properties
Main Article Content
Keywords
Neem, Cinnamon , White tea, Tulsi, mouth rinse, mouthwash ,Herbal rinse
Abstract
Introduction: Plaque buildup and oral bacteria are the key risk factors for a variety of orodental infections, thus focusing on them can be a successful strategy for treating these conditions. Due to many negative effects of conventional forms of treatment, herbal extracts have recently attracted a lot of attention.
Aim: The present study was conducted to compare the antibacterial and anti inflammatory of a new herbal combination with commercially available mouthwash against variety of microbes.
Materials And Methods: White tea, cinnamon, tulsi, and NWCT Neem were all combined into an aqueous extract. Researchers looked at the herbal extract's antimicrobial effects on the strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. For this experiment, MHA agar was used to identify the zone of inhibition. The albumin denaturation assay was used to examine anti-inflammatory efficacy.
Results: 100ul of aqueous NWCT extract shows stronger antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. 50ul of aqueous NWCT extract shows significant anti-inflammatory effects.
Conclusion: Alternatives from the herbal world may show to be a reliable and secure therapy option.
References
1. Deo, P. N., & Deshmukh, R. (2019). Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology :JOMFP, 23(1), 122-128. https://doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_304_18
2. Sedghi, L. M., Bacino, M., & Kapila, Y. L. (2021). Periodontal Disease: The Good, The Bad, and The Unknown. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.766944
3. Deus, F. P., & Ouanounou, A. (2022). Chlorhexidine in Dentistry: Pharmacology, Uses, and Adverse Effects. International Dental Journal, 72(3), 269-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2022.01.005
4. Brookes, L. S., Bescos, R., Belfield, L. A., Ali, K., & Roberts, A. (2020). Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review. Journal of Dentistry, 103, 103497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103497
5. Zhao, Q., Luan, X., Zheng, M., Tian, H., Zhao, J., Zhang, D., & Ma, L. (2020). Synergistic Mechanisms of Constituents in Herbal Extracts during Intestinal Absorption: Focus on Natural Occurring Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020128
6. Hassan A. Hemeg, Ihab M. Moussa, Sherin Ibrahim, Turki M. Dawoud, Jwaher H. Alhaji, Ayman S. Mubarak, Saleh A. Kabli, Roua A. Alsubki, Azza M. Tawfik, Sherif A. Marouf, Antimicrobial effect of different herbal plant extracts against different microbial population, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, Volume 27, Issue 12, 2020, Pages 3221-3227.
7. Alzohairy, M. A. (2016). Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7382506
8. Ketkar A. Y., Ketkar C. M. Various uses of neem products. In: Schmutterer H., editor. The Neem Tree. Weinheim, Germany: John Wiley & Sons; 2004. pp. 518–525.
9. Bushra Sultana, Farooq Anwar, Roman Przybylski, Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees, Food Chemistry, Volume 104, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 1106-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.019.
10. Kalabharathi, H.L. & Suresha, R.N. & Pragathi, B. & Vh, Pushpa & Satish, A.M.. (2011). Anti inflammatory activity of fresh tulsi leaves (Ocimum Sanctum) in albino rats. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2. 45-50.
11. Mallikarjun, S., Rao, A., Rajesh, G., Shenoy, R., & Pai, M. (2016). Antimicrobial efficacy of Tulsi leaf (Ocimum sanctum) extract on periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study. Journal of Indian
Society of Periodontology, 20(2), 145-150. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.175177
12. Yamani, H. A., Pang, E. C., Mantri, N., & Deighton, M. A. (2016). Antimicrobial Activity of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Essential Oil and Their Major Constituents against Three Species of Bacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00681
13. Schink, A., , Naumoska, K., , Kitanovski, Z., , Kampf, C. J., , Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., , Thines, E., , Pöschl, U., , Schuppan, D., , & Lucas, K., (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract and identification of active compounds influencing the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Food & function, 9(11), 5950–5964. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo01286e
14. Nabavi, S. F., Lorenzo, A. D., Izadi, M., Sobarzo-Sánchez, E., Daglia, M., & Nabavi, S. M. (2015). Antibacterial Effects of Cinnamon: From Farm to Food, Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industries. Nutrients, 7(9), 7729-7748. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095359
15. Rao, P. V., & Gan, S. H. (2014). Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/642942
16. Thring, T.S., Hili, P. & Naughton, D.P. Antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and formulations of white tea, rose, and witch hazel on primary human dermal fibroblast cells. J Inflamm 8, 27 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-8-27
17. K., Shanmugapriya & Nityanandi, D. & P.s, Saravana. (2013). Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of two different extracts of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. International Journal of Drug Development and Research. 5. 155-168.
18. Xia, X., Lin, Z., Shao, K., Wang, X., Xu, J., Zhai, H., Wang, H., Xu, W., & Zhao, Y. (2021). Combination of white tea and peppermint demonstrated synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 101(6), 2500–2510. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10876
19. Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis [published correction appears in Lancet. 2022 Oct 1;400(10358):1102]. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):629-655. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
20. Wylie, M. R., & Merrell, D. S. (2022). The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica. Frontiers in pharmacology, 13, 891535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.891535
21. Mistry, K. S., Sanghvi, Z., Parmar, G., and Shah, S. (2014). The Antimicrobial Activity ofAzadirachta indica, Mimusops elengi, Tinospora cardifolia, Ocimum sanctum and 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate on Common Endodontic Pathogens: An In Vitro Study. Eur. J. Dent. 8 (2), 172–177. doi:10.4103/1305-7456.130591
22. Selvaraj, K., Bharath, N., Natarajan, R., Dinesh, S., Murugesan, S., and Selvaraj, S. (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Toothpastes Containing Probiotic and Neem as Primary Ingredient on Salivary Streptococcus mutans in Melmaruvathur Population: An In Vivo Study. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 12 (Suppl. 1), S595–S600. doi:10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_209_20
23. Chandrappa, P. M., Dupper, A., Tripathi, P., Arroju, R., Sharma, P., & Sulochana, K. (2015). Antimicrobial activity of herbal medicines (tulsi extract, neem extract) and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis in Endodontics: An in vitro study. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 5(Suppl 2), S89. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.172952
24. Kalita, C., Raja, D., Saikia, A., & Saikia, A. K. (2019). Antibacterial property of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, and Vitex negundo against oral microbes. Journal of Conservative Dentistry : JCD, 22(6), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_268_19
25. Rathod, Gajendrasinh & Kotecha, Bhavika & Sharma, Rohit & Amin, Hetal & Prajapati, Pradeep. (2012). In vitro Antibacterial study of two commonly used medicinal plants in Ayurveda: Neem (Azadirachta indica L.) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.). 3. 582-586. 10.13140/2.1.3679.8086.
26. Agarwal, P., Nagesh, L., & Murlikrishnan (2010). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) extract against Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study. Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 21(3), 357–359. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.70800
27. Yanakiev, S. (2020). Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) in Dentistry: A Review. Molecules, 25(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184184
28. Hong, JW., Yang, GE., Kim, Y.B. et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon water extract in vivo and in vitro LPS-induced models. BMC Complement Altern Med 12, 237 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-237
29. Aldhaher, Zainab. (2008). The Antibacterial Activity Of Aqueous Extract Of Cinnamon And Clove Against Staphylococcus Aureus. Journal of Al-Nahrain University Science. 11. 131-135. 10.22401/JNUS.11.2.19.
30. Al-Dubooni, Ghada & Osman, Muhamed & Al-Naggar, Redhwan. (2013). Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Cinnamon and Ginger on Two Oral Pathogens Causing Dental Caries. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 4. 957-965.
31. Mitra DK, Shah PM, Shah HH, Rodrigues SV, Mehta CJ. The antiplaque efficacy of white tea extract mouthrinse. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2016;20(5):514-517. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.201697
32. Zhao, L., La, V. D., & Grenier, D. (2013). Antibacterial, antiadherence, antiprotease, and anti-inflammatory activities of various tea extracts: potential benefits for periodontal diseases. Journal of medicinal food, 16(5), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.0207
33. Paulraj J., Nagar P., Antimicrobial efficacy of triphala and propolis-modified glass ionomer cement: An in vitro study, 2020
34. Neppala G., Maiti S., Rajeshkumar S., Ganapathy D.,Antimicrobial efficacy of temporary and permanent denture soft lining material modified by titanium-dioxide nanoparticles-an in-vitro study 2020 International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Science
35. Jacob B., Malli Sureshbabu N., Ranjan M., Ranganath A., Siddique R. The Antimicrobial Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract versus Chlorhexidine in High Caries Risk Individuals Using Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Randomized Triple-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial 2021 International Journal of Dentistry 2021 : doi10.1155/2021/5563945
36. Murugaboopathy V., Saravankumar R., Mangaiyarkarasi R., Kengadaran S., Samuel S, Efficacy of marine algal extracts against oral pathogens - A systematic review 2021 Indian Journal of Dental Research
37. Jose J., Palanivelu A., Subbaiyan H, Cytotoxicity evaluation of calcium hypochlorite and other commonly used root canal irrigants against human gingival fibroblast cells: An in vitro evaluation
38. Mohapatra S., Prabakar J., Indiran M.A., Pradeep Kumar R., Sri Sakthi D., Comparison and evaluation of the retention, cariostatic effect, and discoloration of conventional clinpro 3M ESPE and hydrophilic ultraseal XT hydro among 12–15-year-old schoolchildren for a period of 6 months: A single-blind randomized clinical trial 2020 International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 13 Doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-185
2. Sedghi, L. M., Bacino, M., & Kapila, Y. L. (2021). Periodontal Disease: The Good, The Bad, and The Unknown. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.766944
3. Deus, F. P., & Ouanounou, A. (2022). Chlorhexidine in Dentistry: Pharmacology, Uses, and Adverse Effects. International Dental Journal, 72(3), 269-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2022.01.005
4. Brookes, L. S., Bescos, R., Belfield, L. A., Ali, K., & Roberts, A. (2020). Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review. Journal of Dentistry, 103, 103497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103497
5. Zhao, Q., Luan, X., Zheng, M., Tian, H., Zhao, J., Zhang, D., & Ma, L. (2020). Synergistic Mechanisms of Constituents in Herbal Extracts during Intestinal Absorption: Focus on Natural Occurring Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020128
6. Hassan A. Hemeg, Ihab M. Moussa, Sherin Ibrahim, Turki M. Dawoud, Jwaher H. Alhaji, Ayman S. Mubarak, Saleh A. Kabli, Roua A. Alsubki, Azza M. Tawfik, Sherif A. Marouf, Antimicrobial effect of different herbal plant extracts against different microbial population, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, Volume 27, Issue 12, 2020, Pages 3221-3227.
7. Alzohairy, M. A. (2016). Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7382506
8. Ketkar A. Y., Ketkar C. M. Various uses of neem products. In: Schmutterer H., editor. The Neem Tree. Weinheim, Germany: John Wiley & Sons; 2004. pp. 518–525.
9. Bushra Sultana, Farooq Anwar, Roman Przybylski, Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees, Food Chemistry, Volume 104, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 1106-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.019.
10. Kalabharathi, H.L. & Suresha, R.N. & Pragathi, B. & Vh, Pushpa & Satish, A.M.. (2011). Anti inflammatory activity of fresh tulsi leaves (Ocimum Sanctum) in albino rats. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2. 45-50.
11. Mallikarjun, S., Rao, A., Rajesh, G., Shenoy, R., & Pai, M. (2016). Antimicrobial efficacy of Tulsi leaf (Ocimum sanctum) extract on periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study. Journal of Indian
Society of Periodontology, 20(2), 145-150. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.175177
12. Yamani, H. A., Pang, E. C., Mantri, N., & Deighton, M. A. (2016). Antimicrobial Activity of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Essential Oil and Their Major Constituents against Three Species of Bacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00681
13. Schink, A., , Naumoska, K., , Kitanovski, Z., , Kampf, C. J., , Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., , Thines, E., , Pöschl, U., , Schuppan, D., , & Lucas, K., (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract and identification of active compounds influencing the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Food & function, 9(11), 5950–5964. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo01286e
14. Nabavi, S. F., Lorenzo, A. D., Izadi, M., Sobarzo-Sánchez, E., Daglia, M., & Nabavi, S. M. (2015). Antibacterial Effects of Cinnamon: From Farm to Food, Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industries. Nutrients, 7(9), 7729-7748. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095359
15. Rao, P. V., & Gan, S. H. (2014). Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/642942
16. Thring, T.S., Hili, P. & Naughton, D.P. Antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and formulations of white tea, rose, and witch hazel on primary human dermal fibroblast cells. J Inflamm 8, 27 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-8-27
17. K., Shanmugapriya & Nityanandi, D. & P.s, Saravana. (2013). Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of two different extracts of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. International Journal of Drug Development and Research. 5. 155-168.
18. Xia, X., Lin, Z., Shao, K., Wang, X., Xu, J., Zhai, H., Wang, H., Xu, W., & Zhao, Y. (2021). Combination of white tea and peppermint demonstrated synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 101(6), 2500–2510. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10876
19. Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis [published correction appears in Lancet. 2022 Oct 1;400(10358):1102]. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):629-655. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
20. Wylie, M. R., & Merrell, D. S. (2022). The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica. Frontiers in pharmacology, 13, 891535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.891535
21. Mistry, K. S., Sanghvi, Z., Parmar, G., and Shah, S. (2014). The Antimicrobial Activity ofAzadirachta indica, Mimusops elengi, Tinospora cardifolia, Ocimum sanctum and 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate on Common Endodontic Pathogens: An In Vitro Study. Eur. J. Dent. 8 (2), 172–177. doi:10.4103/1305-7456.130591
22. Selvaraj, K., Bharath, N., Natarajan, R., Dinesh, S., Murugesan, S., and Selvaraj, S. (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Toothpastes Containing Probiotic and Neem as Primary Ingredient on Salivary Streptococcus mutans in Melmaruvathur Population: An In Vivo Study. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 12 (Suppl. 1), S595–S600. doi:10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_209_20
23. Chandrappa, P. M., Dupper, A., Tripathi, P., Arroju, R., Sharma, P., & Sulochana, K. (2015). Antimicrobial activity of herbal medicines (tulsi extract, neem extract) and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis in Endodontics: An in vitro study. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 5(Suppl 2), S89. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.172952
24. Kalita, C., Raja, D., Saikia, A., & Saikia, A. K. (2019). Antibacterial property of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, and Vitex negundo against oral microbes. Journal of Conservative Dentistry : JCD, 22(6), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_268_19
25. Rathod, Gajendrasinh & Kotecha, Bhavika & Sharma, Rohit & Amin, Hetal & Prajapati, Pradeep. (2012). In vitro Antibacterial study of two commonly used medicinal plants in Ayurveda: Neem (Azadirachta indica L.) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.). 3. 582-586. 10.13140/2.1.3679.8086.
26. Agarwal, P., Nagesh, L., & Murlikrishnan (2010). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) extract against Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study. Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 21(3), 357–359. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.70800
27. Yanakiev, S. (2020). Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) in Dentistry: A Review. Molecules, 25(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184184
28. Hong, JW., Yang, GE., Kim, Y.B. et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon water extract in vivo and in vitro LPS-induced models. BMC Complement Altern Med 12, 237 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-237
29. Aldhaher, Zainab. (2008). The Antibacterial Activity Of Aqueous Extract Of Cinnamon And Clove Against Staphylococcus Aureus. Journal of Al-Nahrain University Science. 11. 131-135. 10.22401/JNUS.11.2.19.
30. Al-Dubooni, Ghada & Osman, Muhamed & Al-Naggar, Redhwan. (2013). Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Cinnamon and Ginger on Two Oral Pathogens Causing Dental Caries. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 4. 957-965.
31. Mitra DK, Shah PM, Shah HH, Rodrigues SV, Mehta CJ. The antiplaque efficacy of white tea extract mouthrinse. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2016;20(5):514-517. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.201697
32. Zhao, L., La, V. D., & Grenier, D. (2013). Antibacterial, antiadherence, antiprotease, and anti-inflammatory activities of various tea extracts: potential benefits for periodontal diseases. Journal of medicinal food, 16(5), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.0207
33. Paulraj J., Nagar P., Antimicrobial efficacy of triphala and propolis-modified glass ionomer cement: An in vitro study, 2020
34. Neppala G., Maiti S., Rajeshkumar S., Ganapathy D.,Antimicrobial efficacy of temporary and permanent denture soft lining material modified by titanium-dioxide nanoparticles-an in-vitro study 2020 International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Science
35. Jacob B., Malli Sureshbabu N., Ranjan M., Ranganath A., Siddique R. The Antimicrobial Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract versus Chlorhexidine in High Caries Risk Individuals Using Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Randomized Triple-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial 2021 International Journal of Dentistry 2021 : doi10.1155/2021/5563945
36. Murugaboopathy V., Saravankumar R., Mangaiyarkarasi R., Kengadaran S., Samuel S, Efficacy of marine algal extracts against oral pathogens - A systematic review 2021 Indian Journal of Dental Research
37. Jose J., Palanivelu A., Subbaiyan H, Cytotoxicity evaluation of calcium hypochlorite and other commonly used root canal irrigants against human gingival fibroblast cells: An in vitro evaluation
38. Mohapatra S., Prabakar J., Indiran M.A., Pradeep Kumar R., Sri Sakthi D., Comparison and evaluation of the retention, cariostatic effect, and discoloration of conventional clinpro 3M ESPE and hydrophilic ultraseal XT hydro among 12–15-year-old schoolchildren for a period of 6 months: A single-blind randomized clinical trial 2020 International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 13 Doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-185
Article Sidebar
Published
Jun 23, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Arthi S, Prathiba Ramani, & Rajeshkumar.S. (2023). Preparation of mouth rinse using poly herbal formulation (Neem, White tea, cinnamon and Basil) and evaluation of antimicrobial and anti inflammatory properties. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(16), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.16.023
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.