COMPREHENSIVE INSIGHTS INTO BRAIN TUMORS: CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT
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Keywords
brain tumors, primary brain tumors, secondary brain tumors, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical management, pathophysiology of brain tumors, brain tumor diagnosis
Abstract
Brain tumors, encompassing both primary and secondary types, represent a diverse group of neoplasms that can arise from various tissues within the cranium. This review explores the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, grading, and treatment modalities of brain tumors. Primary brain tumors, which can be benign or malignant, originate within the brain and vary widely in their growth patterns and invasiveness. Secondary or metastatic brain tumors spread from cancers elsewhere in the body and are more prevalent than primary tumors. Key symptoms result from localized tissue disruption and increased intracranial pressure, leading to neurological deficits.
Advances in molecular pathobiology have improved our understanding of these tumors, aiding in the identification of potential risk factors, including genetic predispositions and environmental exposures. Diagnosis primarily involves imaging techniques, such as MRI, and histopathological analysis through biopsy. Treatment strategies are tailored to the tumor’s type, grade, and location, as well as the patient’s overall health, ranging from surgical resection to radiation and chemotherapy. Recent innovations in surgical techniques and targeted therapies have significantly enhanced treatment outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of brain tumors, emphasizing current knowledge and emerging advancements in their management.
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Rizwanullah
Department of Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
Henna Patel
Department of Medicine, GMERS Hospital, Gujarat, India
Rabail Irfan
Department of Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
Waqar Khan
Department of Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
Hafiz Muhammad Irfan Razzaq
Department of Neuroscience, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences (PINS), Lahore, Pakistan
Sidra Naeem
Department of Medicine, St Mary's Imperial Healthcare Trust, London, UK
Karthiga Vasudevan
Department of Medicine, Yerevan state medical university , Yerevan ,Armenia
Shahnaz Ajmal Khan
Department of Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
Kashif Ali
Department of Medicine, Lady reading hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan
Habiba Chand
Department of Medicine, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan