Effects of alternate nostril breathing exercise on cardiac functions in healthy young adults leading a stressful lifestyle
Main Article Content
Keywords
alternate nostril, nose, breathing exercise, ANB, cardiac function, healthy young adults, Chattogram Medical College, CMC
Abstract
Alternate nostril breathing (ANB) is one of the best and easiest breathing exercises. ANB exercise has beneficial effects on cardiac function in healthy and diseased people. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of ANB exercise on cardiac physiology among healthy medical students. This was a prospective interventional study that was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram, Bangladesh, from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 100 research participants (RPs) aged 18–20 years, Year-I medical students of CMC, were selected. A simple random sampling method was adopted. The selection was done after the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The age and body mass index (BMI) of the RPs were analogous in both the control and experimental groups. Cardiac parameters, like pulse and blood pressure (BP), were measured. The initial baseline data were recorded for both groups and after 4 weeks. The research respondents of the experimental group performed ANB exercise for 4 weeks. The mean value pulse and BP were significantly (p < 0.001) changed after breathing exercise, compared to the values before the breathing exercise. The results of this study suggest that cardiac function significantly improves after the breathing exercise. Therefore, ANB can be recommended for increasing cardiac efficiency.
References
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26. Subhalakshmi NK, Saxena SK, Urmimala S, Urban JAD. Immediate effect of nadishodhana pranayama on some selected parameters of car-diovascular, pulmonary, and higher functions of brain. Thai J Phys Sci. 2005;18(2):10–16.
27. Kurmur KA, Joshi VS, Maulik S, Padlia JL, Sarvaiya JL. Effect of ten weeks’ yoga practice on pulmonary function tests. Int J Biomed adv Res. 2015;6(9):682–5. doi:10.439/ijbar
28. Agarwal D, Gupta PP, Sood S. Assessment for effi-cacy of additional breathing exercises over improvement in health impairment due to asthma assessment using St. George’s respiratory question-naire. Int J Yoga. 2017;10(3):145–51. https://doi. org/10.4103/0973-6131.213472
29. Pal GK, Velkumary S, Madanmohan S. Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in normal human volun-teers. Indian J Med Res. 2004;120:115–21.
30. Dhanvijay AD, Dhokne N, Choudhary AK, Kishanrao SS, Chandan L. Effects of alternate nostril breathing on cardiorespiratory variable in healthy young adults. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2015;6(2):1352–60.
31. Satayanand V, Reddy B, Lilly N, Mahaboobvali S, Shaik AB, Aditya M. Studying the role of yogic pranayama in the management of blood pressure. Int J Biomed Adv Res. 2014;5(12): 609–11.
32. Chintamoni DB, Bhave SN, Jankar DS. Effects of short-term pranayama on certain cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Biomed Res. 2015;6(2):83–6. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbr.v6i2.1621
33. Yadav RC. Effects of twelve weeks selected pra-nayama practice on primary high blood pres-sure patients. Eur J Pharm Med Res. 2016; 3(6):471–4.
34. Satayanand V, Reddy B, Lilly N, Mahaboobvali S, Mohan D, Salma S, et al. Effect of yoga on hyper-tension. Narayana Med J. 2016;5(1):4–11.
35. Dawson A, Beth H, Trapp RG. Research Questions About Two Separate or Independent Groups. In: Basic and clinical biostatistics, 4th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. 2004; p 155.
36. Hoque MM. Sample size calculation. ABC of research methodology and biostatistics. 2nd ed. Dhaka: ABC Publishers; 2014. p. 156.
37. Mekonnen D, Mossie A. Clinical effects of yoga on asthmatic patients: A preliminary clinical trial. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2010;20(2):107–12. https:// doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v20i2.69436
38. Jahan I, Begum M, Akhter S, Islam Z, Jahan N, Haque M. Effects of alternate nostril breathing exercise on respiratory functions in healthy young adults leading stressful lifestyle. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2020;27(1):104–14. https://doi. org/10.15586/jptcp.v27i1.668
39. Dhungel KU, Malhotra V, Sarkar D, Prajapati R. Effect of alternate nostril breathing exercise on cardiorespiratory functions. Nepal Med Coll J. 2008;10(1):25–7.
40. Gupta V, Singh Y, Vikramaditya B, Singh H. Immediate effect of “Nadi-Shodhana Pranayam” on some selected parameters of cardiorespiratory and mental efficiency. J Curr Trends Clin Med Laborat Biochem. 2014;2(3):12–15.
41. Shrivastava RD, Nidhi J, Singhal A. Influence of alternate nostril breathing on cardiorespira-tory and autonomic functions in healthy young adults. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(4): 475–83.
42. Singh S, Gaurav V, Parkash V. Effects of a 6-week nadi-shodhana pranayama training on cardio-pulmonary parameters. J Phys Educ Sports Manage. 2011;2(4):44–7.
43. Telles S, Yadav A, Kumar N, Sharma S, Visweswaraiah NK, Balkrishna A. Blood pressure and Purdue pegboard scores in individuals with hypertension after alternate nostril breathing, breath awareness, and no intervention. Med Sci Monit. 2013;19:61–6. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM. 883743
44. Upadhyay-Dhungel K, Sohal A. Physiology of nostril breathing exercises and its probable rela-tion with nostril and cerebral dominance: A theo-retical research on literature. Janaki Med Coll J Med Sci. 2013;1(1):38–47. https://doi.org/10.3126/ jmcjms.v1i1.7885
45. Gupta A, Gupta R, Sood S, Akram M. Pranayama for treatment of chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease: Results from a random-ized controlled trial. Integr Med. 2014;13(1): 26–31.
46. Isac S, Indu KM. Effectiveness of breathing exer-cises on hypertension among patients with chronic renal failure. Int J Med Health Prof Res. 2016;3(1):25–30.
47. Tarunker AV, Jain S, Patel SB, Sinha SR, Joshi AD, Vallish BN, et al. Effects of slow breathing exercise on cardiovascular functions, pulmonary functions & galvanic skin resistance in healthy human volunteers-a pilot study. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137(5):916–21.
2. Biswas S, Biswas P, Sayyad R, Eliyaraju A, Yadav PK, Kar SK. Effect of forty days of pranayama training on cardiorespiratory parameters. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res. 2014;3(4): 196–202.
3. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. The Global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk fac-tors in 1990 and projected to 2020. [cited 2019 Feb 11]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/ handle/10665/41864
4. Pal GK, Agarwal A, Karthik S, Pal P, Nanda N. Slow yogic breathing through right and left nostril influences sympathovagal balance, heart rate vari-ability, and cardiovascular risks in young adults. N Am J Med Sci. 2014;6(3):145–51. https://doi. org/10.4103/1947-2714.128477
5. Koly KN, Biswas T, Islam A. Increasing preva-lence of hypertension in Bangladesh: A review. Cardiovasc J. 2015;8(1):59–64. https://doi. org/10.3329/cardio.v8i1.24771
6. Doijad VP, Kamble P, Surdi AD. Effect of yogic exercises on aerobic capacity. Int J Recent Trend Tech. 2013;6(3):119–21. https://doi.org/10.5958/ j.2320-608X.1.2.010
7. Yadav RK, Das S. Effect of yogic practice on pul-monary functions in young females. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001;45(4):493–6.
8. Chethan K, Devaraju MR. A study on effect of nadi-shodhana pranayama on cardiac parame-ters. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res. 2016; 6(1):484–7.
9. Bal BS. Impact of short-term training of Anulom Vilom (Alternate nostril breathing) on respiratory parameters. Am J Sports Sci Med. 2015;3(1):9– 14. https://doi.org/10.269/ajssm-3-1-2
10. Chakraborti T, Das K, Samajdar K. Effect of yogic exercise on selected pulmonary function tests in apparently healthy elderly subjects. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2013;9(1):1–5. https://doi. org/10.9790/0853-0910105
11. Ma X, Yue ZQ, Gong ZQ, Zhang H, Zhang H, Duan NY, et al. The effect of diaphragmatic breathing on attention, negative affect, and stress in healthy adults. Front Psychol. 2017;8(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874
12. Singh S, Katwal B, Panta PP. Slow and deep breathing exercise (Pranayama) for a stress-free life amongst medical students. Int J Res Rev. 2017;4(7):67–72.
13. Nail GS, Gaur GS, Pal GK. Effect of modi-fied slow breathing exercise on perceived stress and basal cardiovascular parameters. Int J Yoga. 2018;11(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.4103/ ijoy.IJOY_41_16
14. Tells S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra R. Breathing through a particular nostril can alter metabolism and autonomic activities. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994;38(2):133–7.
15. Young MS, Lee YS, Lee HY. Effects of breathing exercise on resting metabolic rate and maximal oxygen uptake. J Phys Ther Sci. 2018;30(1): 1173–5. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.1173
16. Shende V, Waghmore S, Pawar S, Kashalikar S. Effect of pranayama on blood glucose level in medical students: A case-control study. Int J Res Health Sci. 2013;1(3):209–12.
17. Manjunatha S, Vempati RP, Ghosh RD, Bijlani RD. An investigation into the acute and long-term effects of selected yogic postures on fasting and postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in healthy young subjects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(3):319–24.
18. Surendra BV, Hariprasad T. Effect of pran-ayama and yogasanas on lipid profile in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Biomed Res. 2016;2(3):13–16.
19. Chanda R, Sanjjev R, Rahul V, Mahapatra SP. Biochemical modulation in regular practice of yoga in young, healthy medical students. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2017;6(2):617–28. https://doi. org/10.20959/wjpps201712-10520
20. Shantakumari N, Sequeira S, Deeb RE. Effects of yoga intervention on lipid profiles of diabetes patients with dyslipidemia. Indian Heart J. 2013;65(1):127–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj. 2013.02.010
21. Villemure C, Ceko M, Cotton VA, Bushnell MC. Neuroprotective effects of yoga practice: Age, experience, and frequency-dependent plasticity. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9(2):1–12. https://doi. org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00281
22. Subramanya P, Telles S. Effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on memory scores and state anxiety. Biopsychosoc Med. 2009;1(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-3-8
23. Yadav G, Mutha PK. Deep breathing practice facilitates retention of newly learned motor skills. Nat Sci Rep. 2016;1(2):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ srep37069
24. Berri K. Breathing to younger skin: “Reversing the molecular mechanism of skin aging with yoga.” Future Sci OA. 2016;2(2):10–24. https:// doi.org/10.4155/fsoa-2016-0015
25. Sharma H, Datta P, Singh A, Sen S, Bhardwaj NK, Kochupillai V, et al. Gene expression profil-ing in practitioners of Sudarshan Kriya. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(1):213–8. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.07.003
26. Subhalakshmi NK, Saxena SK, Urmimala S, Urban JAD. Immediate effect of nadishodhana pranayama on some selected parameters of car-diovascular, pulmonary, and higher functions of brain. Thai J Phys Sci. 2005;18(2):10–16.
27. Kurmur KA, Joshi VS, Maulik S, Padlia JL, Sarvaiya JL. Effect of ten weeks’ yoga practice on pulmonary function tests. Int J Biomed adv Res. 2015;6(9):682–5. doi:10.439/ijbar
28. Agarwal D, Gupta PP, Sood S. Assessment for effi-cacy of additional breathing exercises over improvement in health impairment due to asthma assessment using St. George’s respiratory question-naire. Int J Yoga. 2017;10(3):145–51. https://doi. org/10.4103/0973-6131.213472
29. Pal GK, Velkumary S, Madanmohan S. Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in normal human volun-teers. Indian J Med Res. 2004;120:115–21.
30. Dhanvijay AD, Dhokne N, Choudhary AK, Kishanrao SS, Chandan L. Effects of alternate nostril breathing on cardiorespiratory variable in healthy young adults. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2015;6(2):1352–60.
31. Satayanand V, Reddy B, Lilly N, Mahaboobvali S, Shaik AB, Aditya M. Studying the role of yogic pranayama in the management of blood pressure. Int J Biomed Adv Res. 2014;5(12): 609–11.
32. Chintamoni DB, Bhave SN, Jankar DS. Effects of short-term pranayama on certain cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Biomed Res. 2015;6(2):83–6. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbr.v6i2.1621
33. Yadav RC. Effects of twelve weeks selected pra-nayama practice on primary high blood pres-sure patients. Eur J Pharm Med Res. 2016; 3(6):471–4.
34. Satayanand V, Reddy B, Lilly N, Mahaboobvali S, Mohan D, Salma S, et al. Effect of yoga on hyper-tension. Narayana Med J. 2016;5(1):4–11.
35. Dawson A, Beth H, Trapp RG. Research Questions About Two Separate or Independent Groups. In: Basic and clinical biostatistics, 4th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. 2004; p 155.
36. Hoque MM. Sample size calculation. ABC of research methodology and biostatistics. 2nd ed. Dhaka: ABC Publishers; 2014. p. 156.
37. Mekonnen D, Mossie A. Clinical effects of yoga on asthmatic patients: A preliminary clinical trial. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2010;20(2):107–12. https:// doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v20i2.69436
38. Jahan I, Begum M, Akhter S, Islam Z, Jahan N, Haque M. Effects of alternate nostril breathing exercise on respiratory functions in healthy young adults leading stressful lifestyle. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2020;27(1):104–14. https://doi. org/10.15586/jptcp.v27i1.668
39. Dhungel KU, Malhotra V, Sarkar D, Prajapati R. Effect of alternate nostril breathing exercise on cardiorespiratory functions. Nepal Med Coll J. 2008;10(1):25–7.
40. Gupta V, Singh Y, Vikramaditya B, Singh H. Immediate effect of “Nadi-Shodhana Pranayam” on some selected parameters of cardiorespiratory and mental efficiency. J Curr Trends Clin Med Laborat Biochem. 2014;2(3):12–15.
41. Shrivastava RD, Nidhi J, Singhal A. Influence of alternate nostril breathing on cardiorespira-tory and autonomic functions in healthy young adults. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(4): 475–83.
42. Singh S, Gaurav V, Parkash V. Effects of a 6-week nadi-shodhana pranayama training on cardio-pulmonary parameters. J Phys Educ Sports Manage. 2011;2(4):44–7.
43. Telles S, Yadav A, Kumar N, Sharma S, Visweswaraiah NK, Balkrishna A. Blood pressure and Purdue pegboard scores in individuals with hypertension after alternate nostril breathing, breath awareness, and no intervention. Med Sci Monit. 2013;19:61–6. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM. 883743
44. Upadhyay-Dhungel K, Sohal A. Physiology of nostril breathing exercises and its probable rela-tion with nostril and cerebral dominance: A theo-retical research on literature. Janaki Med Coll J Med Sci. 2013;1(1):38–47. https://doi.org/10.3126/ jmcjms.v1i1.7885
45. Gupta A, Gupta R, Sood S, Akram M. Pranayama for treatment of chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease: Results from a random-ized controlled trial. Integr Med. 2014;13(1): 26–31.
46. Isac S, Indu KM. Effectiveness of breathing exer-cises on hypertension among patients with chronic renal failure. Int J Med Health Prof Res. 2016;3(1):25–30.
47. Tarunker AV, Jain S, Patel SB, Sinha SR, Joshi AD, Vallish BN, et al. Effects of slow breathing exercise on cardiovascular functions, pulmonary functions & galvanic skin resistance in healthy human volunteers-a pilot study. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137(5):916–21.
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Jun 11, 2020
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Jahan, I., Begum, M., Akhter, S., Islam, Z., Haque, M., & Jahan, N. (2020). Effects of alternate nostril breathing exercise on cardiac functions in healthy young adults leading a stressful lifestyle. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 27(2), e68-e77. https://doi.org/10.15586/jptcp.v27i2.675
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Author Biographies
Iffat Jahan, Department of Physiology, Eastern Medical College, Cumilla, Bangladesh.
Assistant Professor,
Momtaz Begum, Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
Professor, and Head,
Shahin Akhter, Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
Assistant Professor,
Zakirul Islam, Department of Pharmacology, Eastern Medical College, Cumilla, Bangladesh.
Professor, and Head,
Nusrat Jahan, Department of Internal Medicine, United Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Junior Consultant,