Effects of alternate nostril breathing exercise on respiratory functions in healthy young adults leading stressful lifestyle
Main Article Content
Keywords
alternate nostril, nose, breathing exercise, yoga, pranayama, respiratory function, healthy young adults
Abstract
Alternate nostril breathing (ANB) is one of the best and easiest breathing exercises (pranayama) of yoga that are good for health and physical fitness. ANB exercise has beneficial and therapeutic effects on respiratory function in both normal as well as diseased humans. This study was conducted with the objective of assessing the physiological effects of short-term ANB exercise on respiratory function in healthy adult individuals leading a stressful life. This prospective interventional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram, Bangladesh from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 100 participants aged 18–20 years, studying in the first year in CMC, were included by using a simple random sampling method. Among them, 50 participants were enrolled in the experimental group. Age- and BMI-matched 50 participants constituted the control group. Height, weight were measured, and BMI was calculated. The participants of the experimental group performed ANB exercise over 4 weeks for 10 min/day. The control participants were neither trained nor allowed to practice nostril breathing during the whole study period. Respiratory parameters like forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured by using a digital spirometer (Chest graph HI-101, Japan). Readings were taken in a healthy upright sitting posture in the control and experimental group initially and after 4 weeks. Student’s t-test was conducted by using SPSS for windows version-23. The mean value of FVC, FEV1, PEFR were significantly (P < 0.001) changed after the ANB exercise when compared to the values before breathing exercise. The results of this study suggest that respiratory function is significantly improved after the ANB exercise. Therefore, ANB can be recommended for increasing respiratory efficiency.
References
1. Sharma KK, Udayakumara K, Thirmaleshwara PH, Ajithesha NH. Effect of yoga therapy on lung functions in respiratory disorder subjects. Euro Sci J. 2014;10(6):102–8.
2. Biswas S, Biswas P, Sayyad R, Eliyaraju A, Yadav PK, Kar SK. Effect of forty days of pra-nayama training on cardiorespiratory parame-ters. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res. 2014;3(4): 196–202.
3. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk fac-tors in 1990 and projected to 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 11]. Available from: https://apps. who.int/iris/handle/10665/41864
4. Hassan MR, Bennoor KS, Rahman F, et al. Prevalence of asthma in highly polluted Dhaka city and low polluted coastal area of Bangladesh. Indian J Allergy Asthma Immun. 2005;19(2): 85–92.
5. Alam DS, Chowdhury AH, Sidddique AT, Ahmed S, Clemens JD. Prevalence and determinants of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Bangladesh. J Chronic Obstructive Pulmo Dis. 2015;2(1):1–11.
6. Doijad VP, Kamble P, Surdi AD. Effect of yogic exercises on aerobic capacity. Int J Recent Trend Tech. 2013;6(3):119–21. https://doi.org/10.5958/ j.2320-608X.1.2.010
7. Yadav RK, Das S. Effect of yogic practice on pulmonary functions in young females. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001;45(4):493–6.
8. Chethan K, Devaraju MR. A study on effect of nadi-shodhana pranayama on cardiac parame-ters. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res. 2016;6(1): 484–7.
9. Bal BS. Impact of short-term training of anulom vilom (alternate nostril breathing) on respiratory parameters. Am J Sports Sci Med. 2015;3(1): 9–14. https://doi.org/10.269/ajssm-3-1-2
10. Subhalakshmi NK, Saxena SK, Urmimala S, Urban JAD. Immediate effect of nadishodhana pranayama on some selected parameters of car-diovascular, pulmonary, and higher functions of brain. Thai J Physic Sci. 2005;18(2):10–16 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: h t t p s : / / w w w . r e s e a r c h g a t e . n e t / publication/24273802
11. Karmur KA, Joshi VS, Maulik S, Padlia JL, Sarvaiya JL. Effect of ten weeks of yoga practice on pulmonary function tests. Int J Biomed Adv Res. 2015;6(9):682–5. https://doi.org/10.439/ ijbar
12. Pal GK, Agarwal A, Karthik S, Pal P, Nanda N. Slow yogic breathing through right and left nostril influences sympathovagal balance, heart rate vari-ability, and cardiovascular risks in young adults. N Am J Med Sci. 2014;6(3):145–51. https://doi. org/10.4103/1947-2714.128477
13. Chakraborti T, Das K, Samajdar K. Effect of yogic exercise on selected pulmonary function tests in apparently healthy elderly subjects. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2013;9(1):1–5. https://doi.org/ 10.9790/0853-0910105
14. Ma X, Yue ZQ, Gong ZQ, Zhang H, Zhang H, Duan NY, et al. The effect of diaphragmatic breathing on attention, negative affect, and stress in healthy adults. Frontiers Psych. 2017;8(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874
15. Singh S, Katwal B, Panta PP. Slow and deep breathing exercise (pranayama) for a stress-free life amongst medical students. Int J Res Rev. 2017;4(7):67–72.
16. Naik GS, Gaur GS, Pal GK. Effect of modified slow breathing exercise on perceived stress and basal cardiovascular parameters. Int J Yoga. 2018;11(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoy.IJOY _41_16
17. Telles S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra R. Breathing through a nostril can alter metabolism and auto-nomic activities. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994;38(2):133–7.
18. Young MS, Lee YS, Lee HY. Effects of breathing exercise on resting metabolic rate and maximal oxygen uptake. J Physic Ther Sci. 2018;30(1): 1173–1175. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.1173
19. Shende V, Waghmore S, Pawar S, Kashalikar S. Effect of pranayama on blood glucose level in medical students: A case-control study. Int J Res Health Sci. 2013;1(3):209–12.
20. Manjunatha S, Vempati RP, Ghosh RD, Bijlani RD. An investigation into the acute and long-term effects of selected yogic postures on fasting and postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in healthy young subjects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(3):319–24.
21. Surendra BV, Hariprasad T. Effect of pranayama and yogasanas on lipid profile in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Biomed Res. 2016;2(3): 13–16.
22. Chanda R, Sanjjev R, Rahul V, Mahapatra SP. Biochemical modulation in regular practice of yoga in young, healthy medical students. World J Pharmacy Pharmaceut Sci. 2017 Nov;6(2):617–28. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps201712-10520
23. Shantakumari N, Sequeira S, Deeb RE. Effects of yoga intervention on lipid profiles of diabetes patients with dyslipidemia. Indian Heart J. 2013;65(1):127–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj. 2013.02.010
24. Villemure C, Ceko M, Cotton VA, Bushnell MC. Neuroprotective effects of yoga practice: Age, experience, and frequency-dependent plasticity. Frontiers Human Neurosci. 2015;9(2):1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00281
25. Subramanya P, Telles S. Effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on memory scores and state anxiety. Biopsychosoc Medi. 2009;1(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.186/1751-0759-3-8
26. Yadav G, Mutha PK. Deep breathing practice facilitates retention of newly learned motor skills. Nature Sci Rep. 2016;1(2):1–8. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/srep37069
27. Berri K. Breathing to younger skIn: ‘Reversing the molecular mechanism of skin aging with yoga.’ Future Sci OA. 2016;2(2):10–24 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: http://creative-commons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
28. Sharma H, Datta P, Singh A, Sen S, Bhardwaj NK, Kochupillai V, et al. Gene expression profil-ing in practitioners of sudarshan kriya. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(1):213–18. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.07.003
29. Pal GK, Velkumary S, Madanmohan S. Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in normal human volun-teers. Indian J Med Res. 2004;120:115–21.
30. Yadav RC. Effects of twelve weeks selected pran-ayama practice on primary high blood pressure patients. Euro J Pharmaceut Med Res. 2016;3(6): 471–4 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: www.ejpmr.com
31. Satyanand V, Kumar GPV, Ram NB, Mohanan D, Basha SA, Kumari BP. Study effect of two breathing techniques on pulmonary function in asthma. Int J Biomed Adv Res. 2014;5(8):510–12. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbr
32. Candy S, Singh S, Dandona PK. A study of the effect of yoga training on pulmonary functions in patients with bronchial asthma. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;53(2):169–74 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: http://researchgate. net/publication/41187666
33. Thirupathi C, Ananda SK. Effect of yoga exercise on pulmonary function in young medical students. Int J Medical Res Health Sci. 2016;5(11):341–3 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: www.ijmrhs.com
34. Dhanvijay AD, Dhokne N, Choudhary AK, Kishanrao SS, Chandan L. Effects of alternate nostril breathing on cardiorespiratory variable in healthy young adults. Int J Pharmacy Biol Sci. 2015;6(2):1352–60 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: www.ijpbs.net
35. Makwana K, Khirwadkar N, Gupta HC. Effect of short-term yoga practice on ventilator function tests. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol. 1988;32(1):202–8.
36. Karthik S, Chandrashekhar M, Ambareesha S, Nikhil C. Effect of pranayama and suryanam-askar on pulmonary functions in medical stu-dents. J Clin Diag Res. 2014;8(12):4–6. https://doi. org/10.7860/CDR/2014/10281.5344
37. Steps of Alternate Nostril Breathing (ANB) exer-cise [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: www.medscapeonline.org
38. Chanarivut R, Khaidjapho K, Jaree P, Prongnaratorn P. Yoga exercise increases chest wall expansion and lung volumes in young, healthy Thais. Thai J Physiol Sci. 2006;19(1):1–7.
39. Madanmohan S, Jatiya L, Udupa K, Bhavani AB. Effect of yoga training on handgrip, respiratory pressures, and pulmonary function. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;47(4):387–92.
40. Doijad VP, Surdi AD. Effect of short-term yoga practice on pulmonary function tests. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res. 2012;3(1):226–30 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: www.ijbamr. com
41. Gupta A, Gupta R, Sood S, Akram M. Pranayama for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Integrat Med. 2014;13(1):26–31.
42. Joshi LN, Joshi VD, Gokhale LV. Effect of short term ‘pranayam’ practice on breathing rate and ventilatory functions of lung. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992;36(2):105–8.
43. Dhungel KU, Malhotra V, Sarkar D, Prajapati R. Effect of alternate nostril breathing exercise on cardiorespiratory functions. Nepal Med Coll J. 2008;10(1):25–7.
44. Garg S, Chandla S. Effect of nadi shodhan pran-ayama on pulmonary functions. Int J Health Sci Res. 2016;6(4):192–6 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: www.ijhsr.org
45. Shankarappa V, Prashanth P, Annamalai N, Varunmalhotra S. The short-term effect of pranayama on the lung parameters. J Clin Diag Res. 2012;6(1):27–30.
46. Kumar K. Significance of nadi sodhan and kapal-bhati on forced ventilation capacity (FVC), maxi-mum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Indian J Trad Knowl. 2013;12 (2):342–5 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.research-gate.net/publication/236119184
47. Bal SB. Effect of anulom vilom and bhastrika pranayama on the vital capacity and maximal ventilatory volume. J Physic Educ Sport Manage. 2010;1(1):11–15 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.acadjourn.org/jpesm
48. Panwar S, Chourishi A, Makwana J. Effect of pranayama (yoga) on pulmonary function test of young, healthy students. Int J Pharmac Biol Sci. 2012;3(4):12–16 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: www.ijpbs.net
49. Surendra BV, Chidri SV. Impact of short-term yogic practice over ventilator functions in healthy individuals. Int J Healthcare Biomed Res. 2014;2(3):140–6 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: ijhbr.com
50. Sivapriya DV, Suba-Malani S, Thirumeni S. Effect of nadi shodhana pranayama on respiratory parameters in school students. Rec Res Sci Tech. 2010;2(11):32–9.
51. Ankad RB, Ankad BS, Anita H, Shailaja P, Surekharani C, Shashikala GV. Effect of short-term pranayama and meditation on respiratory parameters in healthy individuals. Int J Collab Res Intern Med Pub Health. 2011;3(6):10–14.
52. Singh S, Gaurav V, Parkash V. Effects of a 6-week nadi-shodhana pranayama training on car-dio-pulmonary parameters. J Physic Educ Sports Manage. 2011;2(4):44–47.
53. Dullo P, Vedi N, Gupta U. Improvement in respi-ratory functions after alternate nostril breathing in healthy young adults. Pakistan J Physiol. 2008;4(2):15–16.
54. Raghavendra P, Shetty P, Shetty S, Manjunath NK, Saoji AA. Effect of high-frequency yoga breathing on pulmonary functions in patients with asthma: A randomized clinical trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016;117(5):550– 551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.08.009
55. Gupta V, Singh Y, Vikramaditya B, Singh H. Immediate effect of “nadi-shodhana pranayam” on some selected parameters of cardiorespiratory and mental efficiency. J Curr Trends Clin Med Laborat Biochem. 2014;2(3):12–15.
56. Shrivastava RD, Nidhi J, Singhal A. Influence of alternate nostril breathing on cardiorespiratory and autonomic functions in healthy young adults. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(4): 475–83.
57. Saoji AA, Raghavendra BR, Manjunath NK. Effects of yogic breath regulation: A narrative review of scientific evidence. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019;10(1):50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaim.2017.07.008
58. Dinesh T, Gaur G, Sharma VK, Madanmohan T, Kumar KTH, Bhavani AB. Comparative effect of 12 weeks of slow and fast pranayama training on pulmonary function in young, healthy volunteers: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga. 2015;8(1):22–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/ 0973-6131.146051
59. Tarunker AV, Jain S, Patel SB, Sinha SR, Joshi AD, Vallish BN, et al. Effects of slow breathing exercise on cardiovascular functions, pulmonary functions & galvanic skin resistance in healthy human volunteers-a pilot study. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137(5):916–21.
2. Biswas S, Biswas P, Sayyad R, Eliyaraju A, Yadav PK, Kar SK. Effect of forty days of pra-nayama training on cardiorespiratory parame-ters. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res. 2014;3(4): 196–202.
3. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk fac-tors in 1990 and projected to 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 11]. Available from: https://apps. who.int/iris/handle/10665/41864
4. Hassan MR, Bennoor KS, Rahman F, et al. Prevalence of asthma in highly polluted Dhaka city and low polluted coastal area of Bangladesh. Indian J Allergy Asthma Immun. 2005;19(2): 85–92.
5. Alam DS, Chowdhury AH, Sidddique AT, Ahmed S, Clemens JD. Prevalence and determinants of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Bangladesh. J Chronic Obstructive Pulmo Dis. 2015;2(1):1–11.
6. Doijad VP, Kamble P, Surdi AD. Effect of yogic exercises on aerobic capacity. Int J Recent Trend Tech. 2013;6(3):119–21. https://doi.org/10.5958/ j.2320-608X.1.2.010
7. Yadav RK, Das S. Effect of yogic practice on pulmonary functions in young females. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001;45(4):493–6.
8. Chethan K, Devaraju MR. A study on effect of nadi-shodhana pranayama on cardiac parame-ters. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res. 2016;6(1): 484–7.
9. Bal BS. Impact of short-term training of anulom vilom (alternate nostril breathing) on respiratory parameters. Am J Sports Sci Med. 2015;3(1): 9–14. https://doi.org/10.269/ajssm-3-1-2
10. Subhalakshmi NK, Saxena SK, Urmimala S, Urban JAD. Immediate effect of nadishodhana pranayama on some selected parameters of car-diovascular, pulmonary, and higher functions of brain. Thai J Physic Sci. 2005;18(2):10–16 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: h t t p s : / / w w w . r e s e a r c h g a t e . n e t / publication/24273802
11. Karmur KA, Joshi VS, Maulik S, Padlia JL, Sarvaiya JL. Effect of ten weeks of yoga practice on pulmonary function tests. Int J Biomed Adv Res. 2015;6(9):682–5. https://doi.org/10.439/ ijbar
12. Pal GK, Agarwal A, Karthik S, Pal P, Nanda N. Slow yogic breathing through right and left nostril influences sympathovagal balance, heart rate vari-ability, and cardiovascular risks in young adults. N Am J Med Sci. 2014;6(3):145–51. https://doi. org/10.4103/1947-2714.128477
13. Chakraborti T, Das K, Samajdar K. Effect of yogic exercise on selected pulmonary function tests in apparently healthy elderly subjects. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2013;9(1):1–5. https://doi.org/ 10.9790/0853-0910105
14. Ma X, Yue ZQ, Gong ZQ, Zhang H, Zhang H, Duan NY, et al. The effect of diaphragmatic breathing on attention, negative affect, and stress in healthy adults. Frontiers Psych. 2017;8(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874
15. Singh S, Katwal B, Panta PP. Slow and deep breathing exercise (pranayama) for a stress-free life amongst medical students. Int J Res Rev. 2017;4(7):67–72.
16. Naik GS, Gaur GS, Pal GK. Effect of modified slow breathing exercise on perceived stress and basal cardiovascular parameters. Int J Yoga. 2018;11(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoy.IJOY _41_16
17. Telles S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra R. Breathing through a nostril can alter metabolism and auto-nomic activities. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994;38(2):133–7.
18. Young MS, Lee YS, Lee HY. Effects of breathing exercise on resting metabolic rate and maximal oxygen uptake. J Physic Ther Sci. 2018;30(1): 1173–1175. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.1173
19. Shende V, Waghmore S, Pawar S, Kashalikar S. Effect of pranayama on blood glucose level in medical students: A case-control study. Int J Res Health Sci. 2013;1(3):209–12.
20. Manjunatha S, Vempati RP, Ghosh RD, Bijlani RD. An investigation into the acute and long-term effects of selected yogic postures on fasting and postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in healthy young subjects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(3):319–24.
21. Surendra BV, Hariprasad T. Effect of pranayama and yogasanas on lipid profile in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Biomed Res. 2016;2(3): 13–16.
22. Chanda R, Sanjjev R, Rahul V, Mahapatra SP. Biochemical modulation in regular practice of yoga in young, healthy medical students. World J Pharmacy Pharmaceut Sci. 2017 Nov;6(2):617–28. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps201712-10520
23. Shantakumari N, Sequeira S, Deeb RE. Effects of yoga intervention on lipid profiles of diabetes patients with dyslipidemia. Indian Heart J. 2013;65(1):127–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj. 2013.02.010
24. Villemure C, Ceko M, Cotton VA, Bushnell MC. Neuroprotective effects of yoga practice: Age, experience, and frequency-dependent plasticity. Frontiers Human Neurosci. 2015;9(2):1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00281
25. Subramanya P, Telles S. Effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on memory scores and state anxiety. Biopsychosoc Medi. 2009;1(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.186/1751-0759-3-8
26. Yadav G, Mutha PK. Deep breathing practice facilitates retention of newly learned motor skills. Nature Sci Rep. 2016;1(2):1–8. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/srep37069
27. Berri K. Breathing to younger skIn: ‘Reversing the molecular mechanism of skin aging with yoga.’ Future Sci OA. 2016;2(2):10–24 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: http://creative-commons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
28. Sharma H, Datta P, Singh A, Sen S, Bhardwaj NK, Kochupillai V, et al. Gene expression profil-ing in practitioners of sudarshan kriya. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(1):213–18. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.07.003
29. Pal GK, Velkumary S, Madanmohan S. Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in normal human volun-teers. Indian J Med Res. 2004;120:115–21.
30. Yadav RC. Effects of twelve weeks selected pran-ayama practice on primary high blood pressure patients. Euro J Pharmaceut Med Res. 2016;3(6): 471–4 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: www.ejpmr.com
31. Satyanand V, Kumar GPV, Ram NB, Mohanan D, Basha SA, Kumari BP. Study effect of two breathing techniques on pulmonary function in asthma. Int J Biomed Adv Res. 2014;5(8):510–12. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbr
32. Candy S, Singh S, Dandona PK. A study of the effect of yoga training on pulmonary functions in patients with bronchial asthma. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;53(2):169–74 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: http://researchgate. net/publication/41187666
33. Thirupathi C, Ananda SK. Effect of yoga exercise on pulmonary function in young medical students. Int J Medical Res Health Sci. 2016;5(11):341–3 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: www.ijmrhs.com
34. Dhanvijay AD, Dhokne N, Choudhary AK, Kishanrao SS, Chandan L. Effects of alternate nostril breathing on cardiorespiratory variable in healthy young adults. Int J Pharmacy Biol Sci. 2015;6(2):1352–60 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: www.ijpbs.net
35. Makwana K, Khirwadkar N, Gupta HC. Effect of short-term yoga practice on ventilator function tests. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol. 1988;32(1):202–8.
36. Karthik S, Chandrashekhar M, Ambareesha S, Nikhil C. Effect of pranayama and suryanam-askar on pulmonary functions in medical stu-dents. J Clin Diag Res. 2014;8(12):4–6. https://doi. org/10.7860/CDR/2014/10281.5344
37. Steps of Alternate Nostril Breathing (ANB) exer-cise [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: www.medscapeonline.org
38. Chanarivut R, Khaidjapho K, Jaree P, Prongnaratorn P. Yoga exercise increases chest wall expansion and lung volumes in young, healthy Thais. Thai J Physiol Sci. 2006;19(1):1–7.
39. Madanmohan S, Jatiya L, Udupa K, Bhavani AB. Effect of yoga training on handgrip, respiratory pressures, and pulmonary function. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;47(4):387–92.
40. Doijad VP, Surdi AD. Effect of short-term yoga practice on pulmonary function tests. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res. 2012;3(1):226–30 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: www.ijbamr. com
41. Gupta A, Gupta R, Sood S, Akram M. Pranayama for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Integrat Med. 2014;13(1):26–31.
42. Joshi LN, Joshi VD, Gokhale LV. Effect of short term ‘pranayam’ practice on breathing rate and ventilatory functions of lung. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992;36(2):105–8.
43. Dhungel KU, Malhotra V, Sarkar D, Prajapati R. Effect of alternate nostril breathing exercise on cardiorespiratory functions. Nepal Med Coll J. 2008;10(1):25–7.
44. Garg S, Chandla S. Effect of nadi shodhan pran-ayama on pulmonary functions. Int J Health Sci Res. 2016;6(4):192–6 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: www.ijhsr.org
45. Shankarappa V, Prashanth P, Annamalai N, Varunmalhotra S. The short-term effect of pranayama on the lung parameters. J Clin Diag Res. 2012;6(1):27–30.
46. Kumar K. Significance of nadi sodhan and kapal-bhati on forced ventilation capacity (FVC), maxi-mum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Indian J Trad Knowl. 2013;12 (2):342–5 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.research-gate.net/publication/236119184
47. Bal SB. Effect of anulom vilom and bhastrika pranayama on the vital capacity and maximal ventilatory volume. J Physic Educ Sport Manage. 2010;1(1):11–15 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.acadjourn.org/jpesm
48. Panwar S, Chourishi A, Makwana J. Effect of pranayama (yoga) on pulmonary function test of young, healthy students. Int J Pharmac Biol Sci. 2012;3(4):12–16 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: www.ijpbs.net
49. Surendra BV, Chidri SV. Impact of short-term yogic practice over ventilator functions in healthy individuals. Int J Healthcare Biomed Res. 2014;2(3):140–6 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 10]. Available from: ijhbr.com
50. Sivapriya DV, Suba-Malani S, Thirumeni S. Effect of nadi shodhana pranayama on respiratory parameters in school students. Rec Res Sci Tech. 2010;2(11):32–9.
51. Ankad RB, Ankad BS, Anita H, Shailaja P, Surekharani C, Shashikala GV. Effect of short-term pranayama and meditation on respiratory parameters in healthy individuals. Int J Collab Res Intern Med Pub Health. 2011;3(6):10–14.
52. Singh S, Gaurav V, Parkash V. Effects of a 6-week nadi-shodhana pranayama training on car-dio-pulmonary parameters. J Physic Educ Sports Manage. 2011;2(4):44–47.
53. Dullo P, Vedi N, Gupta U. Improvement in respi-ratory functions after alternate nostril breathing in healthy young adults. Pakistan J Physiol. 2008;4(2):15–16.
54. Raghavendra P, Shetty P, Shetty S, Manjunath NK, Saoji AA. Effect of high-frequency yoga breathing on pulmonary functions in patients with asthma: A randomized clinical trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016;117(5):550– 551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.08.009
55. Gupta V, Singh Y, Vikramaditya B, Singh H. Immediate effect of “nadi-shodhana pranayam” on some selected parameters of cardiorespiratory and mental efficiency. J Curr Trends Clin Med Laborat Biochem. 2014;2(3):12–15.
56. Shrivastava RD, Nidhi J, Singhal A. Influence of alternate nostril breathing on cardiorespiratory and autonomic functions in healthy young adults. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(4): 475–83.
57. Saoji AA, Raghavendra BR, Manjunath NK. Effects of yogic breath regulation: A narrative review of scientific evidence. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019;10(1):50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaim.2017.07.008
58. Dinesh T, Gaur G, Sharma VK, Madanmohan T, Kumar KTH, Bhavani AB. Comparative effect of 12 weeks of slow and fast pranayama training on pulmonary function in young, healthy volunteers: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga. 2015;8(1):22–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/ 0973-6131.146051
59. Tarunker AV, Jain S, Patel SB, Sinha SR, Joshi AD, Vallish BN, et al. Effects of slow breathing exercise on cardiovascular functions, pulmonary functions & galvanic skin resistance in healthy human volunteers-a pilot study. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137(5):916–21.
Article Sidebar
Published
Mar 19, 2020
Article Details
How to Cite
Jahan, I. ., Begum, M. ., Akhter, S. ., Islam, M. Z., Jahan, N. ., & Haque, M. (2020). Effects of alternate nostril breathing exercise on respiratory functions in healthy young adults leading stressful lifestyle. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 27(1), e104-e114. https://doi.org/10.15586/jptcp.v27i1.668
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Iffat Jahan, Department of Physiology, Southern Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
Assistant Professor,
Momtaz Begum, Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
Professor, and Head,
Shahin Akhter, Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
Assistant Professor,
Md. Zakirul Islam, Department of Pharmacology, Eastern Medical College, Cumilla, Bangladesh.
- Professor, and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Eastern Medical College, Cumilla, Bangladesh.
Nusrat Jahan, Department of Internal Medicine, United Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Junior Consultant,