VITAMIN B COMPLEX AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION
Main Article Content
Keywords
Vitamin B6, Anxiety, Depression, Vitamin B12. Neural influences.
Abstract
Background: In the metabolic processes, the Vitamin B complex including B6 and B12 play a vital role like increasing the neural inhibition and decrease excitation.
Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of essential vitamin, vitamin B And its association it’s like logical disorders like anxiety and depression.
Data source: The database of Google scholar and PubMed were searched for relevant articles.
Materials and Methods: This review article examines the impact of the high dose supplementation of vitamin B6 and B12 on various behavioral parameters like the balance between the inhibition and excitation of the neurons. In addition to this, it also showed inhibitory function that acted as various sensory measures. These included battery of tactile sensitivity, rate of binocular rivalry reversal, and detection of visual contrast.
Results: The results of the double-blind study suggest that high-dose supplementation of Vitamin B6 enhanced the neural influences i.e. inhibitory GABAergic. This inhibitory neural influence is known for its production of GABA.
Conclusion: The vitamin B6 supplementation started a trend towards decreasing depression and the reduction of self-reported anxiety. The supplementation also enhanced the visual contrast detection’s suppression. But, on other outcome measures, this supplementation had no reliable impact. Also, the vitamin B12 supplementation, induced a pattern towards visual processing and changes in anxiety.
References
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24. De Souza, M. C., Walker, A. F., Robinson, P. A., & Bolland, K. (2000). A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Journal of women's health & gender-based medicine, 9(2), 131-139.
25. Bryan, J., Calvaresi, E., & Hughes, D. (2002). Short-term folate, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-6 supplementation slightly affects memory performance but not mood in women of various ages. The Journal of nutrition, 132(6), 1345-1356.
26. Williams, E., Stewart-Knox, B., Bradbury, I., Rowland, I., Pentieva, K., Helander, A., & McNulty, H. (2005). Effect of folic acid supplementation on mood and serotonin response in healthy males. British Journal of Nutrition, 94(4), 602-608.
27. Sharpley, A. L., Hockney, R., McPeake, L., Geddes, J. R., & Cowen, P. J. (2014). Folic acid supplementation for prevention of mood disorders in young people at familial risk: a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of affective disorders, 167, 306-311.
28. Popper, C. W. (2014). Single-micronutrient and broad-spectrum micronutrient approaches for treating mood disorders in youth and adults. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 23(3), 591-672.
29. Monti, J. M., Moulton, C. J., & Cohen, N. J. (2015). The role of nutrition on cognition and brain health in ageing: a targeted approach. Nutrition research reviews, 28(2), 167-180.
30. David Smith, A., & Refsum, H. (2012). Do we need to reconsider the desirable blood level of vitamin B12. Journal of internal medicine, 271(2).
31. Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic reviews, 5, 1-10.
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34. Kennedy, D. O., Veasey, R., Watson, A., Dodd, F., Jones, E., Maggini, S., & Haskell, C. F. (2010). Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Psychopharmacology, 211, 55-68.
35. Kennedy, D. O., Veasey, R. C., Watson, A. W., Dodd, F. L., Jones, E. K., Tiplady, B., & Haskell, C. F. (2011). Vitamins and psychological functioning: a mobile phone assessment of the effects of a B vitamin complex, vitamin C and minerals on cognitive performance and subjective mood and energy. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 26(4-5), 338-347.
36. Camfield, D. A., Wetherell, M. A., Scholey, A. B., Cox, K. H., Fogg, E., White, D. J., ... & Pipingas, A. (2013). The effects of multivitamin supplementation on diurnal cortisol secretion and perceived stress. Nutrients, 5(11), 4429-4450.
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38. Schlebusch, L., Bosch, B. A., Polglase, G., Kleinschmidt, I., Pillay, B. J., & Cassimjee, M. H. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-centre study of the effects of an oral multivitamin-mineral combination on stress. S Afr Med J, 90(12), 1216-1223.
39. Hallert, C., Svensson, M., Tholstrup, J., & Hultberg, B. (2009). Clinical trial: B vitamins improve health in patients with coeliac disease living on a gluten‐free diet. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 29(8), 811-816.
40. Gosney, M. A., Hammond, M. F., Shenkin, A., & Allsup, S. (2008). Effect of micronutrient supplementation on mood in nursing home residents. Gerontology, 54(5), 292-299.
41. Ford, A. H., Flicker, L., Thomas, J., Norman, P., Jamrozik, K., & Almeida, O. P. (2008). Vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid for onset of depressive symptoms in older men: results from a 2-year placebo-controlled randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(8), 1203-1209.
42. Haskell, C. F., Robertson, B., Jones, E., Forster, J., Jones, R., Wilde, A., ... & Kennedy, D. O. (2010). Effects of a multi‐vitamin/mineral supplement on cognitive function and fatigue during extended multi‐tasking. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 25(6), 448-461.
43. Armborst, D., Metzner, C., Alteheld, B., Bitterlich, N., Rösler, D., & Siener, R. (2018). Impact of a specific amino acid composition with micronutrients on well-being in subjects with chronic psychological stress and exhaustion conditions: A pilot study. Nutrients, 10(5), 551.
44. Oliver-Baxter, J. M., Whitford, H. S., Turnbull, D. A., & Bond, M. J. (2018). Effects of vitamin supplementation on inflammatory markers and psychological wellbeing among distressed women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of integrative medicine, 16(5), 322-328.
45. Harris, E., Kirk, J., Rowsell, R., Vitetta, L., Sali, A., Scholey, A. B., & Pipingas, A. (2011). The effect of multivitamin supplementation on mood and stress in healthy older men. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 26(8), 560-567.
46. Long, S. J., & Benton, D. (2013). A double‐blind trial of the effect of docosahexaenoic acid and vitamin and mineral supplementation on aggression, impulsivity, and stress. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 28(3), 238-247.
47. Carroll, D., Ring, C., Suter, M., & Willemsen, G. (2000). The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology, 150, 220-225.
48. Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, & Choline. (2000). Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. National Academies Press.
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51. Stough, C., Scholey, A., Lloyd, J., Spong, J., Myers, S., & Downey, L. A. (2011). The effect of 90-day administration of a high dose vitamin B‐complex on work stress. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 26(7), 470-476.
52. Cockle, S. M., Haller, J., Kimber, S., Dawe, R. A., & Hindmarch, I. (2000). The influence of multivitamins on cognitive function and mood in the elderly. Aging & mental health, 4(4), 339-353.
53. Walker, J. G., Mackinnon, A. J., Batterham, P., Jorm, A. F., Hickie, I., McCarthy, A., ... & Christensen, H. (2010). Mental health literacy, folic acid and vitamin B12, and physical activity for the prevention of depression in older adults: randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(1), 45-54.
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2. Hariri, A. R., Drabant, E. M., Munoz, K. E., Kolachana, B. S., Mattay, V. S., Egan, M. F., & Weinberger, D. R. (2005). A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Archives of general psychiatry, 62(2), 146-152.
3. Jacka, F. N., O’Neil, A., Opie, R., Itsiopoulos, C., Cotton, S., Mohebbi, M., ... & Berk, M. (2017). A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the ‘SMILES’trial). BMC medicine, 15, 1-13.
4. Jacka, F. N., Pasco, J. A., Mykletun, A., Williams, L. J., Hodge, A. M., O'Reilly, S. L., ... & Berk, M. (2010). Association of Western and traditional diets with depression and anxiety in women. American journal of psychiatry, 167(3), 305-311.
5. Lai, J. S., Hiles, S., Bisquera, A., Hure, A. J., McEvoy, M., & Attia, J. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 99(1), 181-197.
6. Kennedy, D. O. (2016). B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review. Nutrients, 8(2), 68.
7. Kennedy, D. O., & Haskell, C. F. (2011). Vitamins and cognition: what is the evidence. Drugs, 71, 1957-1971.
8. Long, S. J., & Benton, D. (2013). Effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on stress, mild psychiatric symptoms, and mood in nonclinical samples: a meta-analysis. Psychosomatic medicine, 75(2), 144-153.
9. Almeida, O. P., Ford, A. H., & Flicker, L. (2015). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of folate and vitamin B12 for depression. International psychogeriatrics, 27(5), 727-737.
10. Sarris, J., Logan, A. C., Akbaraly, T. N., Amminger, G. P., Balanzá-Martínez, V., Freeman, M. P., ... & Jacka, F. N. (2015). Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(3), 271-274.
11. Scholey, A. (2018). Nutrients for neurocognition in health and disease: Measures, methodologies and mechanisms. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 77(1), 73-83.
12. Reynolds, E. H., Carney, M. W. P., & Toone, B. K. (1984). Methylation and mood. The Lancet, 324(8396), 196-198.
13. Otaegui-Arrazola, A., Amiano, P., Elbusto, A., Urdaneta, E., & Martínez-Lage, P. (2014). Diet, cognition, and Alzheimer’s disease: food for thought. European journal of nutrition, 53, 1-23.
14. Bottiglieri, T., Laundy, M., Crellin, R., Toone, B. K., Carney, M. W., & Reynolds, E. H. (2000). Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery & psychiatry, 69(2), 228-232.
15. Sarris, J., Murphy, J., Mischoulon, D., Papakostas, G. I., Fava, M., Berk, M., & Ng, C. H. (2016). Adjunctive nutraceuticals for depression: a systematic review and meta-analyses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(6), 575-587.
16. Almeida, O. P., Ford, A. H., Hirani, V., Singh, V., McCaul, K., & Flicker, L. (2014). B vitamins to enhance treatment response to antidepressants in middle-aged and older adults: results from the B-VITAGE randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 205(6), 450-457.
17. Rajkowska, G. (2000). Postmortem studies in mood disorders indicate altered numbers of neurons and glial cells. Biological psychiatry, 48(8), 766-777.
18. Normann, C., Schmitz, D., Fürmaier, A., Döing, C., & Bach, M. (2007). Long-term plasticity of visually evoked potentials in humans is altered in major depression. Biological psychiatry, 62(5), 373-380.
19. Laville, M., Segrestin, B., Alligier, M., Ruano-Rodríguez, C., Serra-Majem, L., Hiesmayr, M., ... & Gluud, C. (2017). Evidence-based practice within nutrition: what are the barriers for improving the evidence and how can they be dealt with. Trials, 18, 1-9.
20. Morris, M. C., & Tangney, C. C. (2011). A potential design flaw of randomized trials of vitamin supplements. Jama, 305(13), 1348-1349.
21. Bowman, G. L., Silbert, L. C., Howieson, D., Dodge, H. H., Traber, M. G., Frei, B., ... & Quinn, J. F. (2012). Nutrient biomarker patterns, cognitive function, and MRI measures of brain aging. Neurology, 78(4), 241-249.
22. Berti, V., Murray, J., Davies, M., Spector, N., Tsui, W. H., Li, Y., ... & Mosconi, L. (2015). Nutrient patterns and brain biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively normal individuals. The Journal of nutrition, health and aging, 19(4), 413-423.
23. Zamroziewicz, M. K., & Barbey, A. K. (2016). Nutritional cognitive neuroscience: innovations for healthy brain aging. Frontiers in neuroscience, 10, 196089.
24. De Souza, M. C., Walker, A. F., Robinson, P. A., & Bolland, K. (2000). A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Journal of women's health & gender-based medicine, 9(2), 131-139.
25. Bryan, J., Calvaresi, E., & Hughes, D. (2002). Short-term folate, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-6 supplementation slightly affects memory performance but not mood in women of various ages. The Journal of nutrition, 132(6), 1345-1356.
26. Williams, E., Stewart-Knox, B., Bradbury, I., Rowland, I., Pentieva, K., Helander, A., & McNulty, H. (2005). Effect of folic acid supplementation on mood and serotonin response in healthy males. British Journal of Nutrition, 94(4), 602-608.
27. Sharpley, A. L., Hockney, R., McPeake, L., Geddes, J. R., & Cowen, P. J. (2014). Folic acid supplementation for prevention of mood disorders in young people at familial risk: a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of affective disorders, 167, 306-311.
28. Popper, C. W. (2014). Single-micronutrient and broad-spectrum micronutrient approaches for treating mood disorders in youth and adults. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 23(3), 591-672.
29. Monti, J. M., Moulton, C. J., & Cohen, N. J. (2015). The role of nutrition on cognition and brain health in ageing: a targeted approach. Nutrition research reviews, 28(2), 167-180.
30. David Smith, A., & Refsum, H. (2012). Do we need to reconsider the desirable blood level of vitamin B12. Journal of internal medicine, 271(2).
31. Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic reviews, 5, 1-10.
32. Collaboration, C. (2014). Review Manager (RevMan)[Computer Program] Version 5.2. 3, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, 2012. Health Psychol Rev, 17.
33. Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., ... & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. Bmj, 349.
34. Kennedy, D. O., Veasey, R., Watson, A., Dodd, F., Jones, E., Maggini, S., & Haskell, C. F. (2010). Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Psychopharmacology, 211, 55-68.
35. Kennedy, D. O., Veasey, R. C., Watson, A. W., Dodd, F. L., Jones, E. K., Tiplady, B., & Haskell, C. F. (2011). Vitamins and psychological functioning: a mobile phone assessment of the effects of a B vitamin complex, vitamin C and minerals on cognitive performance and subjective mood and energy. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 26(4-5), 338-347.
36. Camfield, D. A., Wetherell, M. A., Scholey, A. B., Cox, K. H., Fogg, E., White, D. J., ... & Pipingas, A. (2013). The effects of multivitamin supplementation on diurnal cortisol secretion and perceived stress. Nutrients, 5(11), 4429-4450.
37. Pipingas, A., Camfield, D. A., Stough, C., Cox, K. H. M., Fogg, E., Tiplady, B., ... & Scholey, A. B. (2013). The effects of multivitamin supplementation on mood and general well-being in healthy young adults. A laboratory and at-home mobile phone assessment. Appetite, 69, 123-136.
38. Schlebusch, L., Bosch, B. A., Polglase, G., Kleinschmidt, I., Pillay, B. J., & Cassimjee, M. H. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-centre study of the effects of an oral multivitamin-mineral combination on stress. S Afr Med J, 90(12), 1216-1223.
39. Hallert, C., Svensson, M., Tholstrup, J., & Hultberg, B. (2009). Clinical trial: B vitamins improve health in patients with coeliac disease living on a gluten‐free diet. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 29(8), 811-816.
40. Gosney, M. A., Hammond, M. F., Shenkin, A., & Allsup, S. (2008). Effect of micronutrient supplementation on mood in nursing home residents. Gerontology, 54(5), 292-299.
41. Ford, A. H., Flicker, L., Thomas, J., Norman, P., Jamrozik, K., & Almeida, O. P. (2008). Vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid for onset of depressive symptoms in older men: results from a 2-year placebo-controlled randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(8), 1203-1209.
42. Haskell, C. F., Robertson, B., Jones, E., Forster, J., Jones, R., Wilde, A., ... & Kennedy, D. O. (2010). Effects of a multi‐vitamin/mineral supplement on cognitive function and fatigue during extended multi‐tasking. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 25(6), 448-461.
43. Armborst, D., Metzner, C., Alteheld, B., Bitterlich, N., Rösler, D., & Siener, R. (2018). Impact of a specific amino acid composition with micronutrients on well-being in subjects with chronic psychological stress and exhaustion conditions: A pilot study. Nutrients, 10(5), 551.
44. Oliver-Baxter, J. M., Whitford, H. S., Turnbull, D. A., & Bond, M. J. (2018). Effects of vitamin supplementation on inflammatory markers and psychological wellbeing among distressed women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of integrative medicine, 16(5), 322-328.
45. Harris, E., Kirk, J., Rowsell, R., Vitetta, L., Sali, A., Scholey, A. B., & Pipingas, A. (2011). The effect of multivitamin supplementation on mood and stress in healthy older men. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 26(8), 560-567.
46. Long, S. J., & Benton, D. (2013). A double‐blind trial of the effect of docosahexaenoic acid and vitamin and mineral supplementation on aggression, impulsivity, and stress. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 28(3), 238-247.
47. Carroll, D., Ring, C., Suter, M., & Willemsen, G. (2000). The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology, 150, 220-225.
48. Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, & Choline. (2000). Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. National Academies Press.
49. Macpherson, H., Rowsell, R., Cox, K. H., Reddan, J., Meyer, D., Scholey, A., & Pipingas, A. (2016). The effects of four-week multivitamin supplementation on mood in healthy older women: A randomized controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016.
50. White, D. J., Cox, K. H., Peters, R., Pipingas, A., & Scholey, A. B. (2015). Effects of four-week supplementation with a multi-vitamin/mineral preparation on mood and blood biomarkers in young adults: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients, 7(11), 9005-9017.
51. Stough, C., Scholey, A., Lloyd, J., Spong, J., Myers, S., & Downey, L. A. (2011). The effect of 90-day administration of a high dose vitamin B‐complex on work stress. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 26(7), 470-476.
52. Cockle, S. M., Haller, J., Kimber, S., Dawe, R. A., & Hindmarch, I. (2000). The influence of multivitamins on cognitive function and mood in the elderly. Aging & mental health, 4(4), 339-353.
53. Walker, J. G., Mackinnon, A. J., Batterham, P., Jorm, A. F., Hickie, I., McCarthy, A., ... & Christensen, H. (2010). Mental health literacy, folic acid and vitamin B12, and physical activity for the prevention of depression in older adults: randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(1), 45-54.
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Published
Apr 19, 2024
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Sana Fatima, Ayesha Khalid, Ammar Ijaz, Asna Tauqeer, Muneeb Abid, Ayesha Farooq, Sabila Ali, Iqra Rasheed, Zohaib Ahmed, & Rida Rana. (2024). VITAMIN B COMPLEX AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(4), 1339–1351. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i4.5775
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Sana Fatima
Anesthesia Technologist at Mayo Hospital/KEMU, Lahore
Ayesha Khalid
Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, University of Lahore - Pakistan
Ammar Ijaz
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi - Pakistan.
Asna Tauqeer
Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Karachi - Pakistan
Muneeb Abid
CMH Kharian Medical College, Kharian - Pakistan
Ayesha Farooq
Mphil Physiology, Nur International University, Lahore - Pakistan
Sabila Ali
Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Sialkot - Pakistan
Iqra Rasheed
Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, University of Lahore - Pakistan
Zohaib Ahmed
Human Nutrition and Dieticitis, University Agriculture Peshawar - Pakistan
Rida Rana
Department of Allied Health Sciences, Doctor of Physical Therapy, University of Sargodha - Pakistan