EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND MANAGEMENT OF BLADDER CANCER AT A REFERRAL UROLOGY SERVICE: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
Urinary Bladder Tumors, Cystectomy, Oncology, Epidemiological Profile
Abstract
Introduction: Bladder cancer poses a significant health burden in Pakistan, necessitating prompt diagnosis, treatment, and comprehensive follow-up for improved patient outcomes. The Urology service at the General Hospital of Fortaleza (HGF) is renowned for its expertise in managing bladder tumors, warranting an investigation into the epidemiology and treatment modalities employed.
Objective: This study aims to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with bladder cancer at the HGF Urology service between January 2021 and July 2023.
Method: A retrospective cohort study utilized data from the HGF epidemiology service database. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to identify 94 eligible patients diagnosed with bladder cancer during the specified period.
Results: The epidemiological profile of bladder cancer patients at HGF reflected trends reported in existing literature, with urothelial carcinoma being the predominant histological subtype. However, the incidence of muscle-invasive disease at diagnosis was notably higher compared to literature data, attributed mainly to delayed diagnosis and treatment exacerbated by public healthcare system constraints and the COVID-19 pandemic, which also disrupted access to intravesical therapy.
Conclusion: Early detection and timely intervention are imperative for mitigating mortality rates associated with bladder cancer. Addressing barriers to prompt diagnosis and treatment initiation, particularly in the context of healthcare system limitations and pandemic-related challenges, is crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing the impact of this malignancy.
References
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26. Pradhan, P., Jia, G., Khankari, N. K., & Zheng, W. (2024). Evaluating interactions of polygenic risk scores and NAT2 genotypes with tobacco smoking in bladder cancer risk. International Journal of Cancer, 154(2), 210-216.
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2. Brück, K., Meijer, R. P., Boormans, J. L., Kiemeney, L. A., Witjes, J. A., van Hoogstraten, L. M., . . . de Groot, C. A. U. (2024). Disease-free survival of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with radical Cystectomy versus bladder-preserving therapy: a nationwide study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 118(1), 41-49.
3. Catto, J. W., Tran, B., Rouprêt, M., Gschwend, J. E., Loriot, Y., Nishiyama, H., . . . Cutuli, H. J. (2024). Erdafitinib in BCG-treated high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Annals of Oncology, 35(1), 98-106.
4. Conci, N., Tassinari, E., Tateo, V., Rosellini, M., Marchetti, A., Ricci, C., . . . Mollica, V. (2024). How Do Molecular Classifications Affect the Neoadjuvant Treatment of Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma? Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy, 28(1), 37-51.
5. Downes, M. R., Hartmann, A., Shen, S., Tsuzuki, T., van Rhijn, B. W., Bubendorf, L., . . . Cheng, L. (2024). International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on current issues in bladder cancer. Working group 1: comparison of bladder cancer grading system performance. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 48(1), e1-e10.
6. Dulaney, A., & Virostko, J. (2024). Disparities in the demographic composition of The Cancer Imaging Archive. Radiology: Imaging Cancer, 6(1), e230100.
7. Eckstein, M., Matek, C., Wagner, P., Erber, R., Büttner-Herold, M., Wild, P. J., . . . Wullich, B. (2024). Proposal for a Novel Histological Scoring System as a Potential Grading Approach for Muscle-invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer Correlating with Disease Aggressiveness and Patient Outcomes. European Urology Oncology, 7(1), 128-138.
8. Freitas, N. R., Vieira, P. M., Tinoco, C., Anacleto, S., Oliveira, J. F., Vaz, A. I. F., . . . Lima, C. S. (2024). Multiple mask and boundary scoring R-CNN with cGAN data augmentation for bladder tumour segmentation in WLC videos. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 147, 102723.
9. Hasan, S., Chhabra, A. M., Choi, J. I., & Simone, C. B. (2024). In Regard to Brück et al. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 118(1), 309-310.
10. Kao, C.-C., Lai, C.-R., Lin, Y.-H., Chen, T.-M., Tsai, Y.-L., Tsai, W.-C., . . . Chen, Y. (2024). GW4064 inhibits migration and invasion through cathepsin B and MMP2 downregulation in human bladder cancer. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 389, 110869.
11. Kumar, P., Gupta, S., & Das, B. C. (2024). Saliva is a potential non-invasive liquid biopsy for early and easy diagnosis/prognosis of head and neck cancer. Translational Oncology, 40, 101827.
12. Lai, S., Liu, J., Lai, C.-H., Seery, S., Hu, H., Wang, M., . . . Xu, T. (2024). Prognostic variations between 'primary and 'progressive ' muscle-invasive bladder cancer following radical Cystectomy: a novel propensity score-based multicenter cohort study. International Journal of Surgery, 110(1), 270-279.
13. Laurie, M. A., Zhou, S. R., Islam, M. T., Shkolyar, E., Xing, L., & Liao, J. C. (2024). Bladder Cancer and Artificial Intelligence: Emerging Applications. Urologic Clinics, 51(1), 63-75.
14. Li, J. J., Ng, J. K., Tang, C. Y., Chan, B. C., Chan, S. Y., Law, J. H., . . . Tse, G. M. (2024). Urine cytology in the detection of renal cell carcinomas–a territory‐wide multi‐institutional retrospective review of more than two decades. Cancer Cytopathology.
15. Li, W., & Wang, W. (2024). Causal effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on cancer risk: Insights from genetic evidence. Science of The Total Environment, 912, 168843.
16. Lopez-Beltran, A., Raspollini, M. R., Hansel, D., Compérat, E., Williamson, S. R., Liedberg, F., . . . Cheng, L. (2024). International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Current Issues in Bladder Cancer: Working Group 3: Subcategorization of T1 Bladder Cancer. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 48(1), e24-e31.
17. Luo, X., Chen, X., & Yao, Y. (2024). MVMSGAT: Integrating Multiview, Multi-Scale Graph Convolutional Networks with Biological Prior Knowledge for Predicting Bladder Cancer Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy. Applied Sciences, 14(2), 669.
18. Ma, X., Zhang, L., Liu, L., Ruan, D., & Wang, C. (2024). Hypermethylated ITGA8 Facilitate Bladder Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 196(1), 245-260.
19. Maiti, K. S., Fill, E., Strittmatter, F., Volz, Y., Sroka, R., & Apolonski, A. (2024). Standard operating procedure to reveal prostate cancer-specific volatile organic molecules by infrared spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 304, 123266.
20. Myoen, S., Mochizuki, M., Shibuya‐Takahashi, R., Fujimori, H., Shindo, N., Yamaguchi, K., . . . Sato, I. (2024). CD271 promotes proliferation and migration in bladder cancer. Genes to Cells, 29(1), 73-85.
21. Nardelli, C., Aveta, A., Pandolfo, S. D., Tripodi, L., Russo, F., Imbimbo, C., . . . Pastore, L. (2024). Microbiome Profiling in Bladder Cancer Patients Using the First-Morning Urine Sample. European Urology Open Science, 59, 18-26.
22. Neu, S., Matta, R., Locke, J. A., Troke, N., Tadrous, M., Saskin, R., . . . Herschorn, S. (2024). The Use of Metformin in Overactive Bladder: A Retrospective Nested Case-control, Population-based Analysis. Urology, 183, 70-77.
23. Oliver-Krasinski, J. M., Bidot, S., Ingram, J. W., O'Toole, K. M., McKiernan, J. M., Tinsley, M., & Harik, L. R. (2024). Non-invasive Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: An Institutional Experience Focusing on Tumors With Borderline Features. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 148(2), 223-229.
24. Paner, G. P., Kamat, A., Netto, G. J., Samaratunga, H., Varma, M., Bubendorf, L., . . . Cheng, L. (2024). International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Current Issues in Bladder Cancer. Working group 2: grading of mixed grade, invasive urothelial carcinoma including histologic subtypes and divergent differentiations, and non-urothelial carcinomas. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 48(1), e11-e23.
25. Pederzoli, F., Riba, M., Venegoni, C., Marandino, L., Bandini, M., Alchera, E., . . . Provero, P. (2024). Stool Microbiome Signature Associated with Response to Neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab in Patients with Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. European Urology.
26. Pradhan, P., Jia, G., Khankari, N. K., & Zheng, W. (2024). Evaluating interactions of polygenic risk scores and NAT2 genotypes with tobacco smoking in bladder cancer risk. International Journal of Cancer, 154(2), 210-216.
27. Reis, H., & Paner, G. P. (2024). Glandular lesions of the urinary bladder: diagnostic and molecular updates. Advances in Anatomic Pathology, 31(2), 88-95.
28. Russo, A. E., Memon, A., & Ahmed, S. (2024). Bladder Cancer and the Urinary Microbiome–New Insights and Future Directions: A Review. Clinical Genitourinary Cancer.
29. Russo, P., Palermo, G., Iacovelli, R., Ragonese, M., Ciccarese, C., Maioriello, G., . . . Moosavi, K. (2024). Comparison of PIV and Other Immune Inflammation Markers of Oncological and Survival Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy. Cancers, 16(3), 651.
30. Schafer, E. J., Islami, F., Han, X., Nogueira, L. M., Wagle, N. S., Yabroff, K. R., . . . Jemal, A. (2024). Changes in cancer incidence rates by stage during the COVID‐19 pandemic in the US. International Journal of Cancer, 154(5), 786-792.
31. Sodagum, L., Passarelli, R., Pfail, J., Patel, H. V., Chua, K., Doppalapudi, S. K., . . . Jang, T. L. (2024). Pelvic lymphadenectomy: Evaluating nodal stage migration and will Rogers effect in bladder cancer. Paper presented at the Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations.
32. Strandgaard, T., Nordentoft, I., Birkenkamp-Demtröder, K., Salminen, L., Prip, F., Rasmussen, J., . . . Lamy, P. (2024). Field cancerization is associated with tumour development, T-cell exhaustion, and clinical outcomes in bladder cancer. European Urology, 85(1), 82-92.
33. Swami, S., Kayenat, F., & Wajid, S. (2024). SPR biosensing: Cancer diagnosis and biomarkers quantification. Microchemical Journal, 197, 109792.
34. Tsukuda, F., Tanaka, Y., Narita, S., Shimizu, T., Nakasuka, S., Hagiwara, K., . . . Koga, S. (2024). Does intensity‐modulated radiation therapy by helical tomotherapy for prostate cancer increase the subsequent risk of bladder cancer? A propensity score‐matched analysis. International Journal of Urology.
35. Van Dorpe, S., Tummers, P., Denys, H., & Hendrix, A. (2024). Towards the clinical implementation of extracellular vesicle-based biomarker assays for cancer. Clinical Chemistry, 70(1), 165-178.
36. Warrick, J. I., Al-Ahmadie, H., Berman, D. M., Black, P. C., Flaig, T. W., Höglund, M., . . . Cheng, L. (2024). International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Conference on Current Issues in Bladder Cancer. Working Group 4: Molecular Subtypes of Bladder Cancer—Principles of Classification and Emerging Clinical Utility. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 48(1), e32-e42.
37. Xu, Y., Li, Q., & Lin, H. (2024). Bioinformatics analysis of CMTM family in pan-cancer and preliminary exploration of CMTM6 in bladder cancer. Cellular Signalling, 115, 111012.
38. Ying, X., Huang, Y., Liu, B., Hu, W., Ji, D., Chen, C., . . . Ji, W. (2024). Targeted m6A demethylation of ITGA6 mRNA by a multisite dCasRx–m6A editor inhibits bladder cancer development. Journal of Advanced Research, 56, 57-68.
39. You, C., Li, Q., Qing, L., Li, R., Wang, Y., Cheng, L., & Dong, Z. (2024). Device-assisted intravesical chemotherapy versus bacillus Calmette–Guerin for intermediate or high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic reviewer and meta-analysis. International Urology and Nephrology, 56(1), 103-120.
40. Yu, T. Y., Wang, H. J., Sung, M. T., Chuang, Y. C., Chen, Y. T., Cheng, Y. T., . . . Luo, H. L. (2024). Variant histology is associated with more non‐urothelial tract recurrence but less intravesical recurrence for upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy. International Journal of Urology.
41. Zhang, F., Yao, Z., & Zhang, B. (2024). Genetically proxied intestinal microbiota and risk of bladder cancer. International Journal of Surgery, 10.1097.
42. Zheng, Q., Guo, L., Yang, R., Chen, Z., & Liu, X. (2024). Identifying essential genes and drug discovery in bladder cancer and inflammatory bowel disease via text mining and bioinformatics analysis. Current Computer-Aided Drug Design, 20(4), 359-366.
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Apr 9, 2024
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Ghazi Uddin Ahmed, Dr. Hatim Lokhandwala, Saleemullah, Dr. Coenrad Adolph Groenewald, Dr Haseeb Umar, & Dr. Elma Sibonghanoy Groenewald. (2024). EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND MANAGEMENT OF BLADDER CANCER AT A REFERRAL UROLOGY SERVICE: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(4), 428–437. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i4.5485
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Author Biographies
Ghazi Uddin Ahmed
Jinnah Sindh Medical University
Dr. Hatim Lokhandwala
Clinical Research Coordinator in Avicenna Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, United States
Saleemullah
Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Quetta Institute of Medical Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
Dr. Coenrad Adolph Groenewald
Consulting Director, SG Virtuosos International, Executive Department, Cape Town, South Africa
Dr Haseeb Umar
Department of Forensic Medicine, Alnafees Medical College, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Dr. Elma Sibonghanoy Groenewald
CEO, SG Virtuosos International, Executive Department, Nha Trang, Vietnam