ENHANCING MEN'S HEALTHCARE IN PAKISTAN: A FOCUS ON PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING AND INTERVENTION
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Abstract
Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in aging males, characterized by an enlarged prostate gland. This progressive condition can lead to bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that significantly impact quality of life.
Methods: This review article discusses the signs and symptoms of BPH, methods for diagnosis, and treatment options.
Results:
- Signs and Symptoms: BPH can cause obstructive and irritative LUTS. Obstructive symptoms include hesitancy, reduced urinary flow rate, and incomplete bladder emptying. Irritative symptoms include nocturia, urgency, and frequency.
- Diagnosis: Diagnosis of BPH involves a detailed medical history, physical examination, and potentially additional tests such as digital rectal examination, International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS), prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, and uroflowmetry.
- Treatment: Treatment options for BPH depend on the severity of symptoms and patient factors. Conservative management may be appropriate for mild symptoms. Medications such as alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors can improve symptoms. Minimally invasive surgical procedures like transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) are used for moderate to severe BPH.
Conclusion: BPH is a prevalent condition in older men. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can significantly improve quality of life for patients with BPH.
References
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2. Bauersachs, J. and N. López‐Andrés (2022). "Mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiovascular diseases—Clinical trials and mechanistic insights." British Journal of Pharmacology 179(13): 3119-3134.
3. Bordeianou, L. G., et al. (2020). " Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction." Techniques in coloproctology 24(1): 5-22.
4. Brady, L., et al. (2021). "Inter-and intra-tumour heterogeneity of metastatic prostate cancer determined by digital spatial gene expression profiling." Nature communications 12(1): 1-16.
5. Breheny, C. et al. (2022). "Approach to urethral obstruction in cats. Part 1: presentation and stabilization." In Practice 44(7): 372-384.
6. Fossati, N., et al. (2020). "Newly diagnosed oligometastatic prostate cancer: current controversies and future developments." European Urology Oncology.
7. Infantino, M., et al. (2020). "Serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease: benefits, limitations and perspectives." Isr Med Assoc J 22(4): 203-210.
8. Kocjancic, E., et al. (2022). "International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for sexual health in men with lower urinary tract (LUT) and pelvic floor (PF) dysfunction." Neurourology and Urodynamics 41(1): 140-165.
9. Lei, Y., et al. (2019). "Ultrasound prostate segmentation based on multidirectional deeply supervised V‐Net." Medical physics 46(7): 3194-3206.
10. Lerner, L. B., et al. (2021). "Management of lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia: AUA guideline part II—surgical evaluation and treatment." The Journal of Urology 206(4): 818-826.
11. Liao, J., et al. (2019). "Transurethral resection of the prostate with preservation of the bladder neck decreases postoperative retrograde ejaculation." Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques 14(1): 96-101.
12. Mauvais-Jarvis, F., et al. (2021). "Sex-and gender-based pharmacological response to drugs." Pharmacological reviews 73(2): 730-762.
13. Pignolo, R. J. (2019). Exceptional human longevity. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Elsevier.
14. Schlegel, P. N., et al. (2021). "Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part I." The Journal of Urology 205(1): 36-43.
15. Sharma, S. et al. (2019). "In-situ fast gelling formulation for oral sustained drug delivery of paracetamol to dysphagic patients." International journal of biological macromolecules 134: 864-868.
16. Starrs, A. M., et al. (2018). "Accelerate progress—sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: report of the Guttmacher–Lancet Commission." The Lancet 391(10140): 2642-2692.
17. Su, H. et al. (2020). "Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China." Kidney international 98(1): 219-227.
18. Sung, V. W., et al. (2019). "Effect of behavioural and pelvic floor muscle therapy combined with surgery vs surgery alone on incontinence symptoms among women with mixed urinary incontinence: the ESTEEM randomized clinical trial." Jama 322(11): 1066-1076.
19. Van Leeuwen, K. M., et al. (2019). "What does the quality of life mean to older adults? A thematic synthesis." PLoS ONE 14(3): e0213263.
20. Vilela, A. and T. Pinto (2019). "Grape infusions: The flavour of grapes and health-promoting compounds in your teacup." Beverages 5(3): 48.
21. Wechsler, M. E., et al. (2020). "SOURCE: a phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in reducing oral corticosteroid use in adults with oral corticosteroid dependent asthma." Respiratory Research 21(1): 1-10.
22. Wilson, J. et al. (2022). "Urinary tract obstruction." InnovAiT 15(5): 265-271.
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Published
Mar 27, 2024
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How to Cite
Amira Shahid Sheikh, Aqib Zaman Kheljee, Ghazi Uddin Ahmed, Saleemullah, Erma Hussain, & Amirah Fahad Alshammeri. (2024). ENHANCING MEN’S HEALTHCARE IN PAKISTAN: A FOCUS ON PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING AND INTERVENTION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(3), 1785–1798. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i3.5197
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Amira Shahid Sheikh
Medical Officer, Department of Medicine, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
Aqib Zaman Kheljee
General Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong first medical university, China
Ghazi Uddin Ahmed
Jinnah Sindh Medical University
Saleemullah
Associate Professor, Community Medicine Quetta Institute of Medical Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
Erma Hussain
Doctor, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi
Amirah Fahad Alshammeri
Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Hail