EFFECT OF HEEL RAISE ON SPINAL ALIGNMENT DURING SQUATTING IN NON-ATHLETIC POPULATION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Squatting, Heel raise, alignment, trunk angle
Abstract
Background: A sufficient degree of mobility at the ankle is required to facilitate balance and control in both the ascent and descent of the squat. Insufficient ankle mobility is often compensated with the forward trunk angle.
Aim: To determine the effect of heel raise on trunk angle in healthy non-athletic population.
Aim: To determine the effect of heel raise on trunk angle in healthy non-athletic population.
Design: Cross-sectional study
Intervention(s): Study included both male and female, healthy, physically active adults aged 18 years and above, who were not engaged in organized sports activities. Participants were selected based on their consistent engagement in physical activities, practicing a minimum of three sessions per week, each lasting at least 20 minutes. To measure maximum ankle DF-ROM, a weight bearing lunge test (WBLT) was used for each subject. A wooden block was used for the heel raise. The participants were asked to stand on heel wedge, squat and hold the end of squat position for 3 sec at the end to have sufficient time to record the angle. Motion capture was facilitated using a Samsung A9 device, and subsequent angle calculations were performed utilizing the Kinovea software. Adaptive measures were taken to reduce the chance of measurement error by placing the markers over anatomical landmarks and camera held at a distance of 5m from participant at an angle of 90 degrees. Ankle dorsiflexion with WBLT, trunk angle without heel raise and trunk angle with heel raise were the main outcome measures of this study.
Results: Results showed significant differences on trunk angle with and without heel raise (g= 0.6, 95% CI [0.1 to 1.2]; p= 0.02). The mean and standard deviation was shown to be 3.1±4.6. Hence, trunk angle showed significant differences with and without a heel raise with moderate effect size (g= 0.6).
Conclusion: Facilitation of the ankle dorsiflexion movement with the help of heel raise during squat movement decreased forward trunk angle leading to improvement in spinal alignment.
References
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19. FERRARIN, M., RIZZONE, M., BERGAMASCO, B., LANOTTE, M., RECALCATI, M., PEDOTTI, A. & LOPIANO, L. J. E. B. R. 2005. Effects of bilateral subthalamic stimulation on gait kinematics and kinetics in Parkinson’s disease. 160, 517-527.
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26. HEMMERICH, A., BROWN, H., SMITH, S., MARTHANDAM, S. & WYSS, U. J. J. O. O. R. 2006. Hip, knee, and ankle kinematics of high range of motion activities of daily living. 24, 770-781.
27. HERTEL, J. J. S. M. 2000. Functional instability following lateral ankle sprain. 29, 361-371.
28. HOCH, M. C. & MCKEON, P. O. J. J. O. O. R. 2011. Joint mobilization improves spatiotemporal postural control and range of motion in those with chronic ankle instability. 29, 326-332.
29. JOSEPH, L., REILLY, J., SWEEZEY, K., WAUGH, R., CARLSON, L. A. & LAWRENCE, M. A. J. J. O. H. K. 2020. Activity of trunk and lower extremity musculature: Comparison between parallel back squats and belt squats. 72, 223-228.
30. KATHIRESAN, G., JALI, N., AFIQAH, N. R., AZNIE, N. A., FIDIEYANA, N. & OSOP, N. J. W. J. O. S. S. 2010. The relationship between ankle joint flexibility and squatting knee flexion posture in young malaysian men. 3, 226-230.
31. KINGMA, I., BOSCH, T., BRUINS, L. & VAN DIEËN, J. H. J. E. 2004. Foot positioning instruction, initial vertical load position and lifting technique: effects on low back loading. 47, 1365-1385.
32. KRAMERS-DE QUERVAIN, I. A., MÜLLER, R., STACOFF, A., GROB, D. & STÜSSI, E. J. E. S. J. 2004. Gait analysis in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. 13, 449-456.
33. KRITZ, M., CRONIN, J., HUME, P. J. S. & JOURNAL, C. 2009. The bodyweight squat: A movement screen for the squat pattern. 31, 76-85.
34. KUSTER, M. S. J. S. M. 2002. Exercise recommendations after total joint replacement: a review of the current literature and proposal of scientifically based guidelines. 32, 433-445.
35. LEARDINI, A., BIAGI, F., MERLO, A., BELVEDERE, C. & BENEDETTI, M. G. J. C. B. 2011. Multi-segment trunk kinematics during locomotion and elementary exercises. 26, 562-571.
36. LEE, S.-P., GILLIS, C. B., IBARRA, J. J., OLDROYD, D. F., ZANE, R. S. J. T. J. O. S. & RESEARCH, C. 2019. Heel-raised foot posture does not affect trunk and lower extremity biomechanics during a barbell back squat in recreational weight lifters. 33, 606-614.
37. LIST, R., GÜLAY, T., STOOP, M., LORENZETTI, S. J. T. J. O. S. & RESEARCH, C. 2013. Kinematics of the trunk and the lower extremities during restricted and unrestricted squats. 27, 1529-1538.
38. LLOYD, R. S., FAIGENBAUM, A. D., STONE, M. H., OLIVER, J. L., JEFFREYS, I., MOODY, J. A., BREWER, C., PIERCE, K. C., MCCAMBRIDGE, T. M. & HOWARD, R. J. B. J. O. S. M. 2014. Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus. 48, 498-505.
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Mar 15, 2024
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Hajar Farhad, Kirran Sikandar Gondal, Muhammad Ali, Hamna, Iqra Nadeem, Abdullah Warad, Wajahat Haider, & Muhammad Ali. (2024). EFFECT OF HEEL RAISE ON SPINAL ALIGNMENT DURING SQUATTING IN NON-ATHLETIC POPULATION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(3), 820–829. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i3.5031
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Author Biographies
Hajar Farhad
The University of Middle Sex, UK.
Kirran Sikandar Gondal
University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus.
Muhammad Ali
University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Lahore Campus.
Hamna
Riphah International University.
Iqra Nadeem
Sargodha Medical College, Sargodha.
Abdullah Warad
University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus.
Wajahat Haider
University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Islamabad Campus.
Muhammad Ali
University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus.