EXPLORING THE PROS AND CONS OF KETOGENIC, VEGETARIAN AND MEDITERRANEAN DIETS ON MULTIFACETED HEALTH BIOMARKERS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Main Article Content
Keywords
Keto Diet, Epilepsy, Mediterranean Diet, Cognitive Health, Vegetarian Diet, Weight Loss, Diabetes, FAD Diets
Abstract
Background: This review article critically examines the impact of the Ketogenic, Vegetarian, and Mediterranean diets on multifaceted health biomarkers. By keeping in mind the growing interest in diverse dietary patterns, the study utilizes existing literature to provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages and disadvantages associated with these fad diets.
Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted to gather relevant studies exploring the effects of Ketogenic, Vegetarian, and Mediterranean diets on multifaceted health biomarkers. Searches were performed on reputable databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed. The search strategy included keywords such as “Ketogenic diet,” “Vegetarian diet,” “Mediterranean diet,”.
Results: The Ketogenic diet exhibited specific benefits in weight management and therapeutic applications but raised concerns regarding nutrient deficiencies and adherence challenges. The Vegetarian diet demonstrated advantages in chronic disease prevention and environmental sustainability but faced drawbacks related to potential nutrient gaps and protein intake. The Mediterranean diet showcased positive effects on heart health, cognitive function, and anti-inflammatory markers, with challenges including sourcing difficulties and higher costs.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the pros and cons associated with the Ketogenic, Vegetarian, and Mediterranean diets concerning multifaceted health biomarkers. The present review contributes valuable insights to the existing body of knowledge, aiding individuals, healthcare professionals, and policymakers in making informed decisions about dietary choices and their impact on overall health.
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2. Drummond, K. E., Reyes, A., Goodell, L. S., Cooke, N. K., & Stage, V. C. (2022). Nutrition research: Concepts and applications.
3. Brown, J. E. (2016). Nutrition through the life cycle. Cengage Learning.
4. Jacka, F. N., O’Neil, A., Opie, R., Itsiopoulos, C., Cotton, S., Mohebbi, M., ... & Berk, M. (2017). A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the ‘SMILES’trial). BMC medicine, 15(1), 1-13.
5. Gupta, L., Khandelwal, D., Kalra, S., Gupta, P., Dutta, D., & Aggarwal, S. (2017). Ketogenic diet in endocrine disorders: Current perspectives. Journal of postgraduate medicine, 63(4), 242.
6. Paoli, A., Rubini, A., Volek, J. S., & Grimaldi, K. A. (2013). Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets. European journal of clinical nutrition, 67(8), 789-796.
7. Gibson, A. A., Seimon, R. V., Lee, C. M., Ayre, J., Franklin, J., Markovic, T. P., ... & Sainsbury, A. (2015). Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity reviews, 16(1), 64-76.
8. Le, L. T., & Sabaté, J. (2014). Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients, 6(6), 2131-2147.
9. Dinu, M., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., Casini, A., & Sofi, F. (2017). Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 57(17), 3640-3649.
10. Mollohan, E. A. (2022). The Plant-Based Diet Transition among People with Cardiovascular Disease (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Akron).
11. Carlos, S., De La Fuente-Arrillaga, C., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Razquin, C., Rico-Campà, A., Martínez-González, M. A., & Ruiz-Canela, M. (2018). Mediterranean diet and health outcomes in the SUN cohort. Nutrients, 10(4), 439.
12. Freeman, J. M., Kossoff, E. H., & Hartman, A. L. (2007). The ketogenic diet: one decade later. Pediatrics, 119(3), 535-543.
13. Bueno, N. B., de Melo, I. S. V., de Oliveira, S. L., & da Rocha Ataide, T. (2013). Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(7), 1178-1187.
14. Neal, E. G., Chaffe, H., Schwartz, R. H., Lawson, M. S., Edwards, N., Fitzsimmons, G., ... & Cross, J. H. (2008). The ketogenic diet for the treatment of childhood epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology, 7(6), 500-506.
15. Gasior, M., Rogawski, M. A., & Hartman, A. L. (2006). Neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects of the ketogenic diet. Behavioural pharmacology, 17(5-6), 431.
16. Saslow, L. R., Kim, S., Daubenmier, J. J., Moskowitz, J. T., Phinney, S. D., Goldman, V., ... & Hecht, F. M. (2014). A randomized pilot trial of a moderate carbohydrate diet compared to a very low carbohydrate diet in overweight or obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. PloS one, 9(4), e91027.
17. Masood, W., Annamaraju, P., & Uppaluri, K. R. (2022). Ketogenic diet. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
18. Ebbeling, C. B., Feldman, H. A., Klein, G. L., Wong, J. M., Bielak, L., Steltz, S. K., ... & Ludwig, D. S. (2018). Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial. bmj, 363.
19. Bostock, E., Kirkby, K. C., Taylor, B. V., & Hawrelak, J. A. (2020). Consumer reports of “keto flu” associated with the ketogenic diet. Frontiers in nutrition, 20.
20. O'Neill, B., & Raggi, P. (2020). The ketogenic diet: Pros and cons. Atherosclerosis, 292, 119-126.
21. Anderson, J. C., Mattar, S. G., Greenway, F. L., & Lindquist, R. J. (2021). Measuring ketone bodies for the monitoring of pathologic and therapeutic ketosis. Obesity science & practice, 7(5), 646-656.
22. Harvey, C., Schofield, G., & Williden, M. (2018). The lived experience of healthy adults following a ketogenic diet: A qualitative study. The Journal of Holistic Performance, 3638.
23. Lightstone, L., Shinnar, S., Callahan, C. M., & O'Dell, C. (2001). Reasons for failure of the ketogenic diet. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 33(6), 292.
24. Johnstone, A. M., Horgan, G. W., Murison, S. D., Bremner, D. M., & Lobley, G. E. (2008). Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(1), 44-55.
25. Turner-McGrievy, G., & Harris, M. (2014). Key elements of plant-based diets associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome. Current diabetes reports, 14, 1-9.
26. Kahleova, H., Levin, S., & Barnard, N. D. (2018). Vegetarian dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 61(1), 54-61.
27. Hess, J. M., Comeau, M. E., Swanson, K., & Burbank, M. (2023). Modeling Ovo-vegetarian, Lacto-vegetarian, Pescatarian, and Vegan USDA Food Patterns and Assessing Nutrient Adequacy for Lactation among Adult Females. Current Developments in Nutrition, 7(12), 102034.
28. Austria, J. A., Richard, M. N., Chahine, M. N., Edel, A. L., Malcolmson, L. J., Dupasquier, C. M., & Pierce, G. N. (2008). Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid in subjects after ingestion of three different forms of flaxseed. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 27(2), 214-221.
29. Hooper, L., Thompson, R. L., Harrison, R. A., Summerbell, C. D., Ness, A. R., Moore, H. J., ... & Smith, G. D. (2006). Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. Bmj, 332(7544), 752-760.
30. Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N., & Rosell, M. S. (2006). Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 65(1), 35-41.
31. Pawlak, R., Lester, S. E., & Babatunde, T. (2014). The prevalence of cobalamin deficiency among vegetarians assessed by serum vitamin B12: a review of literature. European journal of clinical nutrition, 68(5), 541-548.
32. McEvoy, C. T., Temple, N., & Woodside, J. V. (2012). Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review. Public health nutrition, 15(12), 2287-2294.
33. Satija, A., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Spiegelman, D., Chiuve, S. E., Manson, J. E., Willett, W., ... & Hu, F. B. (2017). Healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease in US adults. Journal of the American college of cardiology, 70(4), 411-422.
34. Orlich, M. J., Singh, P. N., Sabaté, J., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., Fan, J., Knutsen, S., ... & Fraser, G. E. (2013). Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA internal medicine, 173(13), 1230-1238.
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Feb 3, 2024
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Areej Awan, Muhammad Hamza, Tajally Naeem, Maham Naveed, Ghania Ghani, Sami Ali Babekir, Saliha Naeem, Maryam Tariq, Sidra Aslam, & Amna Rafeeq. (2024). EXPLORING THE PROS AND CONS OF KETOGENIC, VEGETARIAN AND MEDITERRANEAN DIETS ON MULTIFACETED HEALTH BIOMARKERS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(2), 110–125. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i2.4235
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Author Biographies
Areej Awan
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University Faislabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
Muhammad Hamza
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
Tajally Naeem
Department of Agriculture and Food Technology, Karakorum International University Gilgit 15100 Pakistan
Maham Naveed
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University Faislabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
Ghania Ghani
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
Sami Ali Babekir
Department of Rehabilitation science, Al-Neelain University, 11113, Sudan
Saliha Naeem
Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nur International University, Lahore, 55150, Punjab, Pakistan
Maryam Tariq
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University Faislabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
Sidra Aslam
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faislabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
Amna Rafeeq
Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, 32200, Punjab, Pakistan.