ENTERIC FEVER: IN ERA OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Salmonella typhi, enteric fever, antibiotic resistance, sensitivity, children
Abstract
Background: Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi are the common causes of enteric fever, agastrointestinal infection that is characterized by systemic clinical signs. The oral-fecal pathway isthe main means of transmission, and humans are the only known reservoir for this bacteria. Within14 daysofinfection,clinicalsignsusually showup asfever, vomiting, diarrhea, andabdominalpain. Due to its high rates of morbidity and mortality, enteric fever isa major global health concern.Children are more proneto this ailment,especially in thesummerand during therainy season.
Objective:To examineantibioticresistancein entericfeverin children.
Studydesign:Ananalyticalcross-sectionalstudy
Place and Duration:This study was conducted in Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jilani Institute of MedicalSciencesGambatfrom September 2022 to September2023.
Methodology: childrenwith enteric fever symptoms were selected at random from a hospital with awell-functioning laboratory. Two blood samples were drawn from different locations and submittedforsensitivityandculturetesting.OurstudycomprisedchildrenwhoseSalmonellatyphiorparatyphi isolates were positive. Considering the patients' ages, we separated them into three groups.Patients in the first group were under 2to 5 years of age; those in the second group were between 6 to 10years old; and thosein thethirdgroup were11 to 15years of age.
Results: A total of 200 childrenwere included in this research. Overall 136 participants were male, while 64were female. Considering the patients' ages, weseparated them into three groups. Patients in thefirst group were under 2to 5 years of age (n = 42), those in the second group were between 6 to 10 yearsold(n=108),andthoseinthethirdgroup wereabove11 to 15yearsofage(n=50).Theagerangewith the highest levels of antibiotic resistance was 6 to 10years old. Furthermore, resistance rateswerenoticeablygreaterinthosewhohadtakenantibioticsbeforeseekingmedicalassistance.Antibioticresistancewasmorecommon in male patientsthan in femalepatients.
Conclusion: Patients between the ages of 6 to 10years showed a considerably higher level ofresistancethan patients under theageof2 to 5 years or patients over the ageof 11 to 15years.
Objective:To examineantibioticresistancein entericfeverin children.
Studydesign:Ananalyticalcross-sectionalstudy
Place and Duration:This study was conducted in Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jilani Institute of MedicalSciencesGambatfrom September 2022 to September2023.
Methodology: childrenwith enteric fever symptoms were selected at random from a hospital with awell-functioning laboratory. Two blood samples were drawn from different locations and submittedforsensitivityandculturetesting.OurstudycomprisedchildrenwhoseSalmonellatyphiorparatyphi isolates were positive. Considering the patients' ages, we separated them into three groups.Patients in the first group were under 2to 5 years of age; those in the second group were between 6 to 10years old; and thosein thethirdgroup were11 to 15years of age.
Results: A total of 200 childrenwere included in this research. Overall 136 participants were male, while 64were female. Considering the patients' ages, weseparated them into three groups. Patients in thefirst group were under 2to 5 years of age (n = 42), those in the second group were between 6 to 10 yearsold(n=108),andthoseinthethirdgroup wereabove11 to 15yearsofage(n=50).Theagerangewith the highest levels of antibiotic resistance was 6 to 10years old. Furthermore, resistance rateswerenoticeablygreaterinthosewhohadtakenantibioticsbeforeseekingmedicalassistance.Antibioticresistancewasmorecommon in male patientsthan in femalepatients.
Conclusion: Patients between the ages of 6 to 10years showed a considerably higher level ofresistancethan patients under theageof2 to 5 years or patients over the ageof 11 to 15years.
References
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10. Afroze SR, Rahim MA, Hasan MM, Afroz F, Haque HF, Ahmed JU, Ahmed AS, Hossain MD, Rahman MR, Musa AK, Uddin KN. Pattern of antibiotic sensitivity in enteric fever: a tertiary care hospital experience. Journal of Medicine. 2014 Jul 1;15(2):122.
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12. Watanabe T. Infectious drug resistance in enteric bacteria. N Engl J Med 1966; 275:888–94. Google Scholar Cross ref PubMed
13. Smith MD, Duong NM, Hoa NT, et al. Comparison of ofloxacin and ceftriaxone for short-course treatment of enteric fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1716-20.
14. Masuet-Aumatell, Cristina, and Jorge Atouguia. “Typhoid fever infection–Antibiotic resistance and vaccination strategies: A narrative review.” Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 40 (2021): 101946. M01
15. Divyashree S, Nabarro LE, Veeraraghavan B, Rupali P. Enteric fever in India: Current scenario and future directions. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2016 Oct; 21(10):1255-62.
16. Zaki SA, Karande S. Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever: A review. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011; 5: 324-37.
17. Bhatia JK, Mathur AD, Arora MM. Re-emergence of chloramphenicol sensitivity in enteric fever. Med J Armed Forces India 2007; 63: 212-4.
18. Wain J, Kidgell C. The emergence of multidrug resistance to antimicrobial agents for the treatment of typhoid fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 98: 423-30.
19. Varsha GUPTA, Nidhi SINGLA, Neha BANSAL, Neelam KAISTHA, and Jagdish CHANDERd, Trends in the antibiotic resistance patterns of enteric fever isolates – a three year report from a Tertiary Care Centre. Malays J Med Sci. 2013 Jul; 20(4): 71-75.
20. Levine MM, Simon R. The gathering storm: Is untreatable typhoid fever on the way? MBio 2018; 9:pii: e00482-18.
2. Kadappu KK, Bhat R, Kurian B. Pattern of multiple drug resistance in enteric fever in Manipal, India. Tropical Doctor. 2003 Jul;33(3):189-91.
3. Chakraborty P, Mazumdar S, Mondal S, Choudhury S. Study on clinical profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of enteric fever patients in a tertiary care hospital of East India. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2022 Jun 1;13(6).
4. Singh CP, Singh N, Brar GK, Lal G, Kumar H. Efficacy of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin in multidrug resistant enteric fever in adults. Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 1993 Jun 1;91(6):156-7.
5. Porwal A, Bhat S. Antibiotic resistance among enteric fever pathogens in a tertiary care centre. Natl J Lab Med. 2016;5:15-8.
6. Munawer A, Hegde A, Faheema N, Manipura R. Antimicrobial susceptibility trend among enteric fever isolates in a tertiary care hospital of coastal Karnataka, India. J Krishna Inst Med Sci Univ. 2020 Apr 1;9(2):35-42.
7. Gupta V, Singla N, Bansal N, Kaistha N, Chander J. Trends in the antibiotic resistance patterns of enteric fever isolates–A three year report from a tertiary care centre. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS. 2013 Jul;20(4):71.
8. Makkar A, Gupta S, Khan ID, Gupta RM, Rajmohan KS, Chopra H, Gupta M, Bansal S, Poonia B, Malik M, Panda PS. Epidemiological Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Enteric Fever in a Tertiary Care Hospital of North India–a Seven Year Ambispective Study. Acta Medica. 2019 Jan 22;61(4):125-30.
9. Joshi RD, Khadka S, Joshi DM, Shrestha B, Dangal G, Acharya KP, Shrestha S, Dongol Y. Antimicrobial sensitivity trend in blood culture positive enteric fever.
10. Afroze SR, Rahim MA, Hasan MM, Afroz F, Haque HF, Ahmed JU, Ahmed AS, Hossain MD, Rahman MR, Musa AK, Uddin KN. Pattern of antibiotic sensitivity in enteric fever: a tertiary care hospital experience. Journal of Medicine. 2014 Jul 1;15(2):122.
11. Olarte J, Galindo E. Salmonella Typhi resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and other antimicrobial agents: Strains isolated during an extensive typhoid fever epidemic in Mexico. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1973; 4:597-601.
12. Watanabe T. Infectious drug resistance in enteric bacteria. N Engl J Med 1966; 275:888–94. Google Scholar Cross ref PubMed
13. Smith MD, Duong NM, Hoa NT, et al. Comparison of ofloxacin and ceftriaxone for short-course treatment of enteric fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1716-20.
14. Masuet-Aumatell, Cristina, and Jorge Atouguia. “Typhoid fever infection–Antibiotic resistance and vaccination strategies: A narrative review.” Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 40 (2021): 101946. M01
15. Divyashree S, Nabarro LE, Veeraraghavan B, Rupali P. Enteric fever in India: Current scenario and future directions. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2016 Oct; 21(10):1255-62.
16. Zaki SA, Karande S. Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever: A review. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011; 5: 324-37.
17. Bhatia JK, Mathur AD, Arora MM. Re-emergence of chloramphenicol sensitivity in enteric fever. Med J Armed Forces India 2007; 63: 212-4.
18. Wain J, Kidgell C. The emergence of multidrug resistance to antimicrobial agents for the treatment of typhoid fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 98: 423-30.
19. Varsha GUPTA, Nidhi SINGLA, Neha BANSAL, Neelam KAISTHA, and Jagdish CHANDERd, Trends in the antibiotic resistance patterns of enteric fever isolates – a three year report from a Tertiary Care Centre. Malays J Med Sci. 2013 Jul; 20(4): 71-75.
20. Levine MM, Simon R. The gathering storm: Is untreatable typhoid fever on the way? MBio 2018; 9:pii: e00482-18.
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Published
Jan 22, 2024
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How to Cite
Amanullah Lail, Bakhtiar Ahmed Bhanbhro, Asif Ali Khuhro, Pardeep Kumar, Iftkhar Haider, & Sonia Saleem. (2024). ENTERIC FEVER: IN ERA OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 1209–1214. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i1.4152
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Author Biographies
Amanullah Lail
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Dow University of Health Sciences, Dow Medical College Karachi Pakistan.
Bakhtiar Ahmed Bhanbhro
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jilani Institute of Medical Sciences Gambat Pakistan.
Asif Ali Khuhro
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jilani Institute of Medical Sciences Gambat Pakistan.
Pardeep Kumar
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jilani Institute of Medical Sciences Gambat Pakistan.
Iftkhar Haider
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jilani Institute of Medical Sciences Gambat Pakistan.
Sonia Saleem
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Al-Aleem Medical College, Ghulab Devi Teaching Hospital Lahore Pakistan.