Role of Triggered Receptor Expressed in Myeloid Cells (TREM) in Periodontal Disease- A Systematic Review

Main Article Content

Burra Anand Deepika
Jaiganesh Ramamurthy

Keywords

TREM, TREM -1, Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1, Periodontitis, Periodontal disease, Levels of TREM

Abstract

Background: Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases caused by periodontal pathogenic bacteria which is characterised by inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues. TREM-Triggered Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 1(TREM-1) is a cell surface receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily, involved in the innate inflammatory response to bacterial and fungal infections. TREM-1 activation and expression occur synergistically with TLR as the TREM family contains both inhibitory and activating receptors capable of TLRs moreover , TREM -1 has also been associated with NOD- like receptors (NLR), responsible for sensing microbial danger and amplifying the inflammatory response. On the molecular level, TREM-1 regulates immune cell function, by forming an intracellular complex with signaling adapter DNAX activating protein of 12FDa(DAP12), is involved in immune response to bacterial and fungal infections particularly by amplifying the production of pro- inflammation cytokines by the host.
Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the role of Triggered Receptor Expressed in Myeloid Cells 1(TREM -1) in periodontal disease.
Materials And Methods: Source Used And Search Methodology: Electronic databases were done which included studies of the Pubmed, Pubmed central, Medline, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, Mesh, Science direct, Embase databases up till the month of March 2021. The search was performed using key words and terms mentioned in Table. No limits and language restriction were applied during the electronic search to include all the possible clinical trials in the potential relevant article search phase of the systematic review. No time restriction was applied. The search was completed by checking the reference terms and also the key words given in the relevant articles. A manual hand search was also carried out. The articles were screened on the basis of title and abstract. Full text was then downloaded for the relevant articles which fulfilled the inclusion criteria mentioned.
Results: 11 articles were found relevant according to the inclusion criteria .It was found that 11 studies discussed the role of TREM levels in periodontal disease. 5 studies discussed about sTREM-1 levels and IL levels against periodontal pathogens. 1 study showed P1 study showed up Active Matrix Metalloproteinase (aMMP) Predicts in (TREM -1) In saliva PGLYRP1 AND TREM-1, IL levels in gingival inflammation. 1 study showed TREM-1 , mRNA expression in MM6 cells ( MONO MAC ). 1 study showed TREM -1, TREM-2 in inflamed Human gingiva. 1 study showed TREM -1,PGLYRP 1, MMP 8 in peri implant disease. 1 study showed TREM - 1 Response in periodontium in elderly population.
Conclusion: The current evidence and results prove that further in the field of TREM could throw a light into the understanding of the inflammatory process of periodontal disease. From the systematic review it is evident that TREM levels are increased in periodontal disease, against periodontal pathogens. Synthetic TREM-1 blockade could mitigate the host inflammatory response and be useful as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of periodontal disease.Further studies are needed to show the specific role of sTERM-1 in inflammatory conditions and diagnostic tests will be available for clinical use in dental practices to assist in patient care. TREM-1 modulation to provide therapeutic effects and arrest the tissue destruction common in periodontitis.

Abstract 122 | PDF Downloads 142

References

1. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1998 Feb;25(2):134-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1998.tb02419.x. PMID: 9495612.
2. Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. Beyond the red complex and into more complexity: the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD) model of periodontal disease etiology. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2012 Dec;27(6):409-19. doi: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2012.00663.x. Epub 2012 Sep 3. PMID: 23134607; PMCID: PMC3653317.
3. Wei S, Kitaura H, Zhou P, Ross FP, Teitelbaum SL. IL-1 mediates TNF-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Invest. 2005 Feb;115(2):282-90. doi: 10.1172/JCI23394. PMID: 15668736; PMCID: PMC544608.
4. Azuma Y, Kaji K, Katogi R, Takeshita S, Kudo A. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces differentiation of and bone resorption by osteoclasts. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 18;275(7):4858-64. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.7.4858. PMID: 10671521.
5. Allison DG. Community structure and co-operation in biofilms. Cambridge University Press; 2000 Oct 23.
6. Slots J. Subgingival microflora and periodontal disease. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1979 Oct;6(5):351-82.
7. Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Microbial etiological agents of destructive periodontal disease. Periodontol. 2000(5):78-111.
8. Dzink JL, Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. The predominant cultivable microbiota of active and inactive lesions of destructive periodontal diseases. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1988 May;15(5):316-23.
9. Ezzo PJ. Microorganisms as risk indicators for periodontal disease. Periodontol.. 2003;32:24-35.
10. Genco RJ. Host responses in periodontal diseases: current concepts. Journal of periodontology. 1992 Apr;63:338-55.
11. Fortin CF, Lesur O, Fulop Jr T. Effects of TREM-1 activation in human neutrophils: activation of signaling pathways, recruitment into lipid rafts and association with TLR4. International immunology. 2007 Jan 1;19(1):41-50.
12. Gibot S, Cravoisy A. Soluble form of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 as a marker of microbial infection. Clinical medicine & research. 2004 Aug 1;2(3):181-7.
13. Willi M, Belibasakis GN, Bostanci N. Expression and regulation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in periodontal diseases. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 2014 Oct;178(1):190-200.
14. Akcali A, Huck O, Tenenbaum HE, Davideau JL, Buduneli N. Periodontal diseases and stress: a brief review. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2013 Jan;40(1):60-8.
15. Vadivel JK, Govindarajan M, Somasundaram E, Muthukrishnan A. Mast cell expression in oral lichen planus: A systematic review. J Investig Clin Dent. 2019 Nov;10(4):e12457.
16. Panda S, Jayakumar ND, Sankari M, Varghese SS, Kumar DS. Platelet rich fibrin and xenograft in treatment of intrabony defect. Contemp Clin Dent. 2014 Oct;5(4):550–4.
17. Mehta M, Dhanjal DS, Paudel KR, Singh B, Gupta G, Rajeshkumar S, et al. Cellular signalling pathways mediating the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases: an update. Inflammopharmacology. 2020 Aug;28(4):795–817.
18. Venkatesan J, Singh SK, Anil S, Kim SK, Shim MS. Preparation, Characterization and Biological Applications of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles with Chitosan-Fucoidan Coating. Molecules [Internet]. 2018 Jun 12;23(6). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061429
19. Bhansali KJ, Balinge KR, Raut SU, Deshmukh SA, Senthil Kumar M, Ramesh Kumar C, et al. Visible light assisted sulfonic acid-functionalized porphyrin comprising benzimidazolium moiety for photocatalytic transesterification of castor oil. Fuel. 2021 Nov 15;304:121490.
20. Deepanraj B, Senthilkumar N, Mala D, Sathiamourthy A. Cashew nut shell liquid as alternate fuel for CI engine—optimization approach for performance improvement. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2022 May 1;12(5):1715–28.
21. Kamath M, Rao SK, Jaison, Sridhar, Kasthuri, Gopinath, et al. Melatonin delivery from PCL scaffold enhances glycosaminoglycans deposition in human chondrocytes – Bioactive scaffold model for cartilage regeneration. Process Biochem. 2020 Dec;99:36–47.
22. Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. Novel insights into m6A modification in circular RNA and implications for immunity [Internet]. Vol. 17, Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2020. p. 668–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0387-x
23. Li Z, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Bolla SR, Lakshmanan H, Kumaran S, et al. Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway [Internet]. Vol. 203, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2020. p. 111773. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773
24. Nambi G, Kamal W, Es S, Joshi S, Trivedi P. Spinal manipulation plus laser therapy versus laser therapy alone in the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2018 Dec;54(6):880–9.
25. Bostanci N, Thurnheer T, Belibasakis GN. Involvement of the TREM-1/DAP12 pathway in the innate immune responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Molecular immunology. 2011 Oct 1;49(1-2):387-94.
26. Bostanci N, Thurnheer T, Aduse-Opoku J, Curtis MA, Zinkernagel AS, Belibasakis GN. Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates TREM-1 in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils via its gingipains. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 4;8(10):e75784.
27. Bostanci N, Belibasakis GN. Doxycycline inhibits TREM-1 induction by Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology. 2012 Oct 1;66(1):37-44.
28. Varanat M, Haase EM, Kay JG, Scannapieco FA. Activation of the TREM‐1 pathway in human monocytes by periodontal pathogens and oral commensal bacteria. Molecular oral microbiology. 2017 Aug;32(4):275-87.
29. Willi M, Belibasakis GN, Bostanci N. Expression and regulation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in periodontal diseases. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 2014 Oct;178(1):190-200.
30. Chen SS, Wang K, Zhao J, Wu WC, Wu YF, Zhao L. Increased expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 and 2 in inflamed human gingiva. Journal of periodontal research. 2017 Jun;52(3):512-21.
31. Teixeira MK, Lira-Junior R, Lourenço EJ, Telles DM, Boström EA, Figueredo CM, Bostanci N. The modulation of the TREM-1/PGLYRP1/MMP-8 axis in peri-implant diseases. Clinical oral investigations. 2020 May;24(5):1837-44.
32. Räisänen IT, Heikkinen AM, Pakbaznejad Esmaeili E, Tervahartiala T, Pajukanta R, Silbereisen A, Bostanci N, Sorsa T. A point‐of‐care test of active matrix metalloproteinase‐8 predicts triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells‐1 (TREM‐1) levels in saliva. Journal of periodontology. 2020 Jan;91(1):102-9.