MUCOADHESIVE GASTRORETENTIVE SYSTEMS: A SITE SPECIFIC ORAL DELIVERY APPROACH
Main Article Content
Keywords
Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System, Intestinal transit time, Gastro retentive system.
Abstract
Due to its ease of administration, patient compliance, and formulation flexibility, the oral route of medication administration is the most preferred method. However, this method has some limitations, such as a short gastric residence time (GRT) for long-term drug delivery systems and for medications that are absorbed from particular gastrointestinal tract (GIT) sites. Numerous gastroretentive techniques, such as floating, bioadhesion, swelling, etc., are available for delivery. Several strategies have been put out to increase the gastric retention period of the delivery system in the upper gastrointestinal tract in order to get around these restrictions. By concentrating on site-specific drug release in the upper portion of the GIT, the gastroretentive dosage form (GRDF) extends the GRT. By improving the bioavailability of medications with a limited therapeutic window and enabling continuous and prolonged drug release, GRDFs help patients comply with their treatment regimens. The Gastrointestinal Mucoadhesive drug delivery system helps the drug perform better therapeutically by extending the dosage form's residence time at the site of absorption and facilitating close contact between the dosage form and the underline absorption surface. Wetting, adsorption, and interaction of polymer chains are only a few of the complex processes involved in the mucoadhesion process when using a polymeric drug delivery platform. Mucoadhesion and gastrointestinal retention are influenced by a number of factors.
References
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35) Sahana B, Bhaduri K. “Special approach to linger residence period of drug formulations for enhancement of bioavailability and therapeutic activity based on mucoadhesive polymers”. International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars, 2019; 8(4): 1-18.
36) Kumar RS, Nuvati K. “Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview”. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 2019; 9(4): 629-634.
37) Parmar HK, Pandya KK, Pardasani LJ, Panchal VS, Tandel HT. “A systematic review on mucoadhesive drug delivery system”. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2017; 6(09): 337-366.
38) Jamzad S., Tutunji L., Fassihi R., “Analysis of macromolecular changes and drug release from hydrophilic matrix systems”. Int. J. Pharm., 2005,292, 75–85
39) Lueben H.L.V, “Mucoadhesive polymers in peroral peptide drug delivery. V. Effect of poly (acry lates) on the enzymatic degradation of peptide drugs by intestinal brush border membrane vesicles”. Int. J. Pharm., 1996 141(1), 39–52.
40) Apicella A., Cappello B., Del Nobile M.A., La Rotonda M.I., Mensitieri G., Nicolais L, “Polyeth ylene oxide (PEO) and different molecular weight PEO blends monolithic devices for drug release”. Biomaterials, 1993,14(2), 83-90.
41) Singh B, Chakkal S.K, Ahuja N, “Formulation and optimization of controlled release mucoadhesive tablets of Atenolol using response surface methodology”. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2006, 7(1), Article 3.
42) Bardonnet, P.; Faivre, V.; Pugh, W.; Pi aretti, J.; Falson, F. “Gastroretentive dosage forms: Overview and special case of Helicobacter pylori”. J. Control. Release 2006, 111, 1–18.
43) Prajapati, V.D.; Jani, G.K.; Khutliwala, T.A.; Zala, B.S. Raft forming system—"An upcoming approach of gastroretentive drug delivery system”. J. Control. Release 2013, 168, 151–165.
44) Shtenberg,Y.; Goldfeder,M.; Prinz, H.; Shainsky, J.; Ghantous, Y.; El-Naaj, I.A.; Schroeder, A.; Bianco-Peled, H. “Mucoadhesive alginate pastes with embedded liposomes for local oral drug delivery”. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 111, 62–69.
45) Nappinnai,M.;Sivaneswari,S.”Formulationoptimizationandcharacterizationofgastroretentivecefpodoxime proxetil mucoadhesive microspheres using 32 factorial design”. J. Pharm. Res. 2013, 7, 304–309.
46) Pund, S.; Joshi, A.; Vasu, K.; Nivsarkar, M.; Shishoo, C. “Gastroretentive delivery of rifampicin: In vitro mucoadhesion and in vivo gamma scintigraphy”. Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 411, 106–112.
47) Wang,L.; Wu,Y.; Li, J.; Qiao, H.; Di, L. “Rheological and mucoadhesive properties of polysaccharide from Bletilla striata with potential use in pharmaceutics as bio-adhesive excipient”. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 120, 529–536.
48) Khutoryanskiy, V.V. “Advances in mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers”. Macromol. Biosci. 2011, 11, 748–764.
49) Bardonnet, P.; Faivre, V.; Pugh, W.; Pi aretti, J.; Falson, F. “Gastroretentive dosage forms: Overview and special case of Helicobacter pylori”. J. Control. Release 2006, 111, 1–18.
50) Streubel, A.; Siepmann, J.; Bodmeier, R. “Drug delivery to the upper small intestine window using gastroretentive technologies”. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2006, 6, 501–508.
2) P. Patel, N. Dand, A. Somwanshi, V. J. Kadam, and R. S. Hirlekar: “Design and Evaluation of a Sustained Release Gastroretentive Dosage Form of Captopril: A Technical Note”, AAPS Pharm SciTech 2008;9(3):836-839.
3) Nayak A.K., Maji R, Das B: “Gastroretentive Delivery Systems: A Review”, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2010;3(1):2-10.
4) Talukder R and Fassihi R: “Gastroretentive Delivery Systems: A Mini Review”, Drug development and industrial pharmacy 2004; 30(10):1019–1028.
5) Hwang S.J., Park H, Park K, “Gastric Retentive Drug-Delivery Systems”, Critical Reviews in Therapeut. Drug Carrier Systems,1998, 15(3), 243–284.
6) Whitehead L., Fell J.T., Collett J.H, “Development of a Gastroretentive Dosage Form.” Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 1996,4 (1), 182.
7) Xiaoling L., Bhaskara R.J, Eds. “Design of controlled release drug delivery systems”, McGraw Hill, New York. 2006, 173-176.
8) Mathur P, Saroha K, Syan N, Verma S and Kumar V. “Floating drug delivery system: An innovative acceptable approach in gastro retentive drug delivery”. Scholars research library 2010; 2:257-270
9) Joseph R. Robinson, Lee V. “Controlled Drug Delivery, Fundamentals and Applications”. 2nd Edition, Revised and Expanded, Marcell. Dekker Inc., New York (2009).
10) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstock.adobe.com%2Fimages%2Fanatomy-of-the-human-digestive-system-with-description-of-the-corresponding-internal parts%2F273212884&psig=AOvVaw3nDFu0jerqJsRSYQmZuaA0&ust=1754917929560000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCICz3fCogI8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
11) Tomar A, Upadhyay A, Gupta SK, Kumar S. “An overview on gastroretentive drug delivery system: current approaches and advancements”. Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019; 09(01): 12-16.
12) Kumar M, Kaushik D. “An overview on various approaches and recent patents on gastroretentive drug delivery systems”. Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation, 2018; 12: 84-92.
13) Juthi AZ, Bithi TZ. “Gastroretentive drug delivery technologies”. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2018; 4(2): 11-15.
14) El-Kamel AH, Sokar MS, Al Gamal SS, Naggar VF. “Preparation and evaluation of ketoprofen floating oral delivery system”. Int J Parm. 2001; 220: 13-21.
15) Khosla R, Feely LC, Davis SS. “Gastrointestinal transit of non-disintegrating tablets in fed subjects”. Int J Pharm. 1989; 53: 107-117.
16) Mojaverian P, Vlasses PH, Kellner PE, Rocci Jr ML. “Effects of gender, posture and age on gastric residence time of an indigestible solid: Pharmaceutical considerations”. Pharm Res. 1988; 10: 639-644.
17) Garg R, Gupta GD. “Progress in controlled gastroretentive delivery systems”. Trop J Pharm Res. 2008; 7(3): 1055 1066
18) Dave BS, Amin AF, Patel M. “Gastrorentive drug delivery system of ranitidine HCl formulation and in vitro evaluation”. AAPS Pharma Sci Tech. 2004; 5: 1-10.
19) Hejazi R, Amiji M. “Stomach-specific anti-H. pylori therapy. I: Preparation and characterization of tetracycline of a floating multiple-unit capsule, a high-density loaded chitosan microspheres”. Int J Pharm. 2002; 235: 87-94.
20) Rajinikanth PS, Mishra B. “Floating in situ gelling system for stomach site-specific delivery of clarithromycin to eradicate H. pylori”. J Control Release. 2008; 125: 33-41.
21) Rajinikanth PS, Balasubramanium J, Mishra B. “Development and evaluation of a novel floating in situ gelling system of amoxicillin for eradication of Helecobacter pylori”. Int J Pharm. 2007; 335: 114-122.
22) Sawicki W. “Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and nor verapamil from controlled release floating pellets in humans”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2001; 53: 29-35.
23) Sowmya B, Arvapalli S, Gupta AVSSS. “A review on gastroretentive drug delivery system”. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, 2019; 5(4): 101-110.
24) More S, Gavali K, Doke O, Kasgawade P. “Gastroretentive drug delivery system”. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 2018; 8(4): 24-35.
25) Prajapati KA, Raval AG, Patel YK, Agraval HG. “Gastroretentive drug delivery system therapeutic management of peptic ulcer in geriatric patient”. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018; 6(11): 71-83.
26) Setia M, Kumar K, Teotia D. “Gastro-retentive floating beads a new trend of drug delivery system”. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 2018; 8(3): 169-180.
27) Ahuja A.K., Khar R.P., Ali J, “Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System”. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,1997, 23 (5), 489-515.
28) Lele B.S, Hoffman A.S, “Mucoadhesive Drug Carriers Based on Complexes of poly (acrylic acid) and PEGylated Drugs having Hydrolysable PEG-anhydride-drug Linkages”. J Control Release, 2000, 69, 237-248.
29) Davis S. S, “Review: Formulation strategies for absorption windows”, DDT 2005;10(4):249-257.
30) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2Fnterdigestive-Myloelectric-Cycle-or-Migrating-Myloelectric-Cycle-MMC-FACTORS-AFFECTING_fig1_247774737&psig=AOvVaw0nOiu_IdtspJrGA__veVwf&ust=1755435934823000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCIi0rs6yj48DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
31) J.d. smart, “the basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion”, adv. Drug deliv. Rev. 57 (2005) (11) 1556-1568.
32) J.k. vasir, k. tambwekar, s. garg, “bioadhesive microspheres as a controlled drug delivery system”, int. j. pharm. (2003) 255 (1) 13-32.
33) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjaper.in%2Fstorage%2Fmodels%2Farticle%2FwNpf3chMfN15jmoxMAGlq9nP2e1ZbzPjRPHnmG9j83MqvOc9538I2jYaD2DA%2Fmucoadhesive-buccal-drug-delivery-an
34) Katual MK, Gill NS, Singh G. “Novel frontiers in buccal patches: a recent update”. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2018; 1(3): 8-19.
35) Sahana B, Bhaduri K. “Special approach to linger residence period of drug formulations for enhancement of bioavailability and therapeutic activity based on mucoadhesive polymers”. International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars, 2019; 8(4): 1-18.
36) Kumar RS, Nuvati K. “Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview”. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 2019; 9(4): 629-634.
37) Parmar HK, Pandya KK, Pardasani LJ, Panchal VS, Tandel HT. “A systematic review on mucoadhesive drug delivery system”. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2017; 6(09): 337-366.
38) Jamzad S., Tutunji L., Fassihi R., “Analysis of macromolecular changes and drug release from hydrophilic matrix systems”. Int. J. Pharm., 2005,292, 75–85
39) Lueben H.L.V, “Mucoadhesive polymers in peroral peptide drug delivery. V. Effect of poly (acry lates) on the enzymatic degradation of peptide drugs by intestinal brush border membrane vesicles”. Int. J. Pharm., 1996 141(1), 39–52.
40) Apicella A., Cappello B., Del Nobile M.A., La Rotonda M.I., Mensitieri G., Nicolais L, “Polyeth ylene oxide (PEO) and different molecular weight PEO blends monolithic devices for drug release”. Biomaterials, 1993,14(2), 83-90.
41) Singh B, Chakkal S.K, Ahuja N, “Formulation and optimization of controlled release mucoadhesive tablets of Atenolol using response surface methodology”. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2006, 7(1), Article 3.
42) Bardonnet, P.; Faivre, V.; Pugh, W.; Pi aretti, J.; Falson, F. “Gastroretentive dosage forms: Overview and special case of Helicobacter pylori”. J. Control. Release 2006, 111, 1–18.
43) Prajapati, V.D.; Jani, G.K.; Khutliwala, T.A.; Zala, B.S. Raft forming system—"An upcoming approach of gastroretentive drug delivery system”. J. Control. Release 2013, 168, 151–165.
44) Shtenberg,Y.; Goldfeder,M.; Prinz, H.; Shainsky, J.; Ghantous, Y.; El-Naaj, I.A.; Schroeder, A.; Bianco-Peled, H. “Mucoadhesive alginate pastes with embedded liposomes for local oral drug delivery”. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 111, 62–69.
45) Nappinnai,M.;Sivaneswari,S.”Formulationoptimizationandcharacterizationofgastroretentivecefpodoxime proxetil mucoadhesive microspheres using 32 factorial design”. J. Pharm. Res. 2013, 7, 304–309.
46) Pund, S.; Joshi, A.; Vasu, K.; Nivsarkar, M.; Shishoo, C. “Gastroretentive delivery of rifampicin: In vitro mucoadhesion and in vivo gamma scintigraphy”. Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 411, 106–112.
47) Wang,L.; Wu,Y.; Li, J.; Qiao, H.; Di, L. “Rheological and mucoadhesive properties of polysaccharide from Bletilla striata with potential use in pharmaceutics as bio-adhesive excipient”. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 120, 529–536.
48) Khutoryanskiy, V.V. “Advances in mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers”. Macromol. Biosci. 2011, 11, 748–764.
49) Bardonnet, P.; Faivre, V.; Pugh, W.; Pi aretti, J.; Falson, F. “Gastroretentive dosage forms: Overview and special case of Helicobacter pylori”. J. Control. Release 2006, 111, 1–18.
50) Streubel, A.; Siepmann, J.; Bodmeier, R. “Drug delivery to the upper small intestine window using gastroretentive technologies”. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2006, 6, 501–508.
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Sep 30, 2025
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Nidhi Patel, Dr. Shweta Paroha, & Dr. Pragnesh Patni. (2025). MUCOADHESIVE GASTRORETENTIVE SYSTEMS: A SITE SPECIFIC ORAL DELIVERY APPROACH. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 1957-1966. https://doi.org/10.53555/f4npty47
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Author Biographies
Nidhi Patel
Khyati College of Pharmacy, palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Shweta Paroha
Khyati College of Pharmacy, palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Pragnesh Patni
Khyati College of Pharmacy, palodia, Ahmedabad
How to Cite
Nidhi Patel, Dr. Shweta Paroha, & Dr. Pragnesh Patni. (2025). MUCOADHESIVE GASTRORETENTIVE SYSTEMS: A SITE SPECIFIC ORAL DELIVERY APPROACH. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(7), 1957-1966. https://doi.org/10.53555/f4npty47