EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION ON PROTEINURIA IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, FOCUSING ON CHANGES IN THE URINARY ALBUMIN/CREATATININE RATIO (UACR)
Main Article Content
Keywords
Vitamin D, Proteinuria, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, UACR, Glycemic Control, Diabetic Nephropathy.
Abstract
Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency exists to a high extent among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) because it contributes to proteinuria development in diabetic nephropathy. The research examines vitamin D supplementation effects on T2DM patient proteinuria while focusing specifically on urinary albumin/creatinine ratio modifications (UACR).
Objective: The analysis aims to determine the influence of vitamin D supplements on proteinuria coupled with HbA1c and UACR levels management for T2DM patients.
Materials and Method: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Punjab Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology in Lahore between January 2024 to June 2024. The research team randomly placed participants into groups that received either vitamin D supplements or inactive substances. The research design includes testing UACR levels and HbA1c levels before and after implementation.
Results: Vitamin D supplements decreased UAR measurements by 30% while lowering HbA1c readings by 7.7% versus the placebo test recipients.
Conclusion: The administration of vitamin D shows effectiveness in both lowering proteinuria and controlling blood glucose in patients with T2DM.
Objective: The analysis aims to determine the influence of vitamin D supplements on proteinuria coupled with HbA1c and UACR levels management for T2DM patients.
Materials and Method: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Punjab Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology in Lahore between January 2024 to June 2024. The research team randomly placed participants into groups that received either vitamin D supplements or inactive substances. The research design includes testing UACR levels and HbA1c levels before and after implementation.
Results: Vitamin D supplements decreased UAR measurements by 30% while lowering HbA1c readings by 7.7% versus the placebo test recipients.
Conclusion: The administration of vitamin D shows effectiveness in both lowering proteinuria and controlling blood glucose in patients with T2DM.
References
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7- Zakhary, C.M., Rushdi, H., Hamdan, J.A., Youssef, K.N., Khan, A., Abdalla, M.A. and Khan, S., 2021. Protective role of vitamin D therapy in diabetes mellitus type II. Cureus, 13(8).
8- Gnudi, L., Fountoulakis, N., Panagiotou, A., Corcillo, A., Maltese, G., Rife, M.F., Ntalas, I., Franks, R., Chiribiri, A., Ayis, S. and Karalliedde, J., 2023. Effect of active vitamin-D on left ventricular mass index: Results of a randomized controlled trial in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. American Heart Journal, 261, pp.1-9.
9- Taderegew, M.M., Woldeamanuel, G.G., Wondie, A., Getawey, A., Abegaz, A.N. and Adane, F., 2023. Vitamin D deficiency and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 13(10), p.e075607.
10- Farahmand, M.A., Daneshzad, E., Fung, T.T., Zahidi, F., Muhammadi, M., Bellissimo, N. and Azadbakht, L., 2023. What is the impact of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in people with type-2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 23(1), p.15.
11- El Askary, A., Gharib, A.F., Almehmadi, M., Bakhuraysah, M.M., Al Hajjiahmed, A.A., Al-Hejji, L.I., Alharthi, M.S. and Shafie, A., 2021. The role of vitamin D deficiency and elevated inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Open Chemistry, 19(1), pp.1174-1183.
12- Xuan, S., Jin, Z., Zhe, W., Huai-en, B., Chun-ying, T., Dong-jun, W., Yuan-yuan, G. and Hong-wu, W., 2023. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials of vitamin D supplementation in diabetic nephropathy. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 43(1), pp.4-11.
13- Limonte, C.P., Zelnick, L.R., Ruzinski, J., Hoofnagle, A.N., Thadhani, R., Melamed, M.L., Lee, I.M., Buring, J.E., Sesso, H.D., Manson, J.E. and de Boer, I.H., 2021. Effects of long-term vitamin D and n-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: secondary analyses from a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia, 64, pp.437-447.
14- Zhang, Z., Qian, X., Sun, Z., Cheng, C. and Gu, M., 2024. Association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D on early stage diabetic kidney disease in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Heliyon, 10(16).
15- Wang, Y., Hu, C., Li, Y., Liu, Q., Gao, L., Zhang, D. and Cao, L., 2024. Association between serum vitamin D and the risk of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Medicine, 11, p.1445487.
2- Akram, A., Khan, A.M., Obaid Anwar, M.A. and Anjum, A., 2023. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Proteinuria in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in DHQ Hospital Faisalabad. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 17(02), pp.222-222.
3- Stojšić-Vuksanović, T. and Knežević, V., 2021. Prevalence of vitamin D3 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes and proteinuria. Vojnosanitetski pregled, 78(12), pp.1292-1302.
4- Felício, J.S., de Rider Britto, H.A., Cortez, P.C., de Souza Resende, F., de Lemos, M.N., de Moraes, L.V., de Aquino, V.T., de Souza Parente, F., de Queiroz, N.N.M., Abrahão Neto, J.F. and de Alcântara, A.L., 2021. Association between 25 (OH) vitamin D, HbA1c and albuminuria in diabetes mellitus: data from a population-based study (VIDAMAZON). Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, p.723502.
5- Atia, T., Iqbal, M.Z., Fathy Ahmed, H., Sakr, H.I., Abdelzaher, M.H., Morsi, D.F. and Metawee, M.E., 2022. Vitamin D supplementation could enhance the effectiveness of glibenclamide in treating diabetes and preventing diabetic nephropathy: a Biochemical, Histological and Immunohistochemical Study. Journal of evidence-based integrative medicine, 27, p.2515690X221116403.
6- Zomorodian, S.A., Shafiee, M., Karimi, Z., Masjedi, F. and Roshanshad, A., 2022. Assessment of the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 22(1), p.171.
7- Zakhary, C.M., Rushdi, H., Hamdan, J.A., Youssef, K.N., Khan, A., Abdalla, M.A. and Khan, S., 2021. Protective role of vitamin D therapy in diabetes mellitus type II. Cureus, 13(8).
8- Gnudi, L., Fountoulakis, N., Panagiotou, A., Corcillo, A., Maltese, G., Rife, M.F., Ntalas, I., Franks, R., Chiribiri, A., Ayis, S. and Karalliedde, J., 2023. Effect of active vitamin-D on left ventricular mass index: Results of a randomized controlled trial in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. American Heart Journal, 261, pp.1-9.
9- Taderegew, M.M., Woldeamanuel, G.G., Wondie, A., Getawey, A., Abegaz, A.N. and Adane, F., 2023. Vitamin D deficiency and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 13(10), p.e075607.
10- Farahmand, M.A., Daneshzad, E., Fung, T.T., Zahidi, F., Muhammadi, M., Bellissimo, N. and Azadbakht, L., 2023. What is the impact of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in people with type-2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 23(1), p.15.
11- El Askary, A., Gharib, A.F., Almehmadi, M., Bakhuraysah, M.M., Al Hajjiahmed, A.A., Al-Hejji, L.I., Alharthi, M.S. and Shafie, A., 2021. The role of vitamin D deficiency and elevated inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Open Chemistry, 19(1), pp.1174-1183.
12- Xuan, S., Jin, Z., Zhe, W., Huai-en, B., Chun-ying, T., Dong-jun, W., Yuan-yuan, G. and Hong-wu, W., 2023. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials of vitamin D supplementation in diabetic nephropathy. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 43(1), pp.4-11.
13- Limonte, C.P., Zelnick, L.R., Ruzinski, J., Hoofnagle, A.N., Thadhani, R., Melamed, M.L., Lee, I.M., Buring, J.E., Sesso, H.D., Manson, J.E. and de Boer, I.H., 2021. Effects of long-term vitamin D and n-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: secondary analyses from a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia, 64, pp.437-447.
14- Zhang, Z., Qian, X., Sun, Z., Cheng, C. and Gu, M., 2024. Association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D on early stage diabetic kidney disease in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Heliyon, 10(16).
15- Wang, Y., Hu, C., Li, Y., Liu, Q., Gao, L., Zhang, D. and Cao, L., 2024. Association between serum vitamin D and the risk of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Medicine, 11, p.1445487.
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Published
Apr 22, 2025
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How to Cite
Ali Shaheer, Jehan Anjum, Taleah Tahir, Fnu Shatabi, Hafiz Fahad Ullah Saeed, & Fnu Suraksha. (2025). EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION ON PROTEINURIA IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, FOCUSING ON CHANGES IN THE URINARY ALBUMIN/CREATATININE RATIO (UACR). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(3), 667-673. https://doi.org/10.53555/017cf760
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Author Biographies
Ali Shaheer
Head of Medical Department, FFC Medical Centre Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
Jehan Anjum
MBBS, FCPS General Medicine, Consultant Physician, Medical Specialist at Employees Social Security Institution Polyclinic Peshawar, Pakistan
Taleah Tahir
Senior Registrar, Department of Nephrology, Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Fnu Shatabi
Chandka Medical College Larkana , SMBBMU, WORKI, SIUT, Pakistan
Hafiz Fahad Ullah Saeed
Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/Queens
Fnu Suraksha
People University of Medical and Health Sciences Nawabshah, WORKI: SIUT, Pakistan
How to Cite
Ali Shaheer, Jehan Anjum, Taleah Tahir, Fnu Shatabi, Hafiz Fahad Ullah Saeed, & Fnu Suraksha. (2025). EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION ON PROTEINURIA IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, FOCUSING ON CHANGES IN THE URINARY ALBUMIN/CREATATININE RATIO (UACR). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(3), 667-673. https://doi.org/10.53555/017cf760