STUDY TO EVALUATE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND MOBILE APPLICATIONS IN AGORAPHOBIC PATIENT LIFESTYLE
Main Article Content
Keywords
Agoraphobia, Mobile Phone Applications, Panic Disorder, ICT, Smartphones.
Abstract
Abstract—Agoraphobia is a mental illness that makes sufferers excessively afraid of succumbing to anxiety or being unable to receive treatment when they need it. Patients who have a strong fear of waiting in line or standing in a bar or unable to leave their homes, entering a crowded area, or even going to the local convenience store, fear strangers, and fear of sudden incidents are called agoraphobic. It is difficult and extremely hard to evaluate, diagnose, and treat someone who has agoraphobia. Smartphones may be helpful in the management and treatment of agoraphobia because of advancements in information and communication technology. Communication, social interaction, health, hyperventilation, and stress problems are all symptoms of agoraphobia. To better understand how technological advancements can help with the early identification and treatment of the illness. Method: the study's purpose is to undertake a detailed literature review of done experiments to treat disease and the usage and functionalities of mobile applications. The biggest literature review we held included 140 articles. After a questionnaire, only those Applications are considered which are found to meet the requirements. The search turned up a total of 50 applications, of which 20 were deemed beneficial for phobias, and 30 were created specifically for phobias (including Informative, Evaluation, and Therapy Apps). Results: a big and deep analysis containing a review of 81 expert articles and 50 mobile applications revealed that future research is required to validate these technologies and needs more controlled experiments with a larger sample size. We conclude that by providing IT training to the agoraphobic individual, we may aid in their mental transformation, break destructive thinking patterns, and replace their initial apprehensive forecasts with optimistic ideas and self-assured personalities. As practice makes perfect, exposing the agoraphobic individual to such circumstances and things might also aid in helping them get over their anxiety. It's also quite easy to accomplish because modern cell phones provide a wealth of information, communication, and social skills that an agoraphobic person could find valuable. Conclusion: we reviewed literature and a detailed description of the numerous smartphone and desktop apps designed particularly for agoraphobic people to lower their degree of terror and help them feel at ease and protected. We list all gaps and challenges to teach and educate patients who are agoraphobic, through applications anticipating patient requirements and disease levels, assessing communication, and writing abilities, and enabling the recording of various activities or tasks accomplished by the patients.
References
[2] O. Ouichka et al. “Deep Learning Models for Predicting Epileptic Seizures Using iEEG Signals”, Electronics, 2022, DOI: 10.3390/electronics11040605
[3] G. Mohi ud din dar, et al. “A Novel Framework for Classification of Different Alzheimer’s Disease Stages Using CNN Model”, Electronics, 2023, doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020469
[4] A. Bin Tufail et al. “Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease Categorization Using PET Neuroimaging Modality and Convolutional Neural Networks in the 2D and 3D Domains”, Sensors 2022, doi.org/10.3390/s22124609
[5] S. Noman et al. “An Empirical Study on Diabetes Depression over Distress Evaluation Using Diagnosis Statistical Manual and Chi-Square Method”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, DOI:10.3390/ijerph18073755
[6] M. J. Telch, A. R. Cobb, and C. L. Lancaster, "Agoraphobia," The Wiley Handbook of cognitive behavioral therapy, pp. 941-978, 2013.
[7] S. A. Saeed and T. J. Bruce, "Panic disorder: effective treatment options," American Family Physician, vol. 57, pp. 2405-2412, 1998.
[8] A. J. Goldstein and D. L. Chambless, "A reanalysis of agoraphobia," Behavior therapy, 1978.
[9] G. Fond, M. Faugere, C. Faget-Agius, M. Cermolacce, R. Richieri, L. Boyer, et al., "Hypovitaminosis D is associated with negative symptoms, suicide risk, agoraphobia, impaired functional remission, and antidepressant consumption in schizophrenia," European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, vol. 269, pp. 879-886, 2019.
[10] S. Loue and M. Sajatovic, Encyclopedia of women's health: Springer Science & Business Media, 2004.
[11] M. Azab, "Panic Disorder PD and Agoraphobia: Etiological, Cognitive, and Neuroscientific Aspects," in An Update on Anxiety Disorders: Etiological, Cognitive & Neuroscientific Aspects, ed: Springer, 2022, pp. 97-144.
[12] M. Siddhant, K. Sharad, D. Ajay, G. Lakhera, and N. Nandal, "Impact of Anxiety Disorders on Daily Functioning of an Individual–in Terms of Family, Social life, School and Work," Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, vol. 6, pp. 56-63, 2023.
[13] M. Pagani and C. Pardo, "The impact of digital technology on relationships in a business network," Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 67, pp. 185-192, 2017.
[14] S. Higgins, Z. Xiao, and M. Katsipataki, "The Impact of Digital Technology on Learning: A Summary for the Education Endowment Foundation. Full Report," Education Endowment Foundation, 2012.
[15] I. Marks, "Psychiatry in the future: Information technology can pull mental health care into the 21st century," Psychiatric Bulletin, vol. 28, pp. 319-320, 2004.
[16] L. E. Shapiro, C. A. Pollard, and C. N. Carmin, "Treatment of Agoraphobia," in Handbook of Effective Psychotherapy, T. R. Giles, Ed., ed Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993, pp. 171-194.
[17] C. G. Fairburn and V. Patel, "The impact of digital technology on psychological treatments and their dissemination," Behaviour research and therapy, vol. 88, pp. 19-25, 2017.
[18] E. Crome, R. Grove, A. J. Baillie, M. Sunderland, M. Teesson, and T. Slade, "DSM-IV and DSM-5 social anxiety disorder in the Australian community," Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 49, pp. 227-235, 2015.
[19] A. E. Holden Jr, G. T. O'Brien, D. H. Barlow, D. Stetson, and A. Infantino, "Self-help manual for agoraphobia: A preliminary report of effectiveness," Behavior Therapy, vol. 14, pp. 545-556, 1983.
[20] L. Maiolo, V. Guarino, E. Saracino, A. Convertino, M. Melucci, M. Muccini, et al., "Glial interfaces: advanced materials and devices to uncover the role of astroglial cells in brain function and dysfunction," Advanced Healthcare Materials, vol. 10, p. 2001268, 2021.
[21] D. Furtado, M. Björnmalm, S. Ayton, A. I. Bush, K. Kempe, and F. Caruso, "Overcoming the blood–brain barrier: the role of nanomaterials in treating neurological diseases," Advanced materials, vol. 30, p. 1801362, 2018.
[22] U. Chaudhary, N. Birbaumer, and A. Ramos-Murguialday, "Brain–computer interfaces for communication and rehabilitation," Nature Reviews Neurology, vol. 12, pp. 513-525, 2016.
[23] J. J. Shih, D. J. Krusienski, and J. R. Wolpaw, "Brain-computer interfaces in medicine," in Mayo clinic proceedings, 2012, pp. 268-279.
[24] C. Galimberti, G. Belloni, A. Cattaneo, M. Grassi, V. Manias, and L. Menti, "An Integrated Approach to the Ergonomic Analysis of VR in Psychotherapy: Panic Disorders, Agoraphobia and Eating Disorders," in Cybertherapy, ed: IOS Press, 2004, pp. 231-251.
[25] A. P. Zahara and S. Ely Nurmaily, "The Portrayal of Agoraphobia in Under Rose-Tainted Skies’ Main Character," Linguistics and Literature Journal, vol. 4, pp. 108-121, 2023.
[26] M. M. Antony, D. R. Ledley, and R. G. Heimberg, Improving outcomes and preventing relapse in cognitive-behavioral therapy: Guilford Press, 2005.
[27] J. Margraf, A. Ehlers, and W. T. Roth, "Panic attacks: Theoretical models and empirical evidence," in Panic and phobias: Empirical evidence of theoretical models and longterm effects of behavioral treatments, 1986, pp. 31-43.
[28] A. Breir, D. Charney, and G. Heninger, "Agoraphobia with panic attacks," Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 43, pp. 1029-1036, 1986.
[29] N. Hara, Y. Nishimura, C. Yokoyama, K. Inoue, A. Nishida, H. Tanii, et al., "The development of agoraphobia is associated with the symptoms and location of a patient's first panic attack," BioPsychoSocial Medicine, vol. 6, pp. 1-8, 2012.
[30] B. K. Wiederhold and M. D. Wiederhold, "A review of virtual reality as a psychotherapeutic tool," CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol. 1, pp. 45-52, 1998.
[31] B. Bandelow, "Assessing the efficacy of treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia: II. The Panic and Agoraphobia Scale," International clinical psychopharmacology, 1995.
[32] A. Breier, D. S. Charney, and G. R. Heninger, "Major depression in patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder," Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 41, pp. 1129-1135, 1984.
[33] L. R. Demenescu, R. Kortekaas, J. A. den Boer, and A. Aleman, "Impaired attribution of emotion to facial expressions in anxiety and major depression," PloS one, vol. 5, p. e15058, 2010.
[34] J. Sánchez-Meca, A. I. Rosa-Alcázar, F. Marín-Martínez, and A. Gómez-Conesa, "Psychological treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a meta-analysis," Clinical psychology review, vol. 30, pp. 37-50, 2010.
[35] D. H. Barlow, G. T. O'Brien, and C. G. Last, "Couples treatment of agoraphobia," Behavior Therapy, vol. 15, pp. 41-58, 1984.
[36] S. Rakitzi, "Agoraphobia," in Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy: Recovery in Mental Health, ed: Springer, 2023, pp. 65-71.
[37] G. Klerman and I. Marks, Panic and Phobias 2: Treatments and variables affecting course and outcome: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
[38] D. Phrathep, B. Donohue, B. N. Renn, J. Mercer, and D. N. Allen, "Controlled evaluation of a sport-specific performance optimization program in a biracial black and white athlete diagnosed with social anxiety disorder and agoraphobia," Clinical Case Studies, vol. 22, pp. 267-284, 2023.
[39] E. L. Harris, R. Noyes, R. R. Crowe, and D. R. Chaudhry, "Family study of agoraphobia: Report of a pilot study," Archives of general psychiatry, vol. 40, pp. 1061-1064, 1983.
[40] J. L. Maples-Keller, B. E. Bunnell, S.-J. Kim, and B. O. Rothbaum, "The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders," Harvard review of psychiatry, vol. 25, p. 103, 2017.
[41] M. C. Juan, M. Alcaniz, C. Monserrat, C. Botella, R. M. Baños, and B. Guerrero, "Using augmented reality to treat phobias," IEEE computer graphics and applications, vol. 25, pp. 31-37, 2005.
[42] D. L. Chambless and J. Mason, "Sex, sex-role stereotyping and agoraphobia," Behaviour research and therapy, vol. 24, pp. 231-235, 1986.
[43] J. Margraf, A. Ehlers, and W. T. Roth, "Biological models of panic disorder and agoraphobia—a review," Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 24, pp. 553-567, 1986.
[44] D. Smith, "Utopia and Agoraphobia in 1920s Marseilles: Empty Space in the Work of László Moholy-Nagy and Siegfried Kracauer," in Utopia, Equity and Ideology in Urban Texts: Fair and Unfair Cities, ed: Springer, 2023, pp. 67-84.
[45] M. B. Stein and J. S. McIntyre, "Treatment of Patients With Panic Disorder," ed: Am Psychiatric Assoc, 2010.
[46] C. A. Pollard, H. J. Obermeier, and G. L. Cox, "Inpatient treatment of complicated agoraphobia and panic disorder," Psychiatric Services, vol. 38, pp. 951-958, 1987.
[47] M. Van Singer, A. Chatton, and Y. Khazaal, "Quality of smartphone apps related to panic disorder," Frontiers in psychiatry, vol. 6, p. 96, 2015.
[48] E. Malbos, R. M. Rapee, and M. Kavakli, "A controlled study of agoraphobia and the independent effect of virtual reality exposure therapy," Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 47, pp. 160-168, 2013.
[49] D. A. Sklare, H. R. Konrad, J. D. Maser, and R. G. Jacob, "Special issue on the interface of balance disorders and anxiety: an introduction and overview," Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 15, pp. 1-7, 2001.
[50] M. M. North, S. M. North, and J. R. Coble, "Effectiveness of virtual environment desensitization in the treatment of agoraphobia," Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, vol. 5, pp. 346-352, 1996.
[51] D. J. Delprato and F. D. McGlynn, "Behavioral Theories of Anxiety Disorders," in Behavioral Theories and Treatment of Anxiety, S. M. Turner, Ed., ed Boston, MA: Springer US, 1984, pp. 1-49.
[52] D. L. Chambless, "Agoraphobia," in Handbook of Clinical Behavior Therapy with Adults, M. Hersen and A. S. Bellack, Eds., ed Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985, pp. 49-87.
[53] "Psychiatrists prescribe more often than GPs for agoraphobia patients," InPharma, vol. 624, pp. 5-6, 1988/02/01 1988.
[54] S.-M. Kwon, L. Evans, and T. P. Oei, "Factor structure of the Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia: A validational study with Australian samples of agoraphobic patients," Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, vol. 12, pp. 365-374, 1990.
[55] P. M. G. Emmelkamp and M. B. Powers, "Agoraphobia," in Handbook of Clinical Psychology Competencies, J. C. Thomas and M. Hersen, Eds., ed New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010, pp. 723-758.
[56] M. Mavissakalian, "Trimodal assessment in agoraphobia research: Further observations on heart rate and synchrony/desynchrony," Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, vol. 9, pp. 89-98, 1987.
[57] H. G. Hoffman, W. J. Meyer, S. A. Drever, M. Soltani, B. Atzori, R. Herrero, et al., "Virtual reality distraction to help control acute pain during medical procedures," Virtual reality for psychological and neurocognitive interventions, pp. 195-208, 2019.
[58] C. Breuninger, D. M. Sláma, M. Krämer, J. Schmitz, and B. Tuschen-Caffier, "Psychophysiological reactivity, interoception and emotion regulation in patients with agoraphobia during virtual reality anxiety induction," Cognitive Therapy and Research, vol. 41, pp. 193-205, 2017.
[59] W. J. van Chout, P. M. Emmelkamp, and A. Scholing, "The role of negative self-statements during exposure in vivo: A process study of eight panic disorder patients with agoraphobia," Behavior Modification, vol. 18, pp. 389-410, 1994.
[60] R. C. Freire, M. M. Zugliani, R. F. Garcia, and A. E. Nardi, "Treatment–resistant panic disorder: a systematic review," Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, vol. 17, pp. 159-168, 2016.
[61] M. Baetz and R. C. Bowen, "Efficacy of divalproex sodium in patients with panic disorder and mood instability who have not responded to conventional therapy," The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 43, pp. 73-77, 1998.
[62] M. Price and P. Anderson, "The role of presence in virtual reality exposure therapy," Journal of anxiety disorders, vol. 21, pp. 742-751, 2007.
[63] A. A. Benbow and P. L. Anderson, "A meta-analytic examination of attrition in virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders," Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 61, pp. 18-26, 2019.
[64] G. Singh and J. K. Sandhu, "Virtual and augmented reality technology for the treatment of mental health disorders: an overview," in 2022 13th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), 2022, pp. 1-5.
[65] T. Kostoulas, I. Mporas, O. Kocsis, T. Ganchev, N. Katsaounos, J. J. Santamaria, et al., "Affective speech interface in serious games for supporting therapy of mental disorders," Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 39, pp. 11072-11079, 2012.
[66] M. Krijn, P. M. Emmelkamp, R. P. Olafsson, and R. Biemond, "Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: A review," Clinical psychology review, vol. 24, pp. 259-281, 2004.
[67] E. Porter and D. L. Chambless, "A systematic review of predictors and moderators of improvement in cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia," Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 42, pp. 179-192, 2015.
[68] E. P. Stech, J. Lim, E. L. Upton, and J. M. Newby, "Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a systematic review and meta-analysis," Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, vol. 49, pp. 270-293, 2020.
[69] M. B. Berryhill, A. Halli-Tierney, N. Culmer, N. Williams, A. Betancourt, M. King, et al., "Videoconferencing psychological therapy and anxiety: a systematic review," Family practice, vol. 36, pp. 53-63, 2019.
[70] H. N. Fentz, M. Arendt, M. S. O'Toole, A. Hoffart, and E. Hougaard, "The mediational role of panic self-efficacy in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis," Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 60, pp. 23-33, 2014.
[71] G. Riva, C. Botella, and P. Legeron, Cybertherapy: Internet and virtual reality as assessment and rehabilitation tools for clinical psychology and neuroscience vol. 99: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
[72] J. de la Fuente, J. Bethencourt, L. Acosta, M. Villaverde, and R. Gracia, "Agoraphobia: combined treatment and virtual reality. Preliminary results," Actas Esp Psiquiatr, vol. 36, pp. 94-101, 2008.
[73] S. J. van der Wal, E. Geuze, and E. Vermetten, "Long-term risk for mental health symptoms in Dutch ISAF veterans: the role of perceived social support," Psychological Medicine, vol. 53, pp. 3355-3365, 2023.
[74] J. Lundin, A. Lundström, J. Gulliksen, J. Blendulf, K. Ejeby, H. Nyman, et al., "Using 360-degree videos for virtual reality exposure in CBT for panic disorder with agoraphobia: a feasibility study," Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, vol. 50, pp. 158-170, 2022.
[75] D. Papola, G. Ostuzzi, F. Tedeschi, C. Gastaldon, M. Purgato, C. Del Giovane, et al., "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials," The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 221, pp. 507-519, 2022.
[76] G.-J. Hendriks, W. H. van Zelst, A. van Balkom, E. Uphoff, G. Keijsers, and R. Oude Voshaar, "Cognitive behavioural therapy and third wave approaches for anxiety and related disorders in older people (Protocol)," 2021.
[77] H. Barzegar, M. Farahbakhsh, H. Azizi, S. Aliashrafi, H. Dadashzadeh, and A. Fakhari, "A descriptive study of agoraphobic situations and correlates on panic disorder," Middle East Current Psychiatry, vol. 28, pp. 1-7, 2021.
[78] G. Efron and B. M. Wootton, "Remote cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: A meta-analysis," Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 79, p. 102385, 2021.
[79] S. E. Kim, M. Bang, E. Won, and S.-H. Lee, "Association between uncinate fasciculus integrity and agoraphobia symptoms in female patients with panic disorder," Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, vol. 19, p. 63, 2021.
[80] W.-P. Brinkman, C. Van der Mast, G. Sandino, L. T. Gunawan, and P. M. Emmelkamp, "The therapist user interface of a virtual reality exposure therapy system in the treatment of fear of flying," Interacting with computers, vol. 22, pp. 299-310, 2010.
[81] C. P. Fernandes, B. Jorge, and D. Freitas, "Depersonalization and a severe form of agoraphobia: A case report and review," European Psychiatry, vol. 64, pp. S187-S188, 2021.
[82] A. Rubart, T. Barrabas, I. Manheim, J. Korn, J. Berg, L. John, et al., "Efficacy of an app-based treatment for anxiety disorders including exposure in virtual reality–a randomized controlled trial," European Psychiatry, vol. 66, pp. S109-S109, 2023.
[83] K. M. Hjelle, T. O. Eide, A. L. Thorsen, G. Kvale, K. Hagen, I. Snorrason, et al., "The Bergen 4-day treatment for panic disorder: adapting to COVID-19 restrictions with a hybrid approach of face-to-face and videoconference modalities," BMC psychiatry, vol. 23, p. 570, 2023.
[84] J. Rubel, T. Väth, S. Hanraths, L. Pruessner, C. Timm, S. Hartmann, et al., "Evaluation of an online-based self-help program for patients with generalized anxiety disorder-a randomized controlled trial," 2023.
[85] S. Gangwar and S. Singh, "ASSESSMENT OF PREVALENCE AND COMORBIDITY OF POSTPARTUM ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS," Int J Acad Med Pharm, vol. 5, pp. 1622-1624, 2023.
[86] L. Tbatou, B. Sofiya, and L. Fouad, "Anxiety disorder following dental care: About 150 cases," European Psychiatry, vol. 66, pp. S194-S194, 2023.
[87] M. Guth, A. Wiebe, and A. Philipsen, "Digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen mit psychotherapeutischem Fokus," Der Nervenarzt, vol. 94, pp. 250-261, 2023.
[88] K. Fuhr, A. Bender, A. Wiegand, P. Janouch, M. Drujan, B. Cyrny, et al., "Hypnotherapy for agoraphobia-Feasibility and efficacy investigated in a pilot study," Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 14, p. 1213792, 2023.
[89] D. Caldirola, C. Carminati, S. Daccò, M. Grassi, G. Perna, and R. Teggi, "Balance Rehabilitation with Peripheral Visual Stimulation in Patients with Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: An Open-Pilot Intervention Study," Audiology Research, vol. 13, pp. 314-325, 2023.
[90] M. Sailer and L. Homner, "The gamification of learning: A meta-analysis," Educational Psychology Review, vol. 32, pp. 77-112, 2020.
[91] P. Lindner, A. Rozental, A. Jurell, L. Reuterskiöld, G. Andersson, W. Hamilton, et al., "Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study," JMIR serious games, vol. 8, p. e17807, 2020.
[92] N. Morina, I. Kampmann, P. Emmelkamp, C. Barbui, and T. H. Hoppen, "Meta-analysis of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder," Psychological Medicine, vol. 53, pp. 2176-2178, 2023.
[93] M. Paul, "Virtual Reality Behavioral Activation: An Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder," Palo Alto University, 2022.
[94] J. Grimaldos, J. Bretón-López, M. Palau-Batet, L. Díaz-Sanahuja, and S. Quero, "Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial," BMJ open, vol. 13, p. e069025, 2023.
[95] M. Palau-Batet, J. Bretón-López, J. Grimaldos, L. Díaz-Sanahuja, and S. Quero, "Improving the efficacy of exposure therapy using projection-based augmented reality for the treatment of cockroach phobia: a randomised clinical trial protocol," BMJ open, vol. 13, p. e069026, 2023.
[96] M. Stan, "Assessing Corporate Induction by e-Learning: Ocularcentrism and Impact," in Conference proceedings of» eLearning and Software for Education «(eLSE), 2018, pp. 240-246.
[97] J. A. Gyorda, M. D. Nemesure, G. Price, and N. C. Jacobson, "Applying ensemble machine learning models to predict individual response to a digitally delivered worry postponement intervention," Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 320, pp. 201-210, 2023.
[98] L. E. Boyd, Designing and evaluating alternative channels: Visualizing nonverbal communication through AR and VR systems for people with autism: University of California, Irvine, 2018.
[99] K. K. Weisel, A.-C. Zarski, T. Berger, T. Krieger, C. T. Moser, M. P. Schaub, et al., "User experience and effects of an individually tailored transdiagnostic internet-based and mobile-supported intervention for anxiety disorders: mixed-methods study," Journal of medical internet research, vol. 22, p. e16450, 2020.
[100] R. R. Berry and B. Lai, "The emerging role of technology in cognitive–behavioral therapy for anxious youth: A review," Journal of rational-emotive & cognitive-behavior therapy, vol. 32, pp. 57-66, 2014.
[101] G. Riva, "Virtual reality for health care: the status of research," Cyberpsychology & Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 219-225, 2002.
[102] B. Arnfred, J. K. Svendsen, A. Adjourlu, and C. Horthøj, "Scoping review of the hardware and software features of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and specific phobia," Frontiers in Virtual Reality, vol. 4, p. 952741, 2023.
[103] a. store. Available: “App Store.” Apple, www.apple.com/app-store/. Accessed 13 Aug. 2023.
[104] V. Harrison, J. Proudfoot, P. P. Wee, G. Parker, D. H. Pavlovic, and V. Manicavasagar, "Mobile mental health: Review of the emerging field and proof of concept study," Journal of Mental Health, vol. 20, pp. 509-524, 2011/12/01 2011.
[105] P. Agarwal, D. Gordon, J. Griffith, N. Kithulegoda, H. O. Witteman, R. Sacha Bhatia, et al., "Assessing the quality of mobile applications in chronic disease management: a scoping review," npj Digital Medicine, vol. 4, p. 46, 2021/03/10 2021.
[106] A. Ahmed, N. Ali, A. Giannicchi, A. A. Abd-alrazaq, M. A. S. Ahmed, S. Aziz, et al., "Mobile applications for mental health self-care: A scoping review," Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update, vol. 1, p. 100041, 2021/01/01/ 2021.
[107] A. Raja, K. Lambert, L. Patlamazoglou, and R. Pringle, "Diversity and inclusion strategies for LGBTQ+ students from diverse ethnic backgrounds in higher education: a scoping review," International Journal of Inclusive Education, pp. 1-21, 2023.
[108] M. Zarour, M. Alenezi, M. T. J. Ansari, A. K. Pandey, M. Ahmad, A. Agrawal, et al., "Ensuring data integrity of healthcare information in the era of digital health," Healthc Technol Lett, vol. 8, pp. 66-77, Jun 2021.
[109] G. Hardavella, A. Aamli-Gaagnat, N. Saad, I. Rousalova, and K. B. Sreter, "How to give and receive feedback effectively," Breathe (Sheff), vol. 13, pp. 327-333, Dec 2017.
[110] C. J. Kelly, A. Karthikesalingam, M. Suleyman, G. Corrado, and D. King, "Key challenges for delivering clinical impact with artificial intelligence," BMC Medicine, vol. 17, p. 195, 2019/10/29 2019.
[111] F. H. F. Botelho, "Accessibility to digital technology: Virtual barriers, real opportunities," Assistive Technology, vol. 33, pp. 27-34, 2021/12/01 2021.
[112] J.-E. Jeon, "The impact of XR applications’ user experience-based design innovativeness on loyalty," Cogent Business & Management, vol. 10, p. 2161761, 2023/12/31 2023.
[113] L. Leung, "Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research," J Family Med Prim Care, vol. 4, pp. 324-7, Jul-Sep 2015.
[114] W. W. Lee, W. ZANKL, and H. CHANG, "An ethical approach to data privacy protection," 2016.
[115] A. Bhullar and P. S. Gill, "Future of mobile commerce: an exploratory study on factors affecting mobile users’ behaviour intention," International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences, vol. 4, p. 245, 2019.
[116] H. Barzegar, M. Farahbakhsh, H. Azizi, S. Aliashrafi, H. Dadashzadeh, and A. Fakhari, "A descriptive study of agoraphobic situations and correlates on panic disorder," Middle East Current Psychiatry, vol. 28, p. 31, 2021/07/01 2021.
[117] K. Balaram and R. Marwaha, "Agoraphobia," 2020.
[118] W. A. Wagenaar, P. T. Hudson, and J. T. Reason, "Cognitive failures and accidents," Applied Cognitive Psychology, vol. 4, pp. 273-294, 1990.
[119] T. D. Wilson and N. Brekke, "Mental contamination and mental correction: unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations," Psychological bulletin, vol. 116, p. 117, 1994.
[120] B. A. Thyer, R. M. Nesse, O. G. Cameron, and G. C. Curtis, "Agoraphobia: A test of the separation anxiety hypothesis," Behaviour research and therapy, vol. 23, pp. 75-78, 1985.
[121] W. C. Sanderson and T. J. Bruce, "Causes and management of treatment-resistant panic disorder and agoraphobia: A survey of expert therapists," Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, vol. 14, pp. 26-35, 2007.
[122] B. A. Arnow, C. B. Taylor, W. S. Agras, and M. J. Telch, "Enhancing agoraphobia treatment outcome by changing couple communication patterns," Behavior Therapy, vol. 16, pp. 452-467, 1985.
[123] D. Bakker and N. Rickard, "Engagement in mobile phone app for self-monitoring of emotional wellbeing predicts changes in mental health: MoodPrism," Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 227, pp. 432-442, 2018/02/01/ 2018.
[124] L. Ebenfeld, S. Kleine Stegemann, D. Lehr, D. D. Ebert, B. Funk, H. Riper, et al., "A mobile application for panic disorder and agoraphobia: Insights from a multi-methods feasibility study," Internet Interv, vol. 19, p. 100296, Mar 2020.
[125] M. Al-Razgan, S. Almoaiqel, N. Alrajhi, A. Alhumegani, A. Alshehri, B. Alnefaie, et al., "A systematic literature review on the usability of mobile applications for visually impaired users," PeerJ Comput Sci, vol. 7, p. e771, 2021.
[126] D. Rios, S. Magasi, C. Novak, and M. Harniss, "Conducting Accessible Research: Including People With Disabilities in Public Health, Epidemiological, and Outcomes Studies," Am J Public Health, vol. 106, pp. 2137-2144, Dec 2016.
[127] C.-h. Tsai, M. Christian, and F. Lai, "Enhancing panic disorder treatment with mobile-aided case management: an exploratory study based on a 3-year cohort analysis," Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol. 14, 2023.
[128] L. Ebenfeld, S. Kleine Stegemann, D. Lehr, D. D. Ebert, B. Funk, H. Riper, et al., "A mobile application for panic disorder and agoraphobia: Insights from a multi-methods feasibility study," Internet Interventions, vol. 19, p. 100296, 2020/03/01/ 2020.
[129] A. Pompoli, T. A. Furukawa, H. Imai, A. Tajika, O. Efthimiou, and G. Salanti, "Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta-analysis," Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol. 4, p. Cd011004, Apr 13 2016.
[130] L. Ebenfeld, S. K. Stegemann, D. Lehr, D. D. Ebert, B. Funk, H. Riper, et al., "A mobile application for panic disorder and agoraphobia: Insights from a multi-methods feasibility study," Internet Interventions, vol. 19, p. 100296, 2020.
[131] M. Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, B. Richardson, B. Klein, H. Skouteris, H. Christensen, D. Austin, et al., "A Mobile App-Based Intervention for Depression: End-User and Expert Usability Testing Study," JMIR Ment Health, vol. 5, p. e54, Aug 23 2018.
[132] K. O'Loughlin, M. Neary, E. C. Adkins, and S. M. Schueller, "Reviewing the data security and privacy policies of mobile apps for depression," Internet Interv, vol. 15, pp. 110-115, Mar 2019.
[133] M. Bromwich and R. Bromwich, "Privacy risks when using mobile devices in health care," Cmaj, vol. 188, pp. 855-856, Sep 6 2016.
[134] M. Van Singer, A. Chatton, and Y. Khazaal, "Quality of Smartphone Apps Related to Panic Disorder," Front Psychiatry, vol. 6, p. 96, 2015.
[135] E. E. Bernstein, H. Weingarden, E. C. Wolfe, M. D. Hall, I. Snorrason, and S. Wilhelm, "Human Support in App-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapies for Emotional Disorders: Scoping Review," J Med Internet Res, vol. 24, p. e33307, Apr 8 2022.
[136] G. Albakri, R. Bouaziz, W. Alharthi, S. Kammoun, M. Al-Sarem, F. Saeed, et al., "Phobia exposure therapy using virtual and augmented reality: a systematic review," Applied Sciences, vol. 12, p. 1672, 2022.
[137] O. Todowede, F. Lewandowski, Y. Kotera, A. Ashmore, S. Rennick-Egglestone, D. Boyd, et al., "Best practice guidelines for citizen science in mental health research: systematic review and evidence synthesis," Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol. 14, 2023.
[138] R. Randles and A. Finnegan, "Guidelines for writing a systematic review," 2023.
[139] I. o. Medicine, B. o. H. C. Services, and C. o. S. f. D. T. C. P. Guidelines, Clinical practice guidelines we can trust: National Academies Press, 2011.
[140] F. Jaguga, S. K. Kiburi, E. Temet, J. Barasa, S. Karanja, L. Kinyua, et al., "A systematic review of substance use and substance use disorder research in Kenya," PloS one, vol. 17, p. e0269340, 2022.
[141] T. Kaluarachchi, A. Reis, and S. Nanayakkara, "A review of recent deep learning approaches in human-centered machine learning," Sensors, vol. 21, p. 2514, 2021.
[142] M. Manzanares, C. Peña, K. C. Kobak, and M. B. Stratton, "Ten simple rules for students navigating summer research experiences for undergraduates (REU) programs: From application to program completion," PLOS Computational Biology, vol. 19, p. e1011573, 2023.
[143] I. Skalidis, S. Fournier, E. Skalidis, and N. Maurizi, "Virtual hospitals and digital doctors: how far are we from the CardioVerse?," ed: Oxford University Press US, 2023.
[144] R. Holopainen, J. Tiihonen, and M. Lähteenvuo, "Efficacy of immersive extended reality (XR) interventions on different symptom domains of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review," Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol. 14, 2023.
[145] O. Hawajri, J. Lindberg, and S. Suominen, "Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy as a Treatment Method Against Anxiety Disorders and Depression-A Structured Literature Review," Issues in Mental Health Nursing, vol. 44, pp. 245-269, 2023.