COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TESTOSTERONE HORMONE LEVELS IN NORMAL AND THYROID PATIENTS IN DISTRICT PESHAWAR
Main Article Content
Keywords
Subclinical Hypothyroidism (SCH 1), Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (SCH 2), Auto Immune Thyroid Disease, Testosterone Levels
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum testosterone levels and thyroid hormones, considering various demographic characteristics of the participants. The research protocols were reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Islamia College Peshawar. The study was conducted at the Endocrinology Departments of Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC) and Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) in Peshawar, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected, and serum testosterone levels were quantitatively analyzed using a human testosterone hormone ELISA. The results revealed a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders among women compared to men (80% vs. 20%). However, significant variations in testosterone levels were associated with thyroid disorders. Our findings suggest that thyroid disease is more prevalent among females in Peshawar, possibly influenced by factors such as lactation and breastfeeding.
References
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21. Krassas, G., & Perros, P. (2003). Thyroid disease and male reproductive function. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 26, 372-380.
22. Morenas, R., Singh, D., & Hellstrom, W. J. (2024). Thyroid disorders and male sexual dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, 36(4), 333-338.
23. Mukherjee, K., & Ghosh, A. K. (1985). Thyroid prolactin related menstruation. J Obstet Gynecol India, 35, 549-552.
24. Rakov, H., Engels, K., Hönes, G. S., Strucksberg, K.-H., Moeller, L. C., Köhrle, J., . . . Führer, D. (2016). Sex-specific phenotypes of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in mice. Biology of sex differences, 7, 1-13.
25. Ramya, M., Savery, D., & Sankareswari, R. (2017). Menstrual disorders associated with thyroid dysfunction. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6(11), 5113-5118.
26. Roef, G. L., Rietzschel, E. R., Van Daele, C. M., Taes, Y. E., De Buyzere, M. L., Gillebert, T. C., & Kaufman, J.-M. (2014). Triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels are differentially associated with metabolic profile and adiposity-related cardiovascular risk markers in euthyroid middle-aged subjects. Thyroid, 24(2), 223-231.
27. Rousset, B., Dupuy, C., Miot, F., & Dumont, J. (2015). Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion.
28. Saran, S., Gupta, B. S., Philip, R., Singh, K. S., Bende, S. A., Agroiya, P., & Agrawal, P. (2016). Effect of hypothyroidism on female reproductive hormones. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 20(1), 108-113.
29. Shalev, E., Eliyahu, S., Ziv, M., & Ben-Ami, M. (1994). Routine thyroid function tests in infertile women: are they necessary? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 171(5), 1191-1192.
30. Sharma, N., & Sharma, A. (2012). Thyroid profile in menstrual disorders. JK science, 14(1), 14.
31. Shimizu, W., Matsuo, K., Kokubo, Y., Satomi, K., Kurita, T., Noda, T., . . . Kamakura, S. (2007). Sex hormone and gender difference—role of testosterone on male predominance in Brugada syndrome. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 18(4), 415-421.
32. Shrivastav, T. G., Basu, A., & Kariya, K. P. (2003). One step enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for direct estimation of serum testosterone. Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 24(2), 205-217.
33. Silva, J. F., Ocarino, N. M., & Serakides, R. (2018). Thyroid hormones and female reproduction. Biology of reproduction, 99(5), 907-921.
34. Swain, M., Swain, T., & Mohanty, B. K. (2005). Autoimmune thyroid disorders—An update. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 20, 9-17.
35. Tayal, D., Chawla, R., Arora, S., Gupta, V. K., Sohi, J. S., & Mallika, V. (2009). Dynamic changes in biochemical markers of renal function with thyroid status-A study in Indian population. Internet Journal of Medical Update-EJOURNAL, 4(2).
36. Vanderpump, M. P. (2011). The epidemiology of thyroid disease. British medical bulletin, 99(1).
37. Vanderpump, M. P., & Tunbridge, W. M. G. (2005). The epidemiology of thyroid diseases. Werner and Ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text, 9, 398-406.
38. Wagner, M. S., Wajner, S. M., & Maia, A. L. (2008). The role of thyroid hormone in testicular development and function. The Journal of endocrinology, 199(3), 351.
39. Wejaphikul, K., Groeneweg, S., Hilhorst-Hofstee, Y., Chatterjee, V. K., Peeters, R. P., Meima, M. E., & Visser, W. E. (2019). Insight into molecular determinants of T3 vs T4 recognition from mutations in thyroid hormone receptor α and β. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104(8), 3491-3500.
40. Yadav, N. K., Thanpari, C., Shrewastwa, M. K., Sathian, B., & Mittal, R. K. (2013). Socio demographic wise risk assessment of thyroid function abnormalities in far western region of Nepal: A hospital based descriptive study. Asian pacific journal of tropical disease, 3(2), 150-154.
41. Zähringer, S., Tomova, A., Von Werder, K., Brabant, G., Kumanov, P., & Schopohl, J. (2000). The influence of hyperthyroidism on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes, 108(04), 282-289.
2. Baral, N., Lamsal, M., Koner, B., & Koirala, S. (2002). Thyroid dysfunction in eastern Nepal. Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 33(3), 638-641.
3. Bayer, M. F., Kriss, J. P., & McDougall, I. R. (1985). Clinical experience with sensitive thyrotropin measurements: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 26(11), 1248-1256.
4. Castello, R., & Caputo, M. (2019). Thyroid diseases and gender. Journal of Sex-and Gender-Specific Medicine, 5(3), 136-141.
5. Cavaliere, H., Abelin, N., & MEDEIROS‐NETO, G. (1988). Serum levels of total testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin in hypothyroid patients and normal subjects treated with incremental doses of L‐T4 or L‐T3. Journal of andrology, 9(3), 215-219.
6. Ceccarelli, C., Canale, D., Battisti, P., Caglieresi, C., Moschini, C., Fiore, E., . . . Vitti, P. (2006). Testicular function after 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism. Clinical endocrinology, 65(4), 446-452.
7. Chiamolera, M. I., & Wondisford, F. E. (2009). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the thyroid hormone feedback mechanism. Endocrinology, 150(3), 1091-1096.
8. Clark, R. V., Wald, J. A., Swerdloff, R. S., Wang, C., Wu, F. C., Bowers, L. D., & Matsumoto, A. M. (2019). Large divergence in testosterone concentrations between men and women: frame of reference for elite athletes in sex‐specific competition in sports, a narrative review. Clinical endocrinology, 90(1), 15-22.
9. Dirlikov, B., Lavoie, S., & Shem, K. (2019). Correlation between thyroid function, testosterone levels, and depressive symptoms in females with spinal cord injury. Spinal cord series and cases, 5(1), 61.
10. Doifode, C. D., & Fernandes, K. (2001). Study of thyroid dysfunction in patients with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. J Obstet Gynecol India, 51(2), 93-95.
11. Dunn, J. T., & Dunn, A. D. (2001). Update on intrathyroidal iodine metabolism. Thyroid, 11(5), 407-414.
12. Fox, E. L., Davis, C., Downs, S. M., Schultink, W., & Fanzo, J. (2019). Who is the woman in women’s nutrition? A narrative review of evidence and actions to support women’s nutrition throughout life. Current developments in nutrition, 3(1), nzy076.
13. Franjić, S. (2021). In shortly about thyroid gland. Clin Surg, 4(9), 1-5.
14. Gong, B., Wang, Y., Zhang, J.-a., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Li, J., . . . Zhang, C. (2024). Effects of altitude on thyroid disorders according to Chinese three-rung, ladder-like topography: national cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 26.
15. Helfand, M., & Crapo, L. M. (1990). Screening for thyroid disease. Annals of Internal Medicine, 112(11), 840-849.
16. Hollowell, J. G., Staehling, N. W., Flanders, W. D., Hannon, W. H., Gunter, E. W., Spencer, C. A., & Braverman, L. E. (2002). Serum TSH, T4, and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(2), 489-499.
17. Iddah, M., Macharia, B., Ng’wena, A., Keter, A., & Ofulla, A. (2013). Thryroid hormones and hematological indices levels in thyroid disorders patients at Moi teaching and referral hospital, Western Kenya. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2013(1), 385940.
18. Jannini, E. A., Crescenzi, A., Rucci, N., Screponi, E., Carosa, E., De Matteis, A., . . . D’Armiento, M. (2000). Ontogenetic pattern of thyroid hormone receptor expression in the human testis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(9), 3453-3457.
19. Kasper, D., Fauci, A., Hauser, S., Longo, D., Jameson, J., & Loscalzo, J. (2015). Harrisons principles of internal medicine (19 ed. Vol. 01): Mcgraw-hill.
20. Korobova, E., Baranchukov, V., Kurnosova, I., & Silenok, A. (2022). Spatial geochemical differentiation of the iodine-induced health risk and distribution of thyroid cancer among urban and rural population of the Central Russian plain affected by the Chernobyl NPP accident. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 44(6), 1875-1891.
21. Krassas, G., & Perros, P. (2003). Thyroid disease and male reproductive function. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 26, 372-380.
22. Morenas, R., Singh, D., & Hellstrom, W. J. (2024). Thyroid disorders and male sexual dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, 36(4), 333-338.
23. Mukherjee, K., & Ghosh, A. K. (1985). Thyroid prolactin related menstruation. J Obstet Gynecol India, 35, 549-552.
24. Rakov, H., Engels, K., Hönes, G. S., Strucksberg, K.-H., Moeller, L. C., Köhrle, J., . . . Führer, D. (2016). Sex-specific phenotypes of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in mice. Biology of sex differences, 7, 1-13.
25. Ramya, M., Savery, D., & Sankareswari, R. (2017). Menstrual disorders associated with thyroid dysfunction. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6(11), 5113-5118.
26. Roef, G. L., Rietzschel, E. R., Van Daele, C. M., Taes, Y. E., De Buyzere, M. L., Gillebert, T. C., & Kaufman, J.-M. (2014). Triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels are differentially associated with metabolic profile and adiposity-related cardiovascular risk markers in euthyroid middle-aged subjects. Thyroid, 24(2), 223-231.
27. Rousset, B., Dupuy, C., Miot, F., & Dumont, J. (2015). Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion.
28. Saran, S., Gupta, B. S., Philip, R., Singh, K. S., Bende, S. A., Agroiya, P., & Agrawal, P. (2016). Effect of hypothyroidism on female reproductive hormones. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 20(1), 108-113.
29. Shalev, E., Eliyahu, S., Ziv, M., & Ben-Ami, M. (1994). Routine thyroid function tests in infertile women: are they necessary? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 171(5), 1191-1192.
30. Sharma, N., & Sharma, A. (2012). Thyroid profile in menstrual disorders. JK science, 14(1), 14.
31. Shimizu, W., Matsuo, K., Kokubo, Y., Satomi, K., Kurita, T., Noda, T., . . . Kamakura, S. (2007). Sex hormone and gender difference—role of testosterone on male predominance in Brugada syndrome. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 18(4), 415-421.
32. Shrivastav, T. G., Basu, A., & Kariya, K. P. (2003). One step enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for direct estimation of serum testosterone. Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 24(2), 205-217.
33. Silva, J. F., Ocarino, N. M., & Serakides, R. (2018). Thyroid hormones and female reproduction. Biology of reproduction, 99(5), 907-921.
34. Swain, M., Swain, T., & Mohanty, B. K. (2005). Autoimmune thyroid disorders—An update. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 20, 9-17.
35. Tayal, D., Chawla, R., Arora, S., Gupta, V. K., Sohi, J. S., & Mallika, V. (2009). Dynamic changes in biochemical markers of renal function with thyroid status-A study in Indian population. Internet Journal of Medical Update-EJOURNAL, 4(2).
36. Vanderpump, M. P. (2011). The epidemiology of thyroid disease. British medical bulletin, 99(1).
37. Vanderpump, M. P., & Tunbridge, W. M. G. (2005). The epidemiology of thyroid diseases. Werner and Ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text, 9, 398-406.
38. Wagner, M. S., Wajner, S. M., & Maia, A. L. (2008). The role of thyroid hormone in testicular development and function. The Journal of endocrinology, 199(3), 351.
39. Wejaphikul, K., Groeneweg, S., Hilhorst-Hofstee, Y., Chatterjee, V. K., Peeters, R. P., Meima, M. E., & Visser, W. E. (2019). Insight into molecular determinants of T3 vs T4 recognition from mutations in thyroid hormone receptor α and β. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104(8), 3491-3500.
40. Yadav, N. K., Thanpari, C., Shrewastwa, M. K., Sathian, B., & Mittal, R. K. (2013). Socio demographic wise risk assessment of thyroid function abnormalities in far western region of Nepal: A hospital based descriptive study. Asian pacific journal of tropical disease, 3(2), 150-154.
41. Zähringer, S., Tomova, A., Von Werder, K., Brabant, G., Kumanov, P., & Schopohl, J. (2000). The influence of hyperthyroidism on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes, 108(04), 282-289.
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Sep 19, 2024
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TESTOSTERONE HORMONE LEVELS IN NORMAL AND THYROID PATIENTS IN DISTRICT PESHAWAR. (2024). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 1413-1426. https://doi.org/10.53555/9dm2g690
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Author Biographies
Abdul Jamil Khan
Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan,
Ghulam Ullah
Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan,
Abdul Jalil Khan
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of basic and applied sciences (FBAS), International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Pakistan
Zahoor khan
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Muhammad Ishtiaq
Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan,
Dr. Jawad Saeed
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Abdullah
Department: Zoology, Government Degree College for Boys, Hayatabad, University of Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
How to Cite
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TESTOSTERONE HORMONE LEVELS IN NORMAL AND THYROID PATIENTS IN DISTRICT PESHAWAR. (2024). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 1413-1426. https://doi.org/10.53555/9dm2g690