PROTECTIVE BEHAVIOR OF CACO3 AND HUMIC ACIDS FOR BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN GRASS FISH
Main Article Content
Keywords
heavy metals, humic acid, calcium carbonate, accumulation, fish
Abstract
This study aims to determine the levels of selected heavy metals (HMs) such as Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni in presence of soft/fresh water and at different concentrations of humic acid (HA) and CaCO3, in the liver, gills, skins and flesh of Grass fish species. These metals were chosen because of their high level of contamination and toxicity to the fish and human beings as they depend on such fish as food. Large differences in HM concentrations were observed in soft/ fresh water and in different concentrations of HA+CaCO3, between different tissues within the same fish. Different concentrations of HMs were recorded in different organs, but in presence of soft/fresh water liver, gills, skin, and muscle accumulate maximum concentration of each selected metal (Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni, respectively). With the addition of different amounts of CaCO3, and HA decreases occurred in the accumulation of selected HMs including Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni from 17.37±1.05, 12.57±1.25, 22.24±1.29, 18.61±1.64, 15.87±0.81,and 22.04±2.34 , respectively to 4.37±.66, 4.65 ±0.86, 5.79 ±0.86, 3.54 ±0.69, 9.57 ±0.49, and 6.83 ±0.81 mg kg¬-1, respectively. The concentrations of HMs were decreased up to four times as compared to soft water with the increases of CaCO3, in hardness. As the concentration of HA reached to the maximum selected level (100 g), double decreases occurred in the accumulation of HMs as compared to CaCO3 treatments. Thus the decreases in HM concentrations ((Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni) occurred from 16.10±0.87, 12.42 ±1.96, 20.37±0.54, 17.16 ±2.57, 12.39 ±0.53,and 20.62 ±0.43, respectively to 2.63 ±0.70, 3.35 ±0.45, 3.46 ±0.49, 2.64 ±1.05, 4.43 ±0.57 and 4.33 ±0.48 mg kg¬-1, respectively. In the presence of HA , the accumulation of HMs were decreased by six times as compared to CaCO3. Furthermore, seven to eight times decreases occurred in the accumulation of selected HMs in fish due to application of both CaCO3 and HA. The lowest concentration was recorded in the fish muscle, while the highest concentration observed in liver samples. Cr and Ni were accumulated more than all other metals. In presence of different concentrations of HA and CaCO3 the accumulation of each metal was decreased. Thus it is observed the treatments of CaCO3 and HA significantly decreased the accumulation of HMs and subsequently their toxicity on fish. However, field/farm level experiments are needed to confirm the long term effects of these materials not on HMs accumulation but also on the health and biomass of fish.
References
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22. Shovon.M.N.H., Majumdar.B.C., and Rahman.Z., “Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and nickel) concentration in different organs of three commonly consumed fishes in Bangladesh”. ‘Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal’. (2017); 8(3).
23. Majed.N., Alam.M.K., Real.M.I.H., and Khan.M.S., “Accumulation of copper and zinc metals from water in Anabas testudineus fish species in Bangladesh”. ‘Aquaculture Studies’. (2019);19(2), 91-102.
24. Pourkhabbaz.A., Ebrahimpour.K.M., Kiyani.V., and Hosynzadeh.M.H., “Effects of water hardness and Cu and Zn on LC50 in Gambusia Holbrook”. ‘Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability’. (2011);23(4).
25. Javid A., Javed. M., and Abdullah.S., “Nickel bioaccumulation in the bodies of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala during 96-hr LC50 exposures”. ‘International Journal of Agriculture and Biology’. (2007); 9, 139–142.
26. Pyle.G.G., Swanson.S.M., and Lehmkuht.D.M., “The influence of water hardness, pH, and suspended solids on nickel toxicity to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)”. ‘Water, Air, and Soil Pollution’ (2002); 133, 215–226.
27. Kiyani.V., Hosynzadeh. M., and Ebrahimpour. M., “Investigation of acute toxicity of some heavy metals at different water hardness”. ‘International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research’. (2013);1(2), 134-142.
28. Uysal. K.,“Heavy metal in edible portions (muscle and skin) and other organs (gill, liver, and intestine) of selected freshwater fish species”. ‘International Journal of Food Properties’. (2011);14, 280–286.
29. Choi.C.Y., Li.Z., Song.J.A., and Park. Y. S., “Water hardness can reduce the accumulation and oxidative stress of zinc in goldfish”. ‘Carassius auratus, Antioxidants’. (2022);11, 715.
30. Alsop.D., and Wood.C.M. “Metal uptake and acute toxicity in zebrafish: Common mechanisms across multiple metals”. ‘Aquatic Toxicology’. (2011); 105, 385–393.
31. Begum, A., HariKrishna.S and Khan, I. “Analysis of Heavy metals in Water, Sediments and Fish samples of Madivala Lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka”. ‘International Journal of Chemical Technology and research’. (2009); 1(2): 245-24.
32. Majnoni.F., Mansouri B., Rezaei. M., Hamidian.A.H., “Metal concentration in tissues of common carp, cyprinus carpio, and siler carp, Hypophthalichthys molitris from the Zarivar wetland in western Iran”. ‘Arch. Pol. Fish’ (2013); 21:11-18.
33. Yancheva.V., Velcheva.I., Stoyanova.S., Georgiva. E., “Fish in Ecotoxicological Studies”. ‘Ecologia Balkanica’ (2015); vol. 7 issue 1, 149-169
34. Mohammad. F. A., “Bioaccumulation of selected metals and histopathological alterations in tissues of Oreochromis niloticus and Lates niloticus from lake Nasser, Egypt”. ‘Global Veterinaria’. (2008); 4(2), pp 205- 218.
35. Stoyanova. S.,Yancheva. V., Velcheva. I., Atanasova.P., Georgieva. E., “Thiamethoam causehistochemical changes in the liver of Aristichthysnobilis Rich., 1845”. ‘Journal of BioSci, Biotechnol’. (2015); 4(3): 321-325.
36. Ribeiro.C.A., Vollaire.Y., Sanchez-ChRDI.A., Roche.H., “Bioaccumulation and the effect of organochlorine pesticide, PAH and heavy metals in the Eel (Anguilla anguilla) at the Camargue Nature”. ‘Reserve France. Aquat Toxicol’. (2005); 15;74(1):53-69.
37. Amani.S., Ahmadi.R.A., “Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis, Magnetic Properties and Biological Activity Studies of Cu(II) and Co(II) Complexes with Schiff Base Dye Ligands”. ‘Molecules’ (2012); 17(6), 6434-6448; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17066434
38. Mungkung.R., Upatham.E.S., Pokethitiyook.P., Kruatrachue.M., and Panichajakul. C., “Effects of humic acid and water hardness on acute toxicity and accumulation of cadmium in the freshwater fish (Puntius gonionotus)”. ‘Science Asia’ (2001); 27, 157-164.
39. Zubcov.E., Zubcov.N., Ene. A., and Biletchi L., “Assessment of copper and zinc levels in fish from freshwater ecosystems of Moldova”. ‘Environmental Science and Pollution Research’ (2012); 19, 2238–2247.
40. Tekin-Özan.S., and Kir. I.,“Seasonal variations of heavy metals in some organs of carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) from Beyşehir Lake (Turkey)”. ‘Environmental Monitoring and Assessment’(2008); 138, 201–206.
41. Visnjic-Jeftic.Z., Jaric. I., Jovanovic. L., Skoric. S., Smederevac-Lalic.M., Nikcevic.M., and Lenhardt.M., “Heavy metal and trace element accumulation in muscle, liver, and gills of the Pontic shad (Alosa immaculata Bennett 1835) from the Danube River (Serbia)”. ‘Microchemical Journal’. (2010); 95, 341–344.
42. Kamunde.C., and MacPhail.R., “ Effect of humic acid during concurrent chronic waterborne exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to copper, cadmium, and zinc”. ‘Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety’. (2011); 74, 259-269.
43. Yousafzai.M.A., “Toxicological Effects of Industrial Effluents Dumped in River Kabul on Mahaseer, Tor Putitora at Aman Garh Industrial Area Nowshera, Peshawar, Pakistan,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Punjab, Lahore, (2004).
44. Shukla.V., Dhankhar.M., Prakash.J., and Sastry.K.V., “Bioaccumulation of Zn, Cu, and Cd in Channa punctatus. ‘Journal of Environmental Biology’. (2007); 28(2), 395-397.
2. Javed. M., & Usmani. N., “Accumulation of heavy metals in fishes: A human health concern”. ‘International Journal of Environmental Science’. (2011); 2(2).
3. Sivaperumal. P., Sankar T. V., and Viswanathan. N. P. G., “Heavy metal concentrations in fish, shellfish, and fish products from internal markets of India vis-a-vis international standards. ‘Journal of Food Chemistry’ (2007); 102, 612-620.
4. Henry. J. R., “An overview of phytoremediation of lead and mercury”. ‘NNEMS Report. Washington, D.C.; pp. 3-9. (2000).
5. Babu. O. F., Hossain. S. M., Rahman. M. B., Ahmed. M., Hasan. A. S. S., Rakib. M. M., Emran. A., Xiao. T. B., and Simal-Gandara, J., “Phytoremediation of toxic metals: A sustainable green solution for a clean environment”. ‘Applied Science’ (2021); 11, 10348. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110348.
6. Khan.S., Cao. Q., Zheng.Y.M., Huang.Y. Z., and Zhu. Y. G., “Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing”. ‘China Environmental Pollution’ (2008); 152, 686-692.
7. Olaifa. F. E., Olaifa. A. K., Adelaja. A. A., and Owolabi. A. G., “Heavy metal contamination of Clarias gariepinus from a lake and fish farm in Ibadan, Nigeria”. ‘African Journal of Biomedical Research’ (2004); 7, 145–148.
8. Dobaradaran. S., Naddafi. K., Nazmara.S., and Ghaedi. H., “Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb) content in two fish species of Persian Gulf in Bushehr Port, Iran”. ‘African Journal of Biotechnology’ (2010); 9(37), 6191-6193.
9. 9 . Mohammad MN Authman., Mona S Zaki, Khallaf. E.A. and Abbas. H.H., “Use of Fish as Bio-indicator of the Effects of Heavy Metals Pollution”. ‘Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development’.(2015); 6:4’.
10. Kalay.M., and Canli.M., “Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissues of a freshwater fish Tilapia zilli”. ‘Turkish Journal of Zoology’ (2000);24, 429-436.
11. Idriss.A. A., and Ahmad. A. K., “Heavy metal concentrations in fishes from Juru River: Estimation of the health risk”. ‘Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology’ (2015); 94, 204-208.
12. Lenntech.. “Heavy metals”. [Online]. Rotterdam seweg, The Netherlands. Available: http://www.lenntech.com/heavy-metals.htm. (2005a).
13. Hassaan.M.A., El Nemr. A., and Madkour. F. F., “Environmental assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk”. ‘American Journal of Water Science and Engineering’. (2016); 2(3), 14-19.
14. Woo. S., Yum. S., Park. H. S., Lee. T. K., and Ryu. J. C., “Effects of heavy metals on antioxidants and stress-responsive gene expression in Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus)”. ‘Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C’. (2009); 149, 289–293.
15. Ayandiran.T.A., Fawole. O. O., Adewoye. S. O., and Ogundiran.M.A., “Bioconcentration of metals in the body muscle and gut of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of soap and detergent effluent”. ‘Journal of Cell and Animal Biology’. (2009);3(8), 113-118.
16. Jiwan, S., and Kalamdhad, A. S., “Effects of heavy metals on soil, plants, human health, and aquatic life”. ‘International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment’. (2011); 1(2), 15-21.
17. Soliman. Z. I., “A study of heavy metals pollution in some aquatic organisms in Suez Canal in Port-Said Harbour”. ‘Journal of Applied Sciences Research’. (2006);2(10), 657-663.
18. Rathor. R. S., and Khangarot. B. S., “Effects of water hardness and metal concentration on a freshwater Tubifex tubifex Müller”. ‘Water, Air, Soil Pollution’. (2003); 142, 341–356.
19. Pourkhabbaz.A., Khazei.T., Behravesh.S., Ebrahimpour.M., and Hamidreza Pourkhabbaz.H., “Effect of Water Hardness on the Toxicity of Cobalt and Nickel to a Freshwater Fish, Capoeta fusca”. ‘Biomed Environ Sci’. (2011); 24(6): 656‐660.
20. Akan.J.C., Mohmoud.S., Yikala.B.S., Ogugbuaja.V.O., “Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals in Fish Samples from River Benue in Vinikilang, Adamawa State, Nigeria”. ‘American Journal of Analytical Chemistry’. (2012); 3, 727-736.
21. Perschbacher. P.W., and Wurts. W. A., “Effects of calcium and magnesium hardness on acute copper toxicity to juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus” ‘Aquaculture’. (1999); 172:275- 280.
22. Shovon.M.N.H., Majumdar.B.C., and Rahman.Z., “Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and nickel) concentration in different organs of three commonly consumed fishes in Bangladesh”. ‘Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal’. (2017); 8(3).
23. Majed.N., Alam.M.K., Real.M.I.H., and Khan.M.S., “Accumulation of copper and zinc metals from water in Anabas testudineus fish species in Bangladesh”. ‘Aquaculture Studies’. (2019);19(2), 91-102.
24. Pourkhabbaz.A., Ebrahimpour.K.M., Kiyani.V., and Hosynzadeh.M.H., “Effects of water hardness and Cu and Zn on LC50 in Gambusia Holbrook”. ‘Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability’. (2011);23(4).
25. Javid A., Javed. M., and Abdullah.S., “Nickel bioaccumulation in the bodies of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala during 96-hr LC50 exposures”. ‘International Journal of Agriculture and Biology’. (2007); 9, 139–142.
26. Pyle.G.G., Swanson.S.M., and Lehmkuht.D.M., “The influence of water hardness, pH, and suspended solids on nickel toxicity to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)”. ‘Water, Air, and Soil Pollution’ (2002); 133, 215–226.
27. Kiyani.V., Hosynzadeh. M., and Ebrahimpour. M., “Investigation of acute toxicity of some heavy metals at different water hardness”. ‘International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research’. (2013);1(2), 134-142.
28. Uysal. K.,“Heavy metal in edible portions (muscle and skin) and other organs (gill, liver, and intestine) of selected freshwater fish species”. ‘International Journal of Food Properties’. (2011);14, 280–286.
29. Choi.C.Y., Li.Z., Song.J.A., and Park. Y. S., “Water hardness can reduce the accumulation and oxidative stress of zinc in goldfish”. ‘Carassius auratus, Antioxidants’. (2022);11, 715.
30. Alsop.D., and Wood.C.M. “Metal uptake and acute toxicity in zebrafish: Common mechanisms across multiple metals”. ‘Aquatic Toxicology’. (2011); 105, 385–393.
31. Begum, A., HariKrishna.S and Khan, I. “Analysis of Heavy metals in Water, Sediments and Fish samples of Madivala Lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka”. ‘International Journal of Chemical Technology and research’. (2009); 1(2): 245-24.
32. Majnoni.F., Mansouri B., Rezaei. M., Hamidian.A.H., “Metal concentration in tissues of common carp, cyprinus carpio, and siler carp, Hypophthalichthys molitris from the Zarivar wetland in western Iran”. ‘Arch. Pol. Fish’ (2013); 21:11-18.
33. Yancheva.V., Velcheva.I., Stoyanova.S., Georgiva. E., “Fish in Ecotoxicological Studies”. ‘Ecologia Balkanica’ (2015); vol. 7 issue 1, 149-169
34. Mohammad. F. A., “Bioaccumulation of selected metals and histopathological alterations in tissues of Oreochromis niloticus and Lates niloticus from lake Nasser, Egypt”. ‘Global Veterinaria’. (2008); 4(2), pp 205- 218.
35. Stoyanova. S.,Yancheva. V., Velcheva. I., Atanasova.P., Georgieva. E., “Thiamethoam causehistochemical changes in the liver of Aristichthysnobilis Rich., 1845”. ‘Journal of BioSci, Biotechnol’. (2015); 4(3): 321-325.
36. Ribeiro.C.A., Vollaire.Y., Sanchez-ChRDI.A., Roche.H., “Bioaccumulation and the effect of organochlorine pesticide, PAH and heavy metals in the Eel (Anguilla anguilla) at the Camargue Nature”. ‘Reserve France. Aquat Toxicol’. (2005); 15;74(1):53-69.
37. Amani.S., Ahmadi.R.A., “Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis, Magnetic Properties and Biological Activity Studies of Cu(II) and Co(II) Complexes with Schiff Base Dye Ligands”. ‘Molecules’ (2012); 17(6), 6434-6448; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17066434
38. Mungkung.R., Upatham.E.S., Pokethitiyook.P., Kruatrachue.M., and Panichajakul. C., “Effects of humic acid and water hardness on acute toxicity and accumulation of cadmium in the freshwater fish (Puntius gonionotus)”. ‘Science Asia’ (2001); 27, 157-164.
39. Zubcov.E., Zubcov.N., Ene. A., and Biletchi L., “Assessment of copper and zinc levels in fish from freshwater ecosystems of Moldova”. ‘Environmental Science and Pollution Research’ (2012); 19, 2238–2247.
40. Tekin-Özan.S., and Kir. I.,“Seasonal variations of heavy metals in some organs of carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) from Beyşehir Lake (Turkey)”. ‘Environmental Monitoring and Assessment’(2008); 138, 201–206.
41. Visnjic-Jeftic.Z., Jaric. I., Jovanovic. L., Skoric. S., Smederevac-Lalic.M., Nikcevic.M., and Lenhardt.M., “Heavy metal and trace element accumulation in muscle, liver, and gills of the Pontic shad (Alosa immaculata Bennett 1835) from the Danube River (Serbia)”. ‘Microchemical Journal’. (2010); 95, 341–344.
42. Kamunde.C., and MacPhail.R., “ Effect of humic acid during concurrent chronic waterborne exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to copper, cadmium, and zinc”. ‘Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety’. (2011); 74, 259-269.
43. Yousafzai.M.A., “Toxicological Effects of Industrial Effluents Dumped in River Kabul on Mahaseer, Tor Putitora at Aman Garh Industrial Area Nowshera, Peshawar, Pakistan,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Punjab, Lahore, (2004).
44. Shukla.V., Dhankhar.M., Prakash.J., and Sastry.K.V., “Bioaccumulation of Zn, Cu, and Cd in Channa punctatus. ‘Journal of Environmental Biology’. (2007); 28(2), 395-397.
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Sep 28, 2024
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Nasrullah Khan, Hazrat Ali, Shahid Iqbal, Muhammad Kamran Khan, & Ezzat Khan. (2024). PROTECTIVE BEHAVIOR OF CACO3 AND HUMIC ACIDS FOR BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN GRASS FISH. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 3712-3733. https://doi.org/10.53555/t3ds3n90
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Author Biographies
Nasrullah Khan
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
Hazrat Ali
Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Shahid Iqbal
Center for Disaster Management and Preparedness, University of Peshawar
Muhammad Kamran Khan
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan.
Ezzat Khan
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Main Campus Sakhir 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain.
How to Cite
Nasrullah Khan, Hazrat Ali, Shahid Iqbal, Muhammad Kamran Khan, & Ezzat Khan. (2024). PROTECTIVE BEHAVIOR OF CACO3 AND HUMIC ACIDS FOR BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN GRASS FISH. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 3712-3733. https://doi.org/10.53555/t3ds3n90