EFFECT OF CANTHAXANTHIN ON GROWTH AND PIGMENTATION OF CYPRINUS CARPIO
Main Article Content
Keywords
Carotenoids, Canthaxanthin, SGR, FCR, Pigmentation, Cyprinus carpio
Abstract
Fish is a major source of protein with high nutritional value for individuals. Cyprinus carpio (Gulfam) is the third most widely cultivated, contributing 9% of the total aquaculture production. The problem of pale coloring of common carp as well as less growth with the passage of time was solved with the help of dietary carotenoids “Canthaxanthin”. In the present experiment, canthaxanthin was given 2% of the average body weight of the fishes. Fingerlings were taken from Punjab Fish Hatchery Faisalabad, while experiment was held in Fisheries Farms, Department of Zoology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Two glass aquaria having the capacity of 60 liters water, each having 15 fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio were used for experiment up to the period of 45 days. Glass aquaria was marked as a T0 and T1. T0 received basic feed while T1 received carotenoids “canthaxanthin”. Physico-chemical parameters were also measured. Weekly specific growth rate (SGR) in terms of body weight (g) and body length (cm) was measured. Survival rate and FCR were also measured. At the end of trial duration, red pigmentation was measured. All the data were subjected to statistical analysis using paired t-test. The results of this study illustrated that average (DO) for T0 was 3.95±0.16mg/l (Dissolved Oxygen) and for T1 was 3.98±0.11mg/l, average temperature was 26.36±0.41°C and 27.63±0.47°C and average pH was 7.36±0.12 and 7.51±0.12 for T0 and T1 respectively. Average gain in body weight for T0 was 0.99±0.09g specific growth rate (SGR) and for T1 was 1.67±0.22g (SGR). Average gain in body length for T0 was 0.79±0.06cm (SGR) and for T1 was 1.23±0.14cm (SGR). Average feed conversion ratio results for T0 and T1 were 20.70±2.84 (FCR) and 11.00±1.58 (FCR) respectively. Survival rate for T0 was 73.3% and for T1 was 86.6%. The average of red pigmentation was 1.03±0.06 for T0 and 2.40±0.30 for T1. Results showed that there are non-significant relationship among dissolved oxygen, temperature and ph. While, there are highly significant relationship among SGR, FCR, survival rate and pigmentation. So, these results prove that carotenoids have beneficial effects on fish growth and pigmentation.
References
1. Abd El-Gawad, E.A., H.-P. Wang and H. Yao. 2019. Diet supplemented with synthetic carotenoids: Effects on growth performance and biochemical and immunological parameters of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Front. Physiol. 10:1056.
2. Alishahi, M., M. Karamifar and M. Mesbah. 2015. Effects of astaxanthin and Dunaliella salina on skin carotenoids, growth performance and immune response of Astronotus ocellatus. Aquac. Int. 23:1239–1248.
3. Amar, E.C., V. Kiron, S. Satoh and T. Watanabe. 2004. Enhancement of innate immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) associated with dietary intake of carotenoids from natural products. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 16:527–537.
4. Anbazahan, S.M., L.S.S. Mari, G. Yogeshwari, C. Jagruthi, R. Thirumurugan, J. Arockiaraj, A.A.J. Velanganni, P. Krishnamoorthy, C. Balasundaram and R. Harikrishnan. 2014. Immune response and disease resistance of carotenoids supplementation diet in Cyprinus carpio against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 40:9–13.
5. Ansarifard, F., H. Rajabi Islami, M. Shamsaie Mehrjan and M. Soltani. 2018. Effects of Arthrospira platensis on growth, skin color and digestive enzymes of Koi, Cyprinus carpio. Iran. J. Fish. Sci. 17:381–393.
6. Babin, A., C. Biard and Y. Moret. 2010. Dietary supplementation with carotenoids improves immunity without increasing its cost in a crustacean. Am. Nat. 176:234–241.
7. Baker, R. and C. Günther. 2004. The role of carotenoids in consumer choice and the likely benefits from their inclusion into products for human consumption. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 15:484–488.
8. Barkallah, M., A. Ben Atitallah, F. Hentati, M. Dammak, B. Hadrich, I. Fendri, M.A. Ayadi, P. Michaud and S. Abdelkafi. 2019. Effect of Spirulina platensis biomass with high polysaccharides content on quality attributes of common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Common Barbel (Barbus barbus) fish burgers. Appl. Sci. 9:2197.
9. Bjerkeng, B. 2008. Carotenoids in aquaculture: fish and crustaceans. carotenoids. Springer. pp.237–254.
10. Britton, G. 2008. Functions of intact carotenoids. carotenoids. Springer. pp.189–212.
11. Brown, A.C., H.M. Leonard, K.J. McGraw and E.D. Clotfelter. 2014. Maternal effects of carotenoid supplementation in an ornamented cichlid fish. Funct. Ecol. 28:612–620.
12. Büyükçapar, H.M., M. Yanar and Y. Yanar. 2007. Pigmentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with carotenoids from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) and red pepper (Capsicum annum). Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 31:7–12.
13. Chatzifotis, S., M. Pavlidis, C.D. Jimeno, G. Vardanis, A. Sterioti and P. Divanach. 2005. The effect of different carotenoid sources on skin coloration of cultured red porgy (Pagrus pagrus). Aquac. Res. 36:1517–1525.
14. Chow, E.P.Y., K.H. Liong and E. Schoeters. 2016. The effect of dietary carotenoids of different forms: microemulsified and non-microemulsified on the growth performance, pigmentation and hematological parameters in hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus× Clarias gariepinus). J Aquac Res Dev. 7:2.
15. Clotfelter, E.D., D.R. Ardia and K.J. McGraw. 2007. Red fish, blue fish: trade-offs between pigmentation and immunity in Betta splendens. Behav. Ecol. 18:1139–1145.
16. Daniel, N., T. Sivaramakrishnan, S. Subramaniyan, M.M. Faizullah and H. Fernando. 2017. Application of carotenoids on coloration of aquatic animals.
17. Das, A.P. and S.P. Biswas. 2016. Carotenoids and pigmentation in ornamental fish. J. Aquac. Mar. Biol. 4:93.
18. Das, A.P. and S.P. Biswas. 2020. The effect of ripe papaya, Carica papaya, as natural carotenoids meal on body pigmentation and growth performance in banded gourami, Trichogaster fasciata. Int. J. Aquat. Biol. 8:83–90.
19. de Carvalho, C.C.C.R. and M.J. Caramujo. 2017. Carotenoids in aquatic ecosystems and aquaculture: a colorful business with implications for human health. Front. Mar. Sci. 4:93
20. Du, J., H. Chen, B.K. Mandal, J. Wang, Z. Shi, G. Lu and C. Wang. 2021. HDL receptor/Scavenger receptor B1-Scarb1 and Scarb1-like mediate the carotenoid-based red coloration in fish. Aquaculture 545:737208.
21. El-Gawad, A., A. Eman, H.-P. Wang and H. Yao. 2019. Diet supplemented with synthetic carotenoids: Effects on growth performance and biochemical and immunological parameters of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Front. Physiol. 1056.
22. Faggio, C., A. Sureda, S. Morabito, A. Sanches-Silva, A. Mocan, S.F. Nabavi and S.M. Nabavi. 2017. Flavonoids and platelet aggregation: A brief review. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 807:91–101.
23. Garner, S.R., B.D. Neff and M.A. Bernards. 2010. Dietary carotenoid levels affect carotenoid and retinoid allocation in female Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. J. Fish Biol. 76:1474–1490.
24. Gouveia, L. and J. Empis. 2003. Relative stabilities of microalgal carotenoids in microalgal extracts, biomass and fish feed: effect of storage conditions. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 4:227–233.
25. Grether, G.F., G.R. Kolluru, K. Lin, M.A. Quiroz, G. Robertson and A.J. Snyder. 2008. Maternal effects of carotenoid consumption in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Funct. Ecol. 294–302.
26. Grether, G.F., S. Kasahara, G.R. Kolluru and E.L. Cooper. 2004. Sex–specific effects of carotenoid intake on the immunological response to allografts in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 271:45–49.
27. Gupta, S.K., A.K. Jha, A.K. Pal and G. Venkateshwarlu. 2007. Use of natural carotenoids for pigmentation in fishes.
28. Güroy, B., İ. Şahin, S. Mantoğlu and S. Kayalı. 2012. Spirulina as a natural carotenoid source on growth, pigmentation and reproductive performance of yellow tail cichlid Pseudotropheus acei. Aquac. Int. 20:869–878.
29. Hassaan, M.S., E.Y. Mohammady, M.R. Soaudy, S.A. Sabae, A.M.A. Mahmoud and E.R. El-Haroun. 2021. Comparative study on the effect of dietary β-carotene and phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina platensis on immune-oxidative stress biomarkers, genes expression and intestinal enzymes, serum biochemical in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 108:63–72.
30. Hien, T.T.T., T. Van Loc, T.L.C. Tu, T.M. Phu, P.M. Duc, H.T. Nhan and P.T. Liem. 2022. Dietary Effects of Carotenoid on Growth Performance and Pigmentation in Bighead Catfish (Clarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864). Fishes 7:37.
31. Ho, A.L.F.C., S. Zong and J. Lin. 2014. Skin color retention after dietary carotenoid deprivation and dominance mediated skin coloration in clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris. Aquac. Aquarium, Conserv. Legis. 7:103–115.
32. Ho, A.L.F.C., S.K. O’Shea and H.F. Pomeroy. 2013. Dietary esterified astaxanthin effects on color, carotenoid concentrations, and compositions of clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris, skin. Aquac. Int. 21:361–374.
33. Hosokawa, M., T. Okada, N. Mikami, I. Konishi and K. Miyashita. 2009. Bio-functions of marine carotenoids. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 18:1–11.
34. Izquierdo, M.S., H. Fernandez-Palacios and A.G.J. Tacon. 2001. Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. Aquaculture 197:25–42.
35. Jain, A., V.I. Kaur and S.A. Hollyappa. 2019. Effect of dietary supplementation of carrot meal on survival, growth and pigmentation of freshwater ornamental fish, koi carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.). Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 36:405–413.
36. Jaswir, I., D. Noviendri, R.F. Hasrini and F. Octavianti. 2011. Carotenoids: Sources, medicinal properties and their application in food and nutraceutical industry. J. Med. Plants Res 5:7119–7131.
37. Jha, G.N., B.A. Dar, T. Jha, D. Sarma and T.A. Qureshi. 2013. Effect of spirulina and apple peel meal on growth performance, body composition and total carotenoids of snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii). Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 30:404–409.
38. Jha, G.N., D. Sarma, T.A. Qureshi and M.S. Akhtar. 2012. Effect of marigold flower and beetroot meals on growth performance, carcass composition, and total carotenoids of snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii).
39. Kalinowski, C.T., L.E. Robaina, H. Fernandez-Palacios, D. Schuchardt and M.S. Izquierdo. 2005. Effect of different carotenoid sources and their dietary levels on red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) growth and skin colour. Aquaculture 244:223–231.
40. Kalinowski, C.T., M.S. Izquierdo, D. Schuchardt and L.E. Robaina. 2007. Dietary supplementation time with shrimp shell meal on red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) skin colour and carotenoid concentration. Aquaculture 272:451–457.
41. Kim, Y., N. Romano, K. Lee, C. Teoh and W. Ng. 2013. Effects of replacing dietary fish oil and squid liver oil with vegetable oils on the growth, tissue fatty acid profile and total carotenoids of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquac. Res. 44:1731–1740.
42. Kiokias, S. and M.H. Gordon. 2003. Dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture decreases oxidative stress. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 57:1135–1140.
43. Kolluru, G.R., G.F. Grether, S.H. South, E. Dunlop, A. Cardinali, L. Liu and A. Carapiet. 2006. The effects of carotenoid and food availability on resistance to a naturally occurring parasite (Gyrodactylus turnbulli) in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 89:301–309.
44. Komoto, T.T., T.M. Bernardes, T.B. Mesquita, L.F.B. Bortolotto, G. Silva, T.A. Bitencourt, S.J. Baek, M. Marins and A.L. Fachin. 2018. Chalcones repressed the AURKA and MDR proteins involved in metastasis and multiple drug resistance in breast cancer cell lines. Molecules 23.
45. Kop, A. and Y. Durmaz. 2008. The effect of synthetic and natural pigments on the colour of the cichlids (Cichlasoma severum sp., Heckel 1840). Aquac. Int. 16:117–122.
46. Langi, P., S. Kiokias, T. Varzakas and C. Proestos. 2018. Carotenoids: From plants to food and feed industries. Microb. carotenoids 57–71.
47. Li, M.H., E.H. Robinson, D.F. Oberle and P. V Zimba. 2007. Effects of various dietary carotenoid pigments on fillet appearance and pigment absorption in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J. World Aquac. Soc. 38:557–563.
48. Lin, S.M., K. Nieves-Puigdoller, A.C. Brown, K.J. McGraw and E.D. Clotfelter. 2010. Testing the carotenoid trade-off hypothesis in the polychromatic Midas cichlid, Amphilophus citrinellus. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 83:333–342.
49. Liu, F., Y.-K. Qu, A.-M. Wang, Y.-B. Yu, W.-P. Yang, F. Lv and Q. Nie. 2019. Effects of carotenoids on the growth performance, biochemical parameters, immune responses and disease resistance of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) under high-temperature stress. Aquaculture 503:293–303.
50. Livengood, E.J., C.L. Ohs and F.A. Chapman. 2010. Candidate species for Florida Aquaculture: Discus Symphysodon spp., a profitable but challenging species for Florida aquaculture. EDIS 2010.
51. Maiti, M.K., D. Bora, T.L. Nandeesha, S. Sahoo, B.K. Adarsh and S. Kumar. 2017. Effect of dietary natural carotenoid sources on colour enhancement of Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud. 5:340–345.
52. Matsuno, T. 2001. Aquatic animal carotenoids. Fish. Sci. 67:771–783.
53. McGraw, K.J., O.L. Crino, W. Medina‐Jerez and P.M. Nolan. 2006. Effect of dietary carotenoid supplementation on food intake and immune function in a songbird with no carotenoid coloration. Ethology 112:1209–1216.
54. Meilisza, N., M.A. Suprayudi, D. Jusadi, M. Zairin Jr and I.M. Artika. 2021. Effects of synthetic astaxanthin, chlorella, and spirulina supplementation in diets on growth and pigmentation of kurumoi rainbowfish, Melanotaenia parva. Indones. Aquac. J. 15:67–75.
55. Miyashita, K. 2009. Function of marine carotenoids. Food factors Heal. Promot. 61:136–146.
56. Nakano, T. and G. Wiegertjes. 2020. Properties of carotenoids in fish fitness: a review. Mar. Drugs 18:568.
57. Nhan, H.T., T.X. Minh, H.J. Liew, T.T.T. Hien and R. Jha. 2019. Effects of natural dietary carotenoids on skin coloration of false Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, 1830). Aquac. Nutr. 25:662–668.
58. Niero, H., M.A.C. da Silva, R. de Felicio, D.B.B. Trivella and A.O. de S. Lima. 2021. Carotenoids produced by the deep-sea bacterium Erythrobacter citreus LAMA 915: detection and proposal of their biosynthetic pathway. Folia Microbiol. (Praha). 66:441–456.
59. Ninwichian, P., D. Chookird and N. Phuwan. 2020. Effects of dietary supplementation with natural carotenoid sources on growth performance and skin coloration of fancy carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Iran. J. Fish. Sci. 19:167–181.
60. Opara, U.L. and M.R. Al‐Ani. 2010. Effects of cooking methods on carotenoids content of Omani kingfish (Scomeberomorus commerson L.). Br. Food J. 112:811–820.
61. Padowicz, D. and S. Harpaz. 2007. Color enhancement in the ornamental dwarf cichlid Microgeophagus ramirezi by addition of plant carotenoids to the fish diet. Isr. J. Aquac. 59:20536.
62. Palace, V.P. and J. Werner. 2006. Vitamins A and E in the maternal diet influence egg quality and early life stage development in fish: a review. Sci. Mar. 70:41–57.
63. Pan, C. and Y. Chien. 2009. Effects of dietary supplementation of alga Haematococcus pluvialis (Flotow), synthetic astaxanthin and β‐carotene on survival, growth, and pigment distribution of red devil, Cichlasoma citrinellum (Günther). Aquac. Res. 40:871–879.
64. Pan, C.H., Y.H. Chien and Y.J. Wang. 2011. Antioxidant defence to ammonia stress of characins (Hyphessobrycon eques Steindachner) fed diets supplemented with carotenoids. Aquac. Nutr. 17:258–266.
65. Peters, A. 2007. Testosterone and carotenoids: an integrated view of trade‐offs between immunity and sexual signalling. Bioessays 29:427–430.
66. Pham, M.A., H.-G. Byun, K.-D. Kim and S.-M. Lee. 2014. Effects of dietary carotenoid source and level on growth, skin pigmentation, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture 431:65–72.
67. Pike, T.W., J.D. Blount, B. Bjerkeng, J. Lindström and N.B. Metcalfe. 2007. Carotenoids, oxidative stress and female mating preference for longer lived males. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 274:1591–1596.
68. Price, A.C., C.J. Weadick, J. Shim and F.H. Rodd. 2008. Pigments, patterns, and fish behavior. Zebrafish 5:297–307.
69. Pulcini, D., F. Capoccioni, S. Franceschini, M. Martinoli, F. Faccenda, G. Secci, A. Perugini, E. Tibaldi and G. Parisi. 2021. Muscle pigmentation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets rich in natural carotenoids from microalgae and crustaceans. Aquaculture 543:736989.
70. Rahman, M.M., S. Khosravi, K.H. Chang and S.-M. Lee. 2016. Effects of dietary inclusion of astaxanthin on growth, muscle pigmentation and antioxidant capacity of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Prev. Nutr. food Sci. 21:281.
71. Rama, S. and S.N. Manjabhat. 2014. Protective effect of shrimp carotenoids against ammonia stress in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 107:207–213.
72. Ramamoorthy, K., S. Bhuvaneswari, G. Sankar and K. Sakkaravarthi. 2010. Proximate composition and carotenoid content of natural carotenoid sources and its colour enhancement on marine ornamental fish Amphiprion ocellaris (Cuveir, 1880). World J. Fish Mar. Sci. 2:545–550.
73. Rashidian, G., S. Rainis, M.D. Prokić and C. Faggio. 2021. Effects of different levels of carotenoids and light sources on swordtail fish (Xiphophorus helleri) growth, survival rate and reproductive parameters. Nat. Prod. Res. 35:3675–3686.
74. Sánchez, E.G.T., C.A. Fuenmayor, S.M.V. Mejía, C. Díaz-Moreno and H.S. Mahecha. 2020. Effect of bee pollen extract as a source of natural carotenoids on the growth performance and pigmentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 514:734490.
75. Sathyaruban, S., D.I. Uluwaduge, S. Yohi and S. Kuganathan. 2021. Potential natural carotenoid sources for the colouration of ornamental fish: a review. Aquac. Int. 29:1507–1528.
76. Sefc, K.M., A.C. Brown and E.D. Clotfelter. 2014. Carotenoid-based coloration in cichlid fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 173:42–51.
77. Selvakumar, D. and D. Kandasamy. 2011. Application of microbial carotenoids as a source of colouration and growth of ornamental fish Xiphophorus helleri. World J. Fish Mar. Sci. 3:137–144.
78. Sinha, A. and O.A. Asimi. 2007. China rose (Hibiscus rosasinensis) petals: a potent natural carotenoid source for goldfish (Carassius auratus). Aquac. Res. 38:1123–1128.
79. Song, X., L. Wang, X. Li, Z. Chen, G. Liang and X. Leng. 2017. Dietary astaxanthin improved the body pigmentation and antioxidant function, but not the growth of discus fish (Symphysodon spp.). Aquac. Res. 48:1359–1367.
80. Sowmya, R. and N.M. Sachindra. 2015. Enhancement of non‐specific immune responses in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, by dietary carotenoids obtained from shrimp exoskeleton. Aquac. Res. 46:1562–1572.
81. Sullivan, M., A.C. Brown and E.D. Clotfelter. 2014. Dietary carotenoids do not improve motility or antioxidant capacity in cichlid fish sperm. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 40:1399–1405.
82. Sun, X., Y. Chang, Y. Ye, Z. Ma, Y. Liang, T. Li, N. Jiang, W. Xing and L. Luo. 2012. The effect of dietary pigments on the coloration of Japanese ornamental carp (koi, Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture 342:62–68.
83. Svensson, P.A. and B.B.M. Wong. 2011. Carotenoid-based signals in behavioural ecology: a review. Behaviour 148:131–189.
84. Swian, H.S., S.R. Senapati, S.J. Meshram, R. Mishra and H.S. Murthy. 2014. Effect of dietary supplementation of marigold oleoresin on growth, survival and total muscle carotenoid of Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 6:430–435.
85. tao Ren, H., X. jing Zhao, Y. Huang and J. li Xiong. 2021. Combined effect of Spirulina and ferrous fumarate on growth parameters, pigmentation, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant enzyme activity and fatty acids composition of Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquac. Reports 21:100776.
86. Teimouri, M., A.K. Amirkolaie and S. Yeganeh. 2013. The effects of dietary supplement of Spirulina platensis on blood carotenoid concentration and fillet color stability in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 414:224–228.
87. Tejada, S., S. Deudero, A. Box and A. Sureda. 2015. Physiological adaptation to Mediterranean habitats of the native crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus and the invasive Percnon gibbesi (Crustacea: Decapoda). Sci. Mar. 79:257–262.
88. Tejera, N., J.R. Cejas, C. Rodríguez, B. Bjerkeng, S. Jerez, A. Bolaños and A. Lorenzo. 2007. Pigmentation, carotenoids, lipid peroxides and lipid composition of skin of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) fed diets supplemented with different astaxanthin sources. Aquaculture 270:218–230.
89. Tiewsoh, W., E. Singh, R. Nath, S.R. Surnar and A. Priyadarshini. 2019. Effect of carotenoid in growth and colour enhancement in gold fish, Carassius auratus (L.). J. Exp. Zool 22:765–771.
90. Tizkar, B., R. Kazemi, A. Alipour, A. Seidavi, G. Naseralavi and J.T. Ponce-Palafox. 2015. Effects of dietary supplementation with astaxanthin and β-carotene on the semen quality of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Theriogenology 84:1111–1117.
91. Toughan, H., S.R. Khalil, A.A. El-Ghoneimy, A. Awad and A.S.H. Seddek. 2018. Effect of dietary supplementation with Spirulina platensis on Atrazine-induced oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and inflammation in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 149:135–142.
92. Tu, N.P.C., N.N. Ha, N.T.T. Linh and N.N. Tri. 2022. Effect of astaxanthin and spirulina levels in black soldier fly larvae meal-based diets on growth performance and skin pigmentation in discus fish, Symphysodon sp. Aquaculture 553:738048.
93. Tyndale, S.T., R.J. Letcher, J.W. Heath and D.D. Heath. 2008. Why are salmon eggs red? Egg carotenoids and early life survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Evol. Ecol. Res. 10:1187–1199.
94. Valente, L.M.P., M. Araújo, S. Batista, M.J. Peixoto, I. Sousa-Pinto, V. Brotas, L.M. Cunha and P. Rema. 2016. Carotenoid deposition, flesh quality and immunological response of Nile tilapia fed increasing levels of IMTA-cultivated Ulva spp. J. Appl. Phycol. 28:691–701.
95. Van Doan, H., S.H. Hoseinifar, T.Q. Hung, C. Lumsangkul, S. Jaturasitha, E. El-Haroun and M. Paolucci. 2020. Dietary inclusion of chestnut (Castanea sativa) polyphenols to Nile tilapia reared in biofloc technology: Impacts on growth, immunity, and disease resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 105:319–326.
96. Vílchez, C., E. Forján, M. Cuaresma, F. Bédmar, I. Garbayo and J.M. Vega. 2011. Marine carotenoids: biological functions and commercial applications. Mar. Drugs 9:319–333.
97. Wallat, G.K., A.M. Lazur and F.A. Chapman. 2005. Carotenoids of different types and concentrations in commercial formulated fish diets affect color and its development in the skin of the red oranda variety of goldfish. N. Am. J. Aquac. 67:42–51.
98. Wang, Y.-J., Y.-H. Chien and C.-H. Pan. 2006. Effects of dietary supplementation of carotenoids on survival, growth, pigmentation, and antioxidant capacity of characins, Hyphessobrycon callistus. Aquaculture 261:641–648.
99. Wassef, E.A., S. Chatzifotis, E.M. Sakr and N.E. Saleh. 2010. Effect of two natural carotenoid sources in diets for gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, on growth and skin coloration. J. Appl. Aquac. 22:216–229.
100. y Juan, C.A.A.M., S. de la Barrera and N.C. Buenavista. 2013. The effect of marigold (Tagetes erecta) as natural carotenoid source for the pigmentation of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Res. J. Fish. Hydrobiol. 8:31–37.
101. Yanar, M., Z. Erçen, A.Ö. Hunt and H.M. Büyükçapar. 2008. The use of alfalfa, Medicago sativa as a natural carotenoid source in diets of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Aquaculture 284:196–200.
102. Yasir, I. and J.G. Qin. 2010. Effect of dietary carotenoids on skin color and pigments of false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, Cuvier. J. World Aquac. Soc. 41:308–318.
103. Yeşilayer, N., O. Aral, Z. Karsli, M. Öz, A. Karaçuha and F. Yağci. 2011. The effects of different carotenoid sources on skin pigmentation of Goldfish (Carassius auratus).
104. Yi, J., M.L. Andersen and L.H. Skibsted. 2011. Interactions between tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenoids during autoxidation of mixed palm olein and fish oil. Food Chem. 127:1792–1797.
105. Yuangsoi, B., O. Jintasataporn, N. Areechon and P. Tabthipwon. 2010. The use of natural carotenoids and growth performance, skin pigmentation, and immune response in fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio). J. Appl. Aquac. 22:267–283.
106. Yuangsoi, B., O. Jintasataporn, N. Areechon and P. Tabthipwon. 2011. The pigmenting effect of different carotenoids on fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquac. Nutr. 17:e306–e316.
107. Zhou, X., R. Welsch, Y. Yang, D. Álvarez, M. Riediger, H. Yuan, T. Fish, J. Liu, T.W. Thannhauser and L. Li. 2015. Arabidopsis OR proteins are the major posttranscriptional regulators of phytoene synthase in controlling carotenoid biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112:3558–3563.
108. Ziegelbecker, A., K. Remele, H.W. Pfeifhofer and K.M. Sefc. 2021. Wasteful carotenoid coloration and its effects on territorial behavior in a cichlid fish. Hydrobiologia 848:3683–3698.
2. Alishahi, M., M. Karamifar and M. Mesbah. 2015. Effects of astaxanthin and Dunaliella salina on skin carotenoids, growth performance and immune response of Astronotus ocellatus. Aquac. Int. 23:1239–1248.
3. Amar, E.C., V. Kiron, S. Satoh and T. Watanabe. 2004. Enhancement of innate immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) associated with dietary intake of carotenoids from natural products. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 16:527–537.
4. Anbazahan, S.M., L.S.S. Mari, G. Yogeshwari, C. Jagruthi, R. Thirumurugan, J. Arockiaraj, A.A.J. Velanganni, P. Krishnamoorthy, C. Balasundaram and R. Harikrishnan. 2014. Immune response and disease resistance of carotenoids supplementation diet in Cyprinus carpio against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 40:9–13.
5. Ansarifard, F., H. Rajabi Islami, M. Shamsaie Mehrjan and M. Soltani. 2018. Effects of Arthrospira platensis on growth, skin color and digestive enzymes of Koi, Cyprinus carpio. Iran. J. Fish. Sci. 17:381–393.
6. Babin, A., C. Biard and Y. Moret. 2010. Dietary supplementation with carotenoids improves immunity without increasing its cost in a crustacean. Am. Nat. 176:234–241.
7. Baker, R. and C. Günther. 2004. The role of carotenoids in consumer choice and the likely benefits from their inclusion into products for human consumption. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 15:484–488.
8. Barkallah, M., A. Ben Atitallah, F. Hentati, M. Dammak, B. Hadrich, I. Fendri, M.A. Ayadi, P. Michaud and S. Abdelkafi. 2019. Effect of Spirulina platensis biomass with high polysaccharides content on quality attributes of common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Common Barbel (Barbus barbus) fish burgers. Appl. Sci. 9:2197.
9. Bjerkeng, B. 2008. Carotenoids in aquaculture: fish and crustaceans. carotenoids. Springer. pp.237–254.
10. Britton, G. 2008. Functions of intact carotenoids. carotenoids. Springer. pp.189–212.
11. Brown, A.C., H.M. Leonard, K.J. McGraw and E.D. Clotfelter. 2014. Maternal effects of carotenoid supplementation in an ornamented cichlid fish. Funct. Ecol. 28:612–620.
12. Büyükçapar, H.M., M. Yanar and Y. Yanar. 2007. Pigmentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with carotenoids from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) and red pepper (Capsicum annum). Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 31:7–12.
13. Chatzifotis, S., M. Pavlidis, C.D. Jimeno, G. Vardanis, A. Sterioti and P. Divanach. 2005. The effect of different carotenoid sources on skin coloration of cultured red porgy (Pagrus pagrus). Aquac. Res. 36:1517–1525.
14. Chow, E.P.Y., K.H. Liong and E. Schoeters. 2016. The effect of dietary carotenoids of different forms: microemulsified and non-microemulsified on the growth performance, pigmentation and hematological parameters in hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus× Clarias gariepinus). J Aquac Res Dev. 7:2.
15. Clotfelter, E.D., D.R. Ardia and K.J. McGraw. 2007. Red fish, blue fish: trade-offs between pigmentation and immunity in Betta splendens. Behav. Ecol. 18:1139–1145.
16. Daniel, N., T. Sivaramakrishnan, S. Subramaniyan, M.M. Faizullah and H. Fernando. 2017. Application of carotenoids on coloration of aquatic animals.
17. Das, A.P. and S.P. Biswas. 2016. Carotenoids and pigmentation in ornamental fish. J. Aquac. Mar. Biol. 4:93.
18. Das, A.P. and S.P. Biswas. 2020. The effect of ripe papaya, Carica papaya, as natural carotenoids meal on body pigmentation and growth performance in banded gourami, Trichogaster fasciata. Int. J. Aquat. Biol. 8:83–90.
19. de Carvalho, C.C.C.R. and M.J. Caramujo. 2017. Carotenoids in aquatic ecosystems and aquaculture: a colorful business with implications for human health. Front. Mar. Sci. 4:93
20. Du, J., H. Chen, B.K. Mandal, J. Wang, Z. Shi, G. Lu and C. Wang. 2021. HDL receptor/Scavenger receptor B1-Scarb1 and Scarb1-like mediate the carotenoid-based red coloration in fish. Aquaculture 545:737208.
21. El-Gawad, A., A. Eman, H.-P. Wang and H. Yao. 2019. Diet supplemented with synthetic carotenoids: Effects on growth performance and biochemical and immunological parameters of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Front. Physiol. 1056.
22. Faggio, C., A. Sureda, S. Morabito, A. Sanches-Silva, A. Mocan, S.F. Nabavi and S.M. Nabavi. 2017. Flavonoids and platelet aggregation: A brief review. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 807:91–101.
23. Garner, S.R., B.D. Neff and M.A. Bernards. 2010. Dietary carotenoid levels affect carotenoid and retinoid allocation in female Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. J. Fish Biol. 76:1474–1490.
24. Gouveia, L. and J. Empis. 2003. Relative stabilities of microalgal carotenoids in microalgal extracts, biomass and fish feed: effect of storage conditions. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 4:227–233.
25. Grether, G.F., G.R. Kolluru, K. Lin, M.A. Quiroz, G. Robertson and A.J. Snyder. 2008. Maternal effects of carotenoid consumption in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Funct. Ecol. 294–302.
26. Grether, G.F., S. Kasahara, G.R. Kolluru and E.L. Cooper. 2004. Sex–specific effects of carotenoid intake on the immunological response to allografts in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 271:45–49.
27. Gupta, S.K., A.K. Jha, A.K. Pal and G. Venkateshwarlu. 2007. Use of natural carotenoids for pigmentation in fishes.
28. Güroy, B., İ. Şahin, S. Mantoğlu and S. Kayalı. 2012. Spirulina as a natural carotenoid source on growth, pigmentation and reproductive performance of yellow tail cichlid Pseudotropheus acei. Aquac. Int. 20:869–878.
29. Hassaan, M.S., E.Y. Mohammady, M.R. Soaudy, S.A. Sabae, A.M.A. Mahmoud and E.R. El-Haroun. 2021. Comparative study on the effect of dietary β-carotene and phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina platensis on immune-oxidative stress biomarkers, genes expression and intestinal enzymes, serum biochemical in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 108:63–72.
30. Hien, T.T.T., T. Van Loc, T.L.C. Tu, T.M. Phu, P.M. Duc, H.T. Nhan and P.T. Liem. 2022. Dietary Effects of Carotenoid on Growth Performance and Pigmentation in Bighead Catfish (Clarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864). Fishes 7:37.
31. Ho, A.L.F.C., S. Zong and J. Lin. 2014. Skin color retention after dietary carotenoid deprivation and dominance mediated skin coloration in clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris. Aquac. Aquarium, Conserv. Legis. 7:103–115.
32. Ho, A.L.F.C., S.K. O’Shea and H.F. Pomeroy. 2013. Dietary esterified astaxanthin effects on color, carotenoid concentrations, and compositions of clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris, skin. Aquac. Int. 21:361–374.
33. Hosokawa, M., T. Okada, N. Mikami, I. Konishi and K. Miyashita. 2009. Bio-functions of marine carotenoids. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 18:1–11.
34. Izquierdo, M.S., H. Fernandez-Palacios and A.G.J. Tacon. 2001. Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. Aquaculture 197:25–42.
35. Jain, A., V.I. Kaur and S.A. Hollyappa. 2019. Effect of dietary supplementation of carrot meal on survival, growth and pigmentation of freshwater ornamental fish, koi carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.). Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 36:405–413.
36. Jaswir, I., D. Noviendri, R.F. Hasrini and F. Octavianti. 2011. Carotenoids: Sources, medicinal properties and their application in food and nutraceutical industry. J. Med. Plants Res 5:7119–7131.
37. Jha, G.N., B.A. Dar, T. Jha, D. Sarma and T.A. Qureshi. 2013. Effect of spirulina and apple peel meal on growth performance, body composition and total carotenoids of snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii). Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 30:404–409.
38. Jha, G.N., D. Sarma, T.A. Qureshi and M.S. Akhtar. 2012. Effect of marigold flower and beetroot meals on growth performance, carcass composition, and total carotenoids of snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii).
39. Kalinowski, C.T., L.E. Robaina, H. Fernandez-Palacios, D. Schuchardt and M.S. Izquierdo. 2005. Effect of different carotenoid sources and their dietary levels on red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) growth and skin colour. Aquaculture 244:223–231.
40. Kalinowski, C.T., M.S. Izquierdo, D. Schuchardt and L.E. Robaina. 2007. Dietary supplementation time with shrimp shell meal on red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) skin colour and carotenoid concentration. Aquaculture 272:451–457.
41. Kim, Y., N. Romano, K. Lee, C. Teoh and W. Ng. 2013. Effects of replacing dietary fish oil and squid liver oil with vegetable oils on the growth, tissue fatty acid profile and total carotenoids of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquac. Res. 44:1731–1740.
42. Kiokias, S. and M.H. Gordon. 2003. Dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture decreases oxidative stress. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 57:1135–1140.
43. Kolluru, G.R., G.F. Grether, S.H. South, E. Dunlop, A. Cardinali, L. Liu and A. Carapiet. 2006. The effects of carotenoid and food availability on resistance to a naturally occurring parasite (Gyrodactylus turnbulli) in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 89:301–309.
44. Komoto, T.T., T.M. Bernardes, T.B. Mesquita, L.F.B. Bortolotto, G. Silva, T.A. Bitencourt, S.J. Baek, M. Marins and A.L. Fachin. 2018. Chalcones repressed the AURKA and MDR proteins involved in metastasis and multiple drug resistance in breast cancer cell lines. Molecules 23.
45. Kop, A. and Y. Durmaz. 2008. The effect of synthetic and natural pigments on the colour of the cichlids (Cichlasoma severum sp., Heckel 1840). Aquac. Int. 16:117–122.
46. Langi, P., S. Kiokias, T. Varzakas and C. Proestos. 2018. Carotenoids: From plants to food and feed industries. Microb. carotenoids 57–71.
47. Li, M.H., E.H. Robinson, D.F. Oberle and P. V Zimba. 2007. Effects of various dietary carotenoid pigments on fillet appearance and pigment absorption in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J. World Aquac. Soc. 38:557–563.
48. Lin, S.M., K. Nieves-Puigdoller, A.C. Brown, K.J. McGraw and E.D. Clotfelter. 2010. Testing the carotenoid trade-off hypothesis in the polychromatic Midas cichlid, Amphilophus citrinellus. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 83:333–342.
49. Liu, F., Y.-K. Qu, A.-M. Wang, Y.-B. Yu, W.-P. Yang, F. Lv and Q. Nie. 2019. Effects of carotenoids on the growth performance, biochemical parameters, immune responses and disease resistance of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) under high-temperature stress. Aquaculture 503:293–303.
50. Livengood, E.J., C.L. Ohs and F.A. Chapman. 2010. Candidate species for Florida Aquaculture: Discus Symphysodon spp., a profitable but challenging species for Florida aquaculture. EDIS 2010.
51. Maiti, M.K., D. Bora, T.L. Nandeesha, S. Sahoo, B.K. Adarsh and S. Kumar. 2017. Effect of dietary natural carotenoid sources on colour enhancement of Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud. 5:340–345.
52. Matsuno, T. 2001. Aquatic animal carotenoids. Fish. Sci. 67:771–783.
53. McGraw, K.J., O.L. Crino, W. Medina‐Jerez and P.M. Nolan. 2006. Effect of dietary carotenoid supplementation on food intake and immune function in a songbird with no carotenoid coloration. Ethology 112:1209–1216.
54. Meilisza, N., M.A. Suprayudi, D. Jusadi, M. Zairin Jr and I.M. Artika. 2021. Effects of synthetic astaxanthin, chlorella, and spirulina supplementation in diets on growth and pigmentation of kurumoi rainbowfish, Melanotaenia parva. Indones. Aquac. J. 15:67–75.
55. Miyashita, K. 2009. Function of marine carotenoids. Food factors Heal. Promot. 61:136–146.
56. Nakano, T. and G. Wiegertjes. 2020. Properties of carotenoids in fish fitness: a review. Mar. Drugs 18:568.
57. Nhan, H.T., T.X. Minh, H.J. Liew, T.T.T. Hien and R. Jha. 2019. Effects of natural dietary carotenoids on skin coloration of false Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, 1830). Aquac. Nutr. 25:662–668.
58. Niero, H., M.A.C. da Silva, R. de Felicio, D.B.B. Trivella and A.O. de S. Lima. 2021. Carotenoids produced by the deep-sea bacterium Erythrobacter citreus LAMA 915: detection and proposal of their biosynthetic pathway. Folia Microbiol. (Praha). 66:441–456.
59. Ninwichian, P., D. Chookird and N. Phuwan. 2020. Effects of dietary supplementation with natural carotenoid sources on growth performance and skin coloration of fancy carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Iran. J. Fish. Sci. 19:167–181.
60. Opara, U.L. and M.R. Al‐Ani. 2010. Effects of cooking methods on carotenoids content of Omani kingfish (Scomeberomorus commerson L.). Br. Food J. 112:811–820.
61. Padowicz, D. and S. Harpaz. 2007. Color enhancement in the ornamental dwarf cichlid Microgeophagus ramirezi by addition of plant carotenoids to the fish diet. Isr. J. Aquac. 59:20536.
62. Palace, V.P. and J. Werner. 2006. Vitamins A and E in the maternal diet influence egg quality and early life stage development in fish: a review. Sci. Mar. 70:41–57.
63. Pan, C. and Y. Chien. 2009. Effects of dietary supplementation of alga Haematococcus pluvialis (Flotow), synthetic astaxanthin and β‐carotene on survival, growth, and pigment distribution of red devil, Cichlasoma citrinellum (Günther). Aquac. Res. 40:871–879.
64. Pan, C.H., Y.H. Chien and Y.J. Wang. 2011. Antioxidant defence to ammonia stress of characins (Hyphessobrycon eques Steindachner) fed diets supplemented with carotenoids. Aquac. Nutr. 17:258–266.
65. Peters, A. 2007. Testosterone and carotenoids: an integrated view of trade‐offs between immunity and sexual signalling. Bioessays 29:427–430.
66. Pham, M.A., H.-G. Byun, K.-D. Kim and S.-M. Lee. 2014. Effects of dietary carotenoid source and level on growth, skin pigmentation, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture 431:65–72.
67. Pike, T.W., J.D. Blount, B. Bjerkeng, J. Lindström and N.B. Metcalfe. 2007. Carotenoids, oxidative stress and female mating preference for longer lived males. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 274:1591–1596.
68. Price, A.C., C.J. Weadick, J. Shim and F.H. Rodd. 2008. Pigments, patterns, and fish behavior. Zebrafish 5:297–307.
69. Pulcini, D., F. Capoccioni, S. Franceschini, M. Martinoli, F. Faccenda, G. Secci, A. Perugini, E. Tibaldi and G. Parisi. 2021. Muscle pigmentation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets rich in natural carotenoids from microalgae and crustaceans. Aquaculture 543:736989.
70. Rahman, M.M., S. Khosravi, K.H. Chang and S.-M. Lee. 2016. Effects of dietary inclusion of astaxanthin on growth, muscle pigmentation and antioxidant capacity of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Prev. Nutr. food Sci. 21:281.
71. Rama, S. and S.N. Manjabhat. 2014. Protective effect of shrimp carotenoids against ammonia stress in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 107:207–213.
72. Ramamoorthy, K., S. Bhuvaneswari, G. Sankar and K. Sakkaravarthi. 2010. Proximate composition and carotenoid content of natural carotenoid sources and its colour enhancement on marine ornamental fish Amphiprion ocellaris (Cuveir, 1880). World J. Fish Mar. Sci. 2:545–550.
73. Rashidian, G., S. Rainis, M.D. Prokić and C. Faggio. 2021. Effects of different levels of carotenoids and light sources on swordtail fish (Xiphophorus helleri) growth, survival rate and reproductive parameters. Nat. Prod. Res. 35:3675–3686.
74. Sánchez, E.G.T., C.A. Fuenmayor, S.M.V. Mejía, C. Díaz-Moreno and H.S. Mahecha. 2020. Effect of bee pollen extract as a source of natural carotenoids on the growth performance and pigmentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 514:734490.
75. Sathyaruban, S., D.I. Uluwaduge, S. Yohi and S. Kuganathan. 2021. Potential natural carotenoid sources for the colouration of ornamental fish: a review. Aquac. Int. 29:1507–1528.
76. Sefc, K.M., A.C. Brown and E.D. Clotfelter. 2014. Carotenoid-based coloration in cichlid fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 173:42–51.
77. Selvakumar, D. and D. Kandasamy. 2011. Application of microbial carotenoids as a source of colouration and growth of ornamental fish Xiphophorus helleri. World J. Fish Mar. Sci. 3:137–144.
78. Sinha, A. and O.A. Asimi. 2007. China rose (Hibiscus rosasinensis) petals: a potent natural carotenoid source for goldfish (Carassius auratus). Aquac. Res. 38:1123–1128.
79. Song, X., L. Wang, X. Li, Z. Chen, G. Liang and X. Leng. 2017. Dietary astaxanthin improved the body pigmentation and antioxidant function, but not the growth of discus fish (Symphysodon spp.). Aquac. Res. 48:1359–1367.
80. Sowmya, R. and N.M. Sachindra. 2015. Enhancement of non‐specific immune responses in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, by dietary carotenoids obtained from shrimp exoskeleton. Aquac. Res. 46:1562–1572.
81. Sullivan, M., A.C. Brown and E.D. Clotfelter. 2014. Dietary carotenoids do not improve motility or antioxidant capacity in cichlid fish sperm. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 40:1399–1405.
82. Sun, X., Y. Chang, Y. Ye, Z. Ma, Y. Liang, T. Li, N. Jiang, W. Xing and L. Luo. 2012. The effect of dietary pigments on the coloration of Japanese ornamental carp (koi, Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture 342:62–68.
83. Svensson, P.A. and B.B.M. Wong. 2011. Carotenoid-based signals in behavioural ecology: a review. Behaviour 148:131–189.
84. Swian, H.S., S.R. Senapati, S.J. Meshram, R. Mishra and H.S. Murthy. 2014. Effect of dietary supplementation of marigold oleoresin on growth, survival and total muscle carotenoid of Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 6:430–435.
85. tao Ren, H., X. jing Zhao, Y. Huang and J. li Xiong. 2021. Combined effect of Spirulina and ferrous fumarate on growth parameters, pigmentation, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant enzyme activity and fatty acids composition of Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquac. Reports 21:100776.
86. Teimouri, M., A.K. Amirkolaie and S. Yeganeh. 2013. The effects of dietary supplement of Spirulina platensis on blood carotenoid concentration and fillet color stability in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 414:224–228.
87. Tejada, S., S. Deudero, A. Box and A. Sureda. 2015. Physiological adaptation to Mediterranean habitats of the native crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus and the invasive Percnon gibbesi (Crustacea: Decapoda). Sci. Mar. 79:257–262.
88. Tejera, N., J.R. Cejas, C. Rodríguez, B. Bjerkeng, S. Jerez, A. Bolaños and A. Lorenzo. 2007. Pigmentation, carotenoids, lipid peroxides and lipid composition of skin of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) fed diets supplemented with different astaxanthin sources. Aquaculture 270:218–230.
89. Tiewsoh, W., E. Singh, R. Nath, S.R. Surnar and A. Priyadarshini. 2019. Effect of carotenoid in growth and colour enhancement in gold fish, Carassius auratus (L.). J. Exp. Zool 22:765–771.
90. Tizkar, B., R. Kazemi, A. Alipour, A. Seidavi, G. Naseralavi and J.T. Ponce-Palafox. 2015. Effects of dietary supplementation with astaxanthin and β-carotene on the semen quality of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Theriogenology 84:1111–1117.
91. Toughan, H., S.R. Khalil, A.A. El-Ghoneimy, A. Awad and A.S.H. Seddek. 2018. Effect of dietary supplementation with Spirulina platensis on Atrazine-induced oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and inflammation in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 149:135–142.
92. Tu, N.P.C., N.N. Ha, N.T.T. Linh and N.N. Tri. 2022. Effect of astaxanthin and spirulina levels in black soldier fly larvae meal-based diets on growth performance and skin pigmentation in discus fish, Symphysodon sp. Aquaculture 553:738048.
93. Tyndale, S.T., R.J. Letcher, J.W. Heath and D.D. Heath. 2008. Why are salmon eggs red? Egg carotenoids and early life survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Evol. Ecol. Res. 10:1187–1199.
94. Valente, L.M.P., M. Araújo, S. Batista, M.J. Peixoto, I. Sousa-Pinto, V. Brotas, L.M. Cunha and P. Rema. 2016. Carotenoid deposition, flesh quality and immunological response of Nile tilapia fed increasing levels of IMTA-cultivated Ulva spp. J. Appl. Phycol. 28:691–701.
95. Van Doan, H., S.H. Hoseinifar, T.Q. Hung, C. Lumsangkul, S. Jaturasitha, E. El-Haroun and M. Paolucci. 2020. Dietary inclusion of chestnut (Castanea sativa) polyphenols to Nile tilapia reared in biofloc technology: Impacts on growth, immunity, and disease resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 105:319–326.
96. Vílchez, C., E. Forján, M. Cuaresma, F. Bédmar, I. Garbayo and J.M. Vega. 2011. Marine carotenoids: biological functions and commercial applications. Mar. Drugs 9:319–333.
97. Wallat, G.K., A.M. Lazur and F.A. Chapman. 2005. Carotenoids of different types and concentrations in commercial formulated fish diets affect color and its development in the skin of the red oranda variety of goldfish. N. Am. J. Aquac. 67:42–51.
98. Wang, Y.-J., Y.-H. Chien and C.-H. Pan. 2006. Effects of dietary supplementation of carotenoids on survival, growth, pigmentation, and antioxidant capacity of characins, Hyphessobrycon callistus. Aquaculture 261:641–648.
99. Wassef, E.A., S. Chatzifotis, E.M. Sakr and N.E. Saleh. 2010. Effect of two natural carotenoid sources in diets for gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, on growth and skin coloration. J. Appl. Aquac. 22:216–229.
100. y Juan, C.A.A.M., S. de la Barrera and N.C. Buenavista. 2013. The effect of marigold (Tagetes erecta) as natural carotenoid source for the pigmentation of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Res. J. Fish. Hydrobiol. 8:31–37.
101. Yanar, M., Z. Erçen, A.Ö. Hunt and H.M. Büyükçapar. 2008. The use of alfalfa, Medicago sativa as a natural carotenoid source in diets of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Aquaculture 284:196–200.
102. Yasir, I. and J.G. Qin. 2010. Effect of dietary carotenoids on skin color and pigments of false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, Cuvier. J. World Aquac. Soc. 41:308–318.
103. Yeşilayer, N., O. Aral, Z. Karsli, M. Öz, A. Karaçuha and F. Yağci. 2011. The effects of different carotenoid sources on skin pigmentation of Goldfish (Carassius auratus).
104. Yi, J., M.L. Andersen and L.H. Skibsted. 2011. Interactions between tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenoids during autoxidation of mixed palm olein and fish oil. Food Chem. 127:1792–1797.
105. Yuangsoi, B., O. Jintasataporn, N. Areechon and P. Tabthipwon. 2010. The use of natural carotenoids and growth performance, skin pigmentation, and immune response in fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio). J. Appl. Aquac. 22:267–283.
106. Yuangsoi, B., O. Jintasataporn, N. Areechon and P. Tabthipwon. 2011. The pigmenting effect of different carotenoids on fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquac. Nutr. 17:e306–e316.
107. Zhou, X., R. Welsch, Y. Yang, D. Álvarez, M. Riediger, H. Yuan, T. Fish, J. Liu, T.W. Thannhauser and L. Li. 2015. Arabidopsis OR proteins are the major posttranscriptional regulators of phytoene synthase in controlling carotenoid biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112:3558–3563.
108. Ziegelbecker, A., K. Remele, H.W. Pfeifhofer and K.M. Sefc. 2021. Wasteful carotenoid coloration and its effects on territorial behavior in a cichlid fish. Hydrobiologia 848:3683–3698.
Article Sidebar
Published
Jul 13, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
Muhammad Kaleem ul Qadir, Muhammad Khurram Rasheed, Mujahid Hussain, Arooj Irfan, Muhammad Samiullah, Zeshan Ashraf, Muhammad Hamid Irshad, Muhammad Moavia, Minahal Riaz, Samia Zahoor, Muhammad Yousuf Joiya, Fayyaz rasool, Shakeela Parveen, & Kiran Ashiq. (2024). EFFECT OF CANTHAXANTHIN ON GROWTH AND PIGMENTATION OF CYPRINUS CARPIO. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(7), 531–547. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i7.6952
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Muhammad Kaleem ul Qadir
PhD Zoology Scholoar
University of Education Lahore Faisalabad Campus
Muhammad Khurram Rasheed
Department of Zoology, University of education Lahore , Multan Campus
Mujahid Hussain
Department of Zoology, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur
Arooj Irfan
Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan
Muhammad Samiullah
Department of Zoology,University of education Lahore, Faislabad Campus
Zeshan Ashraf
Department of Zoology,University of education Lahore, Faislabad Campus
Muhammad Hamid Irshad
Department of Zoology, Cholistan university of veterinary and animal sciences, Bahawalpur
Muhammad Moavia
Department of Zoology,University of education Lahore, Faislabad Campus
Minahal Riaz
Department of zoology, Government College Lahore
Samia Zahoor
Department of zoology, Government College Lahore
Muhammad Yousuf Joiya
Department of Zoology, Cholistan university of veterinary and animal sciences, Bahawalpur
Fayyaz rasool
Department of Zoology,University of education Lahore, Faislabad Campus
Shakeela Parveen
Department of Zoology, Wildlife and fisheries University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Kiran Ashiq
Department of Zoology, Cholistan university of veterinary and animal sciences, Bahawalpur