INSIGHTS INTO METABOLIC SYNDROME: A REVIEW OF CRURRENT UNDERSTANDING AND EMERGING PERSPECTIVES
Main Article Content
Keywords
Metabolic syndrome, prevalence, risk factors, public health, prevention
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is an escalating global problem and a growing public health challenge worldwide. It is defined as a group of interrelated conditions that significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and Type-2 diabetes. It is characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide with significant differences between regions and populations. The aim of this review study is to summarize current knowledge about the prevalence of MetS in the general population. The main risk factors are sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, genetic predisposition and socio-economic status. The pathophysiology of MetS involves complex interactions between genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors leading to insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Effective management strategies include lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, pharmacological interventions and public health policies aimed at reducing risk factors. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies. Early recognition of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) can decrease its prevalence and reduce its impact on morbidity and mortality.
References
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34. Oh J, Hong YS, Sung Y, et al. Prevalence and factor analysis of metabolic syndrome in an urban Korean population. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2027–2032.
35. Paudel, K. R., & Jha, S. K. (2023). Progress in Understanding Metabolic Syndrome and Knowledge of Its Complex Pathophysiology. Diabetology, 4(2), 134-159.
36. Phillips GB. "Sex hormones, risk factors and cardiovascular disease." The American journal of medicine, 1978, 65 (1): 7–11
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38. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Latha E, Vijay V, Satyavani K. Culstering of Cardiovascular risk factors in urban Asian Indians. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 967-71.
39. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, et al. Metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indian adults–a population study using modified ATPIII criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003; 60: 199–204.
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43. Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Morrell CH, et al. The metabolic syndrome in older individuals: prevalence and prediction of cardiovascular events. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 882–887.
44. Shiwaku K, Nogi A, Kitajima K, Anuurad E, Enkhmaa B, et al. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome using the Modified ATP III Definitions for Workers in Japan, Korea and Mongolia. J Occup Health, 2005, 47: 126–135.
45. Singer P (May 1977). "Diagnosis of primary hyperlipoproteinemias.". Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete 2005, 32 (9): 129–33 concl. PMID 906591.
46. Son Lent, Kuniia D, Hung NTK, et al. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and risk factors in the urban population of Ho Chi Minh City. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 67: 243–250.
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48. The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Executive Summary of the Third Report. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) JAMA. 2001; 285:2486–2497.
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2. Adams RJ, Appleton S, Wilson DH, et al. Population comparison of two clinical approaches to the metabolic syndrome. Implications of the new international diabetes federation consensus definition. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2777–2779.
3. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al.; Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation.2009;120:1640-5.
4. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome-a new world-wide defi nition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 2006 May; 23(5):469-80.
5. Al-Lawati JA, Mohammed AJ, Al-Hinai HQ, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Omani adults. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1781–1785.
6. Arikan I, Metintas S, Kalyoncu C, Colak O, Arikan U .Evaluation of metabolic syndrome prevalence in semi-rural areas of Central Anatolia, Turkey. Saudi Med J.2009, 30(8): 1073–1080.
7. Azizi F, Salehi P, Etemadi A, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban population: tehran lipid and glucose study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003; 61: 29–37.
8. Bo S, Gentile L, Ciccone G, et al. The metabolic syndrome and high C-reactive protein: prevalence and differences by sex in a southern-European population-based cohort. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21: 515–524. Web of Science® Times Cited: 1895
9. Bou Zerdan, M., Bouferraa, Y., & Assi, H. I. (2022). Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(2), 786.
10. Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ .The Metabolic Syndrome: Prevalence in Worldwide Populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.2004, 33(2): 351–376.
11. Chow C. K., S. Naidu, K. Raju et al., “Significant lipid, adiposity and metabolic abnormalities amongst 4535 Indians from a developing region of rural Andhra Pradesh,” Atherosclerosis, 2008, vol. 196, no. 2, pp. 943–952
12. Deepa M, Farooq S, Datta M, Deepa R, Mohan V. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome using WHO, ATPIII and IDF definitions in Asian Indians: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-34). Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007, 23(2): 127–134.
13. Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2005). The metabolic syndrome. The Lancet, 365(9468), 1415-1428.
14. Enas, E. A. V. Chacko, S. G. Pazhoor, H. Chennikkara, and H. P. Devarapalli, “Dyslipidemia in South Asian patients,” Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 2007, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 367–374.
15. Ford ES, Giles WH. A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using two proposed definitions. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 575–581.
16. Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the international diabetes federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2745–2749.
17. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356–359.
18. Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., & Dietz, W. H. (2008). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA, 287(3), 356-359.
19. Ford, ES, WH, Giles , AH ,Mokdad . Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2444–2449.
20. Grundy SM, Brewer B, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004, 109: 433–438.
21. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: connecting and reconciling cardiovascular and diabetes worlds. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47:1093–1100.
22. Grundy, S. M., Brewer, H. B., Cleeman, J. I., Smith, S. C., & Lenfant, C. (2005). Definition of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation, 109(3), 433-438.
23. Gu D, Reynolds K, Wu X, et al, For the InterASIA Collaborative Group. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and overweight among adults in China. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 67: 243–250.
24. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriguez-Moran M. Concordance between the 2005 International diabetes federation definition for diagnosing metabolic syndrome with the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel III and the world health organization definitions. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2588–2589.
25. Gupta R, Deedwania PC, Gupta A, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an Indian urban population. Int J Cardiol 2004; 97: 257–261.
26. IDF 2005 consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. International Diabetes Federation, 2005. Available www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Metasyndrome_definition.pdf
27. Joslin EP. The prevention of diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1921;76:79–84.
28. Kamble P, Deshmukh PR, Garg N . Metabolic syndrome in adult population of rural Wardha, central India. Indian J Med Res 2010, 132(6): 701–705.
29. Magliano DJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ How to best define the metabolic syndrome. Ann Med 2006, 38: 34–41.
30. Misra A.and L. Khurana, “The metabolic syndrome in South Asians: epidemiology, determinants, and prevention,” Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 2009, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 497–514.
31. Misra, A. et al., High prevalence of insulin resistance in postpubertal Asian Indian children is associated with adverse truncal body fat patterning, abdominal adiposity and excess body fat. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 2004, 28, 1217–1226.
32. Mohan V, Shanthirani S, Deepa R, et al. Intra-urban differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in southern India–the Chennai urban population study (CUPS No.4). Diabet Med 2001; 18: 280–287.
33. Mottillo, S., Filion, K. B., Genest, J., Joseph, L., Pilote, L., Poirier, P., Rinfret, S., Schiffrin, E. L., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2010). The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56(14), 1113-1132.
34. Oh J, Hong YS, Sung Y, et al. Prevalence and factor analysis of metabolic syndrome in an urban Korean population. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2027–2032.
35. Paudel, K. R., & Jha, S. K. (2023). Progress in Understanding Metabolic Syndrome and Knowledge of Its Complex Pathophysiology. Diabetology, 4(2), 134-159.
36. Phillips GB. "Sex hormones, risk factors and cardiovascular disease." The American journal of medicine, 1978, 65 (1): 7–11
37. Prabhakaran, D., Chaturvedi, V., Shah, P., Manhapra, A., Jeemon, ., Shah, B. and Reddy, K. S., Differences in the prevalence of mtabolic syndrome in urban and rural India: a problem of urbanization. hronic Illn., 2007, 3, 8–19.
38. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Latha E, Vijay V, Satyavani K. Culstering of Cardiovascular risk factors in urban Asian Indians. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 967-71.
39. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, et al. Metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indian adults–a population study using modified ATPIII criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003; 60: 199–204.
40. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, 1988;37:1595-607.
41. Resnick HE, Henderson J, Jones K, et al. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in non-diabetic American Indians–the strong heart study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 861–867.
42. Sachdev HP, Osmond C, Fall CH, Lakshmy R, Ramji S, et al. Predicting adult metabolic syndrome from childhood body mass index: follow-up of the New Delhi birth cohort. Arch Dis Child 2009, 94(10): 768–774.
43. Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Morrell CH, et al. The metabolic syndrome in older individuals: prevalence and prediction of cardiovascular events. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 882–887.
44. Shiwaku K, Nogi A, Kitajima K, Anuurad E, Enkhmaa B, et al. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome using the Modified ATP III Definitions for Workers in Japan, Korea and Mongolia. J Occup Health, 2005, 47: 126–135.
45. Singer P (May 1977). "Diagnosis of primary hyperlipoproteinemias.". Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete 2005, 32 (9): 129–33 concl. PMID 906591.
46. Son Lent, Kuniia D, Hung NTK, et al. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and risk factors in the urban population of Ho Chi Minh City. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 67: 243–250.
47. Tan CE, Ma S, Wai D, et al. Can we apply the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel definition of the metabolic syndrome to Asians? Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1182–1186.
48. The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Executive Summary of the Third Report. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) JAMA. 2001; 285:2486–2497.
49. Thomas GN, Ho SY, Janus ED, et al. The US National cholesterol education programme adult treatment panel III (NCEP ATPIII) prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 67: 251–257.
50. World Health Organisation, Western Pacific Region. The Asia-Pacific Perspective. Redefining Obesity and its Treatment. WHO/IASO/IOTF: Melbourne: International Diabetes Institute, 2000.
51. Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001.414: 782–787
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Aug 22, 2020
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Dr. Manju Dewan. (2020). INSIGHTS INTO METABOLIC SYNDROME: A REVIEW OF CRURRENT UNDERSTANDING AND EMERGING PERSPECTIVES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 27(3), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v27i3.6427
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Author Biography
Dr. Manju Dewan
Associate Professor, DAV College, Sector 10, Chandigarh