A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON A SKIN-BRIGHTENING AGENT KOJIC ACID AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Main Article Content
Keywords
hyperpigmentation, tyrosinase inhibitor, food industry, de-pigmentation, kojic acid, melasma
Abstract
This article reviews the Kojic Acid (KA) as a skin-brightening agent which produced industrially by Aspergillus species in aerobic fermentation and its application in the cosmetics industry. In 1907, Saito discovered KA, a natural product; it has since become one of the most investigated skin-brightening agents. The KA plays an important role in determining certain chemical and physical properties it possesses. KA has different applications in various fields. These days kojic acid performs a vital function, prevention of UV radiation it extensively utilized in whitening creams and lotions because of its anti-tyrosinase activity. It shows other utilization as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent in the medical field, an anti-bacterial agent in food industry, and an anti-browning agent for agriculture products. It also has some drawbacks, such as the KA is highly unstable upon exposure air and sunlight it changes its color and the other drawback is cytotoxicity which may be overcome by way of the formation of kojic acid peptides which are more stable. It was shown to be helpful in the treatment of hyper pigmentary disorders, such as freckles, age spots, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and melasma, which has been proven clinically.
References
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2. Rosfarizan M, Mohamed MS, Nurashikin S, Saleh MM, Ariff AB. Kojic acid: Applications and development of fermentation for production. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology. 2010;5(2):24-37.
3. El-Aziz ABA. Improvement of kojic acid production by a mutant strain of Aspergillus Flavus. Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2013;3(4):31-41.
4. Brtko J, Rondahl L, Fickova M, Hudecova D, Eybl V, Uher M. Kojic acid and its derivatives: History and present state of art. Central European Journal of Public Health. 2004;12:16-18.
5. Burdock, G. A., Soni, M. G., & Carabin, I. G. (2001). Evaluation of health aspects of kojic acid in food. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 33(1), 80Y101. doi:10.1006/rtph.2000.1442
6. Gonc¸alez, M. L., Correˆa, M. A., & Chorilli, M. (2013). Skin delivery of kojic acid-loaded nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of skin aging. BioMed Research International, 2013, 271276. doi:10.1155/2013/271276
7. Monteiro, R. C., Kishore, B. N., Bhat, R. M., Sukumar D., Martis, J., & Ganesh, H. K. (2013). A comparative study of the efficacy of 4% hydroquinone vs 0.75% kojic acid cream in the treatment of facial melasma. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 58(2), 157. doi:10.4103/ 0019-5154.108070
8. Lim, J. T. (1999). Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Dermatologic Surgery, 25(4), 282Y284.
9. Bentley, R. From miso, sake and shoyu to cosmetics: a century of science for kojic acid. Nat. Prod. Rep. 23, 1046-1062 (2006).
10. Brtko, J. et al. Kojic acid and its derivatives: history and present state of art. Central european journal of public health 12, S16-S17 (2004).
11. Chaudhary, J. Production Technology and Applications of Kojic Acid. Annu. Res. Rev. Biol. 2014, 4, 3165–3196. [CrossRef]
12. Saeedi, M.; Eslamifar, M.; Khezri, K. Kojic acid applications in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019, 110, 582–593. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Chib, S.; Dogra, A.; Nandi, U.; Saran, S. Consistent production of kojic acid from Aspergillus sojae SSC-3 isolated from rice husk. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2019, 46, 5995–6002. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Masse, M.O.; Duvallet, V.; Borremans, M.; Goeyens, L. Identification and quantitative analysis of kojic acid and abrotine in skin-whitening cosmetics. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2001, 23, 219–232. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Rosfarizan, M.; Mohamed, M.S.; Suhaili, N.; Salleh, M.M.; Ariff, A.B. Kojic acid: Applications and development of fermentation process for production. Biotechnol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2010, 5, 24–37.
16. Gomes, C.; Silva, A.C.; Marques, A.C.; Lobo, S.; Amaral, M.H. Biotechnology Applied to Cosmetics and Aesthetic Medicines. Cosmetics 2020, 7, 33. [CrossRef]
17. Kim, J.H. Enhancement of commercial antifungal agents by Kojic acid. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 13867–13880. [CrossRef]
18. Ola, A.R.B. Single production of Kojic acid by Aspergillus flavus and the revision of flufuran. Molecules 2019, 24, 4200. [CrossRef]
19. Velliou, E.G. In vitro Studies. Model. Optim. Control Biomed. Syst. 2017, 233–264. [CrossRef]
20. Yabuta T. The constitution of kojic acid: A d-pyrone derivative formed by Aspergillus flavus from carbohydrates. Journal of Chemical Society Transaction. 1924;125:575- 587.
21. Uchino K, Nagawa M, Tonosaki Y, Oda M, Fukuchi A. Kojic acid as an anti-spec agent. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 1988;52(10):2609-2670.
22. Arnstein HRV., Bentley R. The biosynthesis of kojic acid: the incorporation of labeled small molecules into kojic acid. Biochemistry. 1953;54:517-522.
23. Kitada M, Ueyama H, Fukimbara T. Studies on kojic acid fermentation: Cultural condition in submerged culture. Journal of Fermentation Technology. 1967;45:1101- 1107.
24. Kitada M, Kenaeda J, Miyazaki K, Fukimbara T, Studies on Kojic Acid (VI) production and recovery of kojic acid on industrial scale. Journal of Fermentation Technology. 1971;49(2):343-349.
25. Crueger W, Crueger A. A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. 2nd ed. London: Sinauer Associates Inc; 1984.
26. Nakajima N, Ishihara K, Hamada H. Functional glucosylation of kojic acid and daidzein with the Eucalyptus membrane-associated UDP-glucosyltransferase reaction system. Journal of Bioscience & Bioengineering. 2001;92:469–471.
27. Beelik A. Kojic acid. Advance in Carbohydrate Chemistry. 1956;11:145-183.
28. Feng, W.; Liang, J.; Wang, B.; Chen, J. Improvement of kojic acid production in Aspergillus oryzae AR-47 mutant strain by combined mutagenesis. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 2019, 42, 753–761. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Couteau, C.; Coiffard, L. Overview of Skin Whitening Agents: Drugs and Cosmetic Products. Cosmetics 2016, 3, 27. [CrossRef]
30. Khezri, K.; Saeedi, M.; Morteza-Semnani, K.; Akbari, J.; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. A promising and effective platform for delivering hydrophilic depigmenting agents in the treatment of cutaneous hyperpigmentation: Kojic acid nanostructured lipid carrier. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2021, 49, 38–47. [CrossRef]
31. Davis, E. C. & Callender, V. D. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology 3, 20 (2010).
32. Draelos, Z. D. Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy. Dermatologic Therapy 20, 308-313 (2007).
33. Goldstein, B. G., Goldstein, A. O. & Callender, V. D. Learn how UpToDate can help you.
34. Deri, B. The unravelling of the complex pattern of tyrosinase inhibition. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 34993. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Lai, X.; Wichers, H.J.; Dijkstra, B.W. Structure and Function of Human Tyrosinase and Tyrosinase- Related Proteins. Chem. A Eur. J. 2018, 24, 47–55. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Chang, T.S. An updated review of tyrosinase inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 2440–2475. [CrossRef]
37. Kim, H., Choi, H. R., Kim, D. S., & Park, K. C. (2012). Topical hypopigmenting agents for pigmentary disorders and their mechanisms of action. Annals of Dermatology, 24(1), 1Y6. doi:10.5021/ad. 2012.24.1.1
38. Deo, K. S., Dash, K. N., Sharma, Y. K., Virmani, N. C., & Oberai, C. (2013). Kojic acid vis-a-vis its combinations with hydroquinone and betamethasone valerate in melasma: A randomized, single blind, comparative study of efficacy and safety. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 58(4), 281Y285. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.113940
39. Burnett, C.L. Final report of the safety assessment of kojic acid as used in cosmetics. Int. J. Toxicol. 2010, 29. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Mann, T. Inhibition of Human Tyrosinase Requires Molecular Motifs Distinctively Different from Mushroom Tyrosinase. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2018, 138, 1601–1608. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Chambers, C. Opinion on kojic acid. Sci. Committees Consum. Prod. 2008, 1–79.
42. Goldstein, B. G., Goldstein, A. O., & Callender, V. D. (2014). Melasma. In R. P. Dellavalle & R. C. Corona (Eds.), UpToDate. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/melasma
43. García‐Gavín, J., González‐Vilas, D., Fernández‐Redondo, V. & Toribio, J. Pigmented contact dermatitis due to kojic acid. A paradoxical side effect of a skin lightener. Contact Dermatitis 62, 63-64 (2010).
44. Aytemir MD, Karakaya G. Kojic acid derivatives. Medicinal chemistry and drug design. 1 sted. Rijeka: Intech; 2012.
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May 7, 2024
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Prantika Mondal, Dr. Vijay Bhalla, & Reena Tyagi. (2024). A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON A SKIN-BRIGHTENING AGENT KOJIC ACID AND ITS APPLICATIONS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(5), 399–409. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i5.6165
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Author Biographies
Prantika Mondal
Department of Pharmaceutics, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
Dr. Vijay Bhalla
Department of Pharmaceutics, Dean of SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
Reena Tyagi
Department of Pharmaceutics, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.