COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN OF KLEBSIELLA SPECIES AFTER COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Main Article Content
Keywords
Abstract
The Klebsiella spp are Gram negative, encapsulated, non-motile, facultative, anaerobic, lactose-fermenting bacteria. The antibiotic resistance is already very high and due to COVID-19 it is further increases to the alarming level, which could cause serious problem on the health care system of the country. The misuse of antibiotics, self-prescribed medication, and wide use of antibiotics due to COVID-19 and shortage of drugs are some of the most common causes for the development of antibiotic resistance in Pakistan. A total of 65 drinking water samples were collected from different areas of district Peshawar Pakistan and were cultured on MacConkey Agar media for selective isolation of Gram-negative lactose fermented Klebsiella spp. Initially morphological identification was done in order to identify the Klebsiella spp among the isolated lactose fermented bacteria (E.coli, Citrobacter and Enterobacter). We performed Gram staining for the conformation of Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria. We noticed that all the samples were Gram negative bacteria, in which 32 samples shaped rod form and red in color, which means they were Klebsiella spp. Different biochemical tests (Catalase test, Citrate test and motility test) were performed for the detection of Klebsiella spp. All the 32 samples were positive for catalase and citrate and were non-motile. Disc diffusion test was performed for the determining the antibiotic resistant pattern of Klebsiella spp isolates. Thirteen different antibiotics were used; Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Cefotaxime, Polymyxin B, Tobramycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Imipenem, Ceftriaxone, Meropenem, Levofloxacin and Ofloxacin. Total of 72% showed resistant to all of the mentioned antibiotics. 16% samples showed sensitivity to Meropenem. 12% samples showed sensitivity to Gentamicin, Amikacin, Cefotaxime, Imipenem, Meropenem, levofloxacin and Ofloxacin. The current study isolated the Klebsiella spp from drinking water samples and determined the antibiotic resistance pattern after COVID-19. Molecular level study could help us to evaluate those genes which are making the bacteria resistant. Samples should be collected from different cities of Pakistan to check the resistivity pattern of Klebsiella spp across Pakistan.
References
2. Shon AS, Bajwa RP, Russo TA. Hypervirulent (hypermucoviscous) Klebsiella pneumoniae: a new and dangerous breed. Virulence. 2013;4(2):107-18.
3. Lenchenko E, Blumenkrants D, Sachivkina N, Shadrova N, Ibragimova A. Morphological and adhesive properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms. Veterinary world. 2020;13(1):197.
4. Shi Y, Yang H, Chu M, Niu X, Huo X, Gao Y, et al. Klebsiella. Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology. 2020:233-57.
5. Uddin TM, Chakraborty AJ, Khusro A, Zidan BRM, Mitra S, Emran TB, et al. Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects. Journal of infection and public health. 2021;14(12):1750-66.
6. Afzal MS. Emergence of antibiotic resistance in pakistan; a clear problem for future. J Vaccines Vacin. 2017;8(375):2.
7. Rana MS, Usman M, Salman M, Alam MM, Ikram A, Umair M, et al. Potential impact of COVID-19 pandemic on escalating antimicrobial resistance in Pakistan. Journal of Infection. 2021;83(3):e12-e3.
8. Miranda C, Silva V, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Implications of antibiotics use during the COVID-19 pandemic: present and future. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2020;75(12):3413-6.
9. Mustafa L, Tolaj I, Baftiu N, Fejza H. Use of antibiotics in COVID-19 ICU patients. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2021;15(04):501-5.
10. Ul Mustafa Z, Salman M, Aldeyab M, Kow CS, Hasan SS. Antimicrobial consumption among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Pakistan. SN comprehensive clinical medicine. 2021;3(8):1691-5.
11. Tadesse BT, Ashley EA, Ongarello S, Havumaki J, Wijegoonewardena M, González IJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review. BMC infectious diseases. 2017;17:1-17.
12. Kumburu HH, Sonda T, Mmbaga BT, Alifrangis M, Lund O, Kibiki G, et al. Patterns of infections, aetiological agents and antimicrobial resistance at a tertiary care hospital in northern Tanzania. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2017;22(4):454-64.
13. Yadav NS, Sharma S, Chaudhary DK, Panthi P, Pokhrel P, Shrestha A, et al. Bacteriological profile of neonatal sepsis and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates admitted at Kanti Children’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. BMC research notes. 2018;11(1):1-6.
14. Priyadharshana U, Piyasiri LB, Wijesinghe C. Prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity pattern and genetic analysis of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp among patients with community acquired urinary tract infection in Galle district, Sri Lanka. Ceylon Medical Journal. 2019;64(4):140-5.
15. Shaikh M, Hanif M, Gul R, Hussain W, Hemandas H, Memon A. Spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of micro-organisms associated with neonatal sepsis in a hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Cureus. 2020;12(10).
16. Ghanizadeh A, Najafizade M, Rashki S, Marzhoseyni Z, Motallebi M. Genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance pattern, and biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and ventilator-associated pneumonia. BioMed research international. 2021;2021.
17. Gaspar GG, Ferreira LR, Feliciano CS, Campos Júnior CP, Molina FMR, Vendruscolo ACS, et al. Pre-and post-COVID-19 evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility for healthcare-associated infections in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2021;54.
18. Sulayyim HJA, Ismail R, Hamid AA, Ghafar NA. Antibiotic Resistance during COVID-19: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(19):11931.
19. Aminul P, Anwar S, Molla MMA, Miah MRA. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance patterns in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Bangladesh. Biosafety and Health. 2021;3(6):301-6.
20. Vazouras K, Velali K, Tassiou I, Anastasiou-Katsiardani A, Athanasopoulou K, Barbouni A, et al. Antibiotic treatment and antimicrobial resistance in children with urinary tract infections. Journal of global antimicrobial resistance. 2020;20:4-10.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Palwasha
City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Hasnain Hassan
City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Farah Salim
Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
Attaullah
Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringle (Dir Upper) Pakistan
Syed Muhammad Shadab khan
City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Shaukat Ali
City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Sohail
Department of Allied Health Sciences Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Jawad ullah
Department of Allied Health Sciences Iqra National University Peshawar